the french revolution and napoleonsection 4 preview main idea / reading focus disaster and defeat...

The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4

Preview

• Main Idea / Reading Focus

• Disaster and Defeat

• Map: Russian Campaign,1812

• The Last Campaigns

• The Congress of Vienna

• Map: Europe after the Congress of Vienna

The Age of Napoleon


Preview, continued

• The Revolution’s Legacy

• Faces of History: Prince Klemens von Metternich

• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts

• Video: The Impact of the French Revolution

Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction


Reading Focus

• How did Napoleon rise to power?

• How did Emperor Napoleon come to dominate Europe?

• What were Napoleon’s most important policies?

Main Idea

Napoleon Bonaparte rose through military ranks to become emperor over France and much of Europe.

Napoleon’s Europe


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The French Revolution and Napoleon

Section 4: The Age of Napoleon

Witness History Audio: Enter Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Rises to Power

Napoleon was a military hero to the French and moved from being a general to being a member of a

three-man Consulate who ruled France. Through votes by French citizens, he then rose to First

Consul and eventually to Emperor.


Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity.

Napoleon Bonaparte, ruthlessly ambitious, rose from army captain to ruler of France in a very short time. He took advantage of the turmoil of the French Revolution.

• Napoleon, brilliant military leader

• In charge of French interior at 26

• Invaded Italy and Egypt

• Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelson kept from newspapers

• Became national hero

Opportunities for Glory Napoleon Seizes Power• Directory weak and ineffective

• Fear of royalists and of European opposition

• November 1799 coup d’état

• France to be led by Consulate

• Napoleon voted first consul, in effect a dictator

Napoleon’s Rise to Power


Summarize

What events led to Napoleon’s rise to power?

Answer(s): stopped royalists from regaining power, defended French interior, won battles in Italy, kept borders secure, won territory for France, covered up Battle of Nile, coup d'état


Napoleon Reforms France

Napoleon’s government valued order and authority. He made reforms to improve the economy and

made peace with the Catholic Church. He also instituted a new code of laws that recognized the

equality of all citizens under the law.

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Color Transparency 108: Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at the Grand-St.-Bernard, by Jacques Louis David

Note Taking Transparency 78

Witness History Audio: The British Against Napoleon


Emperor Napoleon

Once France under control, Napoleon turned to Europe

• Napoleon crowns himself

– Submitted a plebiscite before voters

– Emperor Napoleon I

• Desire for empire

– Wanted to rule Europe and the Americas

– French expedition to Saint Domingue (Haiti today) failed

– Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory and turned his focus to Europe


Church-State Relations

• Antireligious nature of French Revolution over

• Concordat recognized influence of Roman Catholic Church

Legal and Educational

• Napoleonic Code developed• Order and authority over

individual rights• Schools for government and

military positions

Economic Reforms

• Established the Bank of France to regulate economy

• More efficient tax-collection

system

Legacy—Age of Napoleon

• Democratic ideas

• Equality before law, representative system

• Spread of nationalism

Napoleon’s Policies


Napoleon Builds an Empire

Napoleon’s armies invaded and annexed the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany.

In lands he didn’t control militarily, he tried to place friends and relatives in positions of power. Britain,

however, successfully resisted Napoleon’s actions through the force of its navy.

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Geography Interactive: Napoleon’s Power in Europe, 1812


Napoleonic Wars Begin

• Extension of wars fought during the French Revolution, would last a decade

• France dominant power in Europe

• French empire grew rapidly, but fell apart more quickly

• Nelson and British navy won Battle of Trafalgar off coast of Spain

• Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at Austerlitz

Quest to Conquer Europe


Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at the Grand-St.-Bernard, by Jacques Louis David

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• “Nation of shopkeepers,” Great Britain continued to defy Napoleon

• Blockade prohibited French or allied ships from trade with Britain

• Britain required ships from neutral countries to stop in British ports

• War of 1812 one result

Continental System

• Troops to Portugal and Spain

• Spanish people revolted in 1808

• Great Britain stepped in to help

• Guerrilla war with Spanish kept French busy

• Napoleon finally pulled out of Spain

The Peninsular War


Mastered Most of Europe

• Through treaties, alliances, and victories in battle

• Controlled much of Europe by 1812

Rewarded Relatives

• Relatives put in power; brothers on thrones of Holland, Naples, and Sicily

• Sisters and stepson held powerful positions

Free of Control

• Great Britain remained an enemy

• Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire escaped Bonaparte’s grip

Napoleon Dominates Europe


Summarizing

What regions of Europe did Napoleon dominate?

Answer(s): all nations except Great Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire


Identify Cause and Effect

How did Napoleon’s reforms affect French society?

Answer(s): Napoleon made some basic revolutionary ideas part of the French government.


Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges

When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, other countries began to revolt against French occupation

and culture. There were not enough soldiers to secure each territory and strike at Russia. To make

matters worse, Russian troops had burned crops and villages along the French route, leaving them

without food or shelter during the brutal winter.

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Witness History Video: Napoleon’s Lost Army


Portugal

• Napoleon surprised by inability to control Portugal

• Peninsular campaign was a failure

Costly Mistake

• Napoleon turned east in 1812

• Hoped to teach Russia a lesson

Russia

• Czar Nicholas I didn’t like French troops on western border

• Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports

Disaster and Defeat


June 1812

• Napoleon and army of 600,000 troops

• Marched across Russian border

No One to Fight • Russian troops pulled east

• French victory at Borodino, but Russian army still strong

• Pushed to Moscow but found city in flames

French Army

• New recruits with no loyalty

• Supplies lost or spoiled

• Disease, desertion, and hunger

Retreat Homeward

• Ruined city, no winter supplies

• Starvation and freezing temperatures decimated army

• Only 94,000 men survived

The Russian Campaign


Identify Cause and Effect

What factors contributed to Napoleon’s failure in Russia?

Answer(s): soldiers lacked loyalty to Napoleon, extreme heat, supplies lost or spoiled, disease, desertion, hunger, Russian troops withdrew, harsh Russian winter


Reading Focus

• What events caused disaster and defeat for Napoleon?

• What were Napoleon’s last campaigns?

• What did the Congress of Vienna achieve?

• What is the legacy of the French Revolution?

Main Idea

After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe.

Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction


Napoleon Falls from Power

France’s Russian disaster gave birth to the alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia. They

defeated France in 1813. Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of Elba, and the monarchy was

restored in France. Napoleon then escaped Elba and returned to rule for a short time, until his troops

were beaten again in battle. He died while in exile on the island of St. Helena, but his conquests

helped to spread the ideas of the French revolution throughout Europe and Russia.

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Color Transparency 111: Two Kings of Terror


• Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against France

• Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced

• In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of the Nations near Leipzig

• In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris.

• Terms of surrender—Napoleon gave up throne and went into exile on tiny island of Elba

Defeat and Exile to Elba


The Hundred Days

• French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII

• King unpopular; Napoleon returns after year in exile

• Louis panicked and fled; Napoleon declared outlaw by allies

• Paris cheered Napoleon’s return

• Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days

The Last Campaigns


Battle of Waterloo Napoleon’s Final DaysThe Last Campaigns

• Duke of Wellington led final confrontation

•Battle of Waterloo

• British and Prussian armies

• Crushing defeat for Napoleon

• End of the Napoleonic Wars

• The responsibility for this disaster laid with the Emperor himself:

-He was probably already very sick by then and there were some undeniable signs of deterioration in his overall ability. -He had become arrogant and overconfident in his own abilities.

-The Napoleon of before 1815 would not have lost this battle.

• Louis XVIII restored to the throne by coalition forces

• Tried to escape capture from the British (to the U.S.), sent to exile in Saint Helena

• Volcanic island in South Atlantic

• Remained imprisoned for six years

• Died at 51; cause of death never determined


The Two Kings of Terror

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Draw Conclusions

How was Napoleon able to escape exile in Elba and return to

command the French army?

Answer(s): hired a ship to return him to France and won the support of people and the army


Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna

At the Congress of Vienna, European leaders tried to create a lasting peace by placing strong

countries around France and by protecting the system of monarchy. Austria, Russia, Prussia, and

Great Britain maintained their alliance. Nationalism, however, would come back to haunt Europe soon

enough.

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Color Transparency 112: Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Geography Interactive: Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815

QuickTake Section Quiz

Progress Monitoring Transparency

QuickTake Section Quiz


Negotiators

• Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain• Czar Alexander I of Russia• Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria• Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France

Goals for Other Decision Makers

• Make sure France could not rise again to such power

• Put down revolution wherever it might appear

• Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule

Metternich

• Distrusted democracy and political change

• Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power

The Congress of Vienna


National borders

• Congress changed many borders

• Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France

Process

• Countries that aided France lost territory

• Countries that fought France gained territory

• Talleyrand arranged trades

New Countries

• Union of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands as the Kingdom of the Netherlands

• Austria and 38 German states in German Confederation

France’s loss

• Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory

• Boundaries back to 1792

• Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for damages

Redrawing the Map


Metternich’s Influence

• His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society.

• Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press.

• Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy.

Restoring Monarchies

• Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries.

• Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily.

• Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia.


Color Transparency 112: Europe After the Congress of Vienna

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Summarize

What were the main goals of the Congress of Vienna?

Answer(s): restore order, stability, and balance of power; ensure France could not rise again; suppress revolution


The Revolution’s Legacy

Was the French Revolution a failure?

• After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again

– Citizens’ rights restricted

– Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles

• French Revolution changed Europe

– Monarchies no longer secure

– Common people learned they could change the world

– Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality

– Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually inspired political movements in Asia and Africa


Draw Conclusions

Why could it be said that the French Revolution is still being fought

today?

Answer(s): People still fight for the basic ideals of liberty and equality.


Video

The Impact of the French Revolution

Click above to play the video.


Note Taking Transparency 78

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The French Revolution and Napoleon: Section 4

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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