the foundations of a blue economy

7/31/2019 The Foundations of a Blue Economy

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1 Center or American Progress |The Foundations o a Blue Economy

The Foundations of a Blue EconomyCAP Launches New Project Promoting

Sustainable Ocean Industries

Michael Conathan and Kiley Kroh June 2012

All o us have in our veins the exact same percentage o salt in our blood that exists in the

ocean, and, thereore, we have salt in our blood, in our sweat, in our tears. We are tied to

the ocean. And when we go back to the sea we are going back fom whence we came.

John F. Kennedy, Newport, Rhode Island, September 19621

Te ocean is inegral o our sociey. According o daa rom he 2010 census, more

han hal o all Americans now live in coasal waershed counies, which comprise less

han 20 percen o U.S. land (excluding Alaska) and have an average populaion densiy

more han ve imes higher han inland regions.2 Anyone who has ever seen he words

waerron propery on a real esae adverisemen knows ha demand or such locales

ar ousrips supply.

Groups such as he Cener or he Blue Economy, which now encompasses he Naional

Ocean Economics Program, are increasingly sriving o develop models o evaluae he

overall scal benes o our oceans, pulling ogeher some hereoore unknown merics

o he overall eec coasal counies and saes have on Americas economic healh. o

dae, heir opline ndings have been signican: In 2010 shore-adjacen counies, hose

ouched or encompassed by a saes dened coasal zone, conribued more han $6 ri l-

lion o our gross domesic produc and accouned or 44 million jobs.3
http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.htmlhttp://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.htmlhttp://www.miis.edu/academics/researchcenters/blue-economyhttp://www.oceaneconomics.org/http://www.oceaneconomics.org/http://www.oceaneconomics.org/http://www.oceaneconomics.org/http://www.miis.edu/academics/researchcenters/blue-economyhttp://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.htmlhttp://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.html


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Figure 1

Benefits of the ocean economy

Contributions o ocean economy establishments by region, 2009

Region Establishments Employment Wages GDP

Great Lakes 15,061 246,851 $6.5 billion $13.6 billion

Gul o Mexico 19,673 360,924 $11.9 billion $24.7 billion

Mid-Atlantic 40,185 641,910 $20.1 billion $40 billion

North Pacifc (Alaska) 1,718 25,158 $0.8 billion $2.8 billion

Northeast 15,786 195,782 $6.1 billion $11.2 billion

Pacifc (Hawaii) 3,860 92,023 $2.6 billion $5.2 billion

Southeast 17,217 302,290 $7.4 billion $17.7 billion

West 26,888 533,052 $18.4 billion $37.9 billion

Total 140,388 2,397,990 $73.8 billion $153.1 billion

Note: Includes living marine resources, marine construction, marine transportation, ship and boat building, and tourism and recreation

Source: Data courtesy o National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Despie hese eors, ner-scale economic daa abou our oceans and coass remain elu-

sive. We can quaniy employmen, salaries, and expendiures in some casesoshore

energy workers, shermen, and lieguards a public beaches, or example. Bu ohers are

more dicul o nail down. How do we classiy a desk clerk a a hoel 10 miles rom he

shore? Te owner o a convenience sore ha sells sunscreen and beach chairs alongside

eggs and milk? How much a bird wacher spends o kayak hrough a marsh?

And how can we pu a price on he resources hemselves? Welands ler polluion, pro-

ec upland propery rom sorm surges, and serve as nurseries or sh and oher marine

species. So how much is an acre o marshland really worh?

Tis brie launches he Blue Economy projec a he Cener or American Progress,

laying ou he groundwork or wha will be an ongoing eor o promoe indusries ha

recognize and augmen he clean and healhy ocean, coasal, and Grea Lakes ecosys-

ems ha drive our nancial, biological, culural, and spiriual well-being.

In his brie we make he case or supporing, susaining, and growing our undamenal

componens o he Blue Economy:

Susainable commercial and recreaional sheries ourism, recreaion, and uses o ocean and coasal space ha do no resul in direc

use or consumpion o resources Coasal resoraion, proecion, and adapaion Oshore renewable energy developmen


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Tese componens are cerainly no he only drivers o he ocean economy, nor are hey

necessarily he larges conribuors or he ones or which we have he bes supporing

daa. Bu hey consiue wha we consider he oundaion or healhy and producive

oceans, coass, and Grea Lakes.

Tis iniial lis has some noable omissions. Tis repor, or example, will no wresle he

gorilla o oshore oil and gas developmen. While his indusry has massive and undeni-able economic value, risks o environmenal desrucion ha many consider unaccep-

able counerbalance hese conribuions.

Te BP Deepwaer Horizon caasrophe has largely aded rom public consciousness more

han wo years aer i occurred. In he inerim, Congress has ailed o ake any acion o

make oshore drilling saer or increase he liabiliy or he companies ha hreaen marine

resources.4 Meanwhile, we seem o be marching incessanly oward even riskier develop-

men o oshore resources in he remoe and prisine Arcic Ocean.5

We also will no delve ino mariime ransporaion, anoher o he larges economic acivi-ies in our oceans. Te global shipping indusry carries 90 percen o world rade,6 shapes

all commerce, and underpins he global economy. Ye because his repor ocuses on he

nexus o he environmen and economy, we do no have space o address shipping. Ships,

aer all, don care wheher he waer ha foas hem is diry or clean, hough he indusry

can be greened a relaively low cos and wih grea bene o coasal ecosysems.

Insead, we ocus on indusries ha depend upon and can coexis wih and bene

rom healhy oceans ye sill lack ull deniion o heir remendous poenial economic

beneseiher because o diculy quaniying hem or because he indusries are

emerging or in fux, hus requiring addiional resources and atenion beore we canruly evaluae heir benes.

Tese indusries have he added bene o ueling our passion, eeding our souls, and

proecing he resources ha make our oceans and coass so undamenal o he human

experience. Is i possible o pu a price ag on ha? Perhaps no. Bu our goal is o beter

undersand he rue value o Americas Blue Economy.

Te summaries below provide a blueprin or uure CAP work dening he conribu-

ions hese susainable ocean secors make o our economic well-being.

Sustainable commercial and recreational fisheries

Fishing is perhaps he rs vocaion ha comes o mind when considering ocean and

coasal economic aciviy. Fish brough he earlies European setlers o he Americas

beore gold or rade roues or colonizaion became he arges o uure exploraion.
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/big_oil_kaching.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/big_oil_kaching.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/02/arctic_ocean_drilling.htmlhttp://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/http://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/02/arctic_ocean_drilling.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/big_oil_kaching.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/big_oil_kaching.html


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oday, mos Americans sill connec o he ocean hrough sh, wheher hey are

among he naions 12 million recreaional anglers or simply enjoy an occasional File-

O-Fish sandwich.7

We also have beter daa or he shing indusry han many oher ocean indusr ies.

According o he Naional Oceanic and Amospheric Adminisraion, or NOAA,

which manages our naions commercial and recreaional sheries in he oceans andGrea Lakes, sh processing, resaurans, grocery sores, sales o ackle and gas, ice-

houses, and a muliude o oher businesses are involved wih he seaood and shing

supply chain, generaing $183 billion per year o he U.S. economy and more han 1.5

million ull- and par-ime jobs.8

Figure 2

Benefits of commercial fishing

Weight and landed value by region, 2010

Region Weight (in pounds) Landed value

Great Lakes 19,106,089 $17,778,592

Gul o Mexico 1,284,535,508 $639,900,551

Mid-Atlantic 806,901,120 $509,406,688

North Pacifc (Alaska) 4,347,448,947 $1,584,006,016

Northeast 577,818,155 $957,844,259

Pacifc (Hawaii) 28,068,656 $84,043,763

Southeast 119,072,945 $164,492,792

West 828,833,807 $536,136,912

Total 8,011,785,227 $4,493,609,573

Source: Data courtesy o National Ocean Economics Project

While much o odays shing news is doom and gloompreponderance o overshing,

repors ha oceans will be nohing bu jellysh by midcenury, and scary predicions o

species collapse or everyhing rom he majesic bluen una o he lowly menhaden

here is acually ample reason or opimism. Susainabiliy is aking hold wih consum-

ers, regulaors, and indusry members alike.

We have ended deliberae overshing in he Unied Saes, and he NOAAs mos recen

Saus o Socks repor o Congress showed a record number o domesic sh popu-

laions rebuil o susainable levels.9 In addiion, consumer-driven iniiaives have led

many major reailers o change heir buying habis and exclude unsusainably-caugh

seaood rom heir shelves.
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/07/fof070111.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/05/fof_050611.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/05/fof_050611.htmlhttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/05/05_10_12status_of_stocks_rollout.html?utm_source=Annual+NOAA+Fisheries+report+shows+record+number+of+fisheries+rebuilt+in+2011&utm_campaign=MAFAC+Announcements&utm_medium=emailhttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/05/05_10_12status_of_stocks_rollout.html?utm_source=Annual+NOAA+Fisheries+report+shows+record+number+of+fisheries+rebuilt+in+2011&utm_campaign=MAFAC+Announcements&utm_medium=emailhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/03/fof_032511.htmlhttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/05/docs/status_of_stocks_2011_report.pdfhttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/05/docs/status_of_stocks_2011_report.pdfhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/03/fof_032511.htmlhttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/05/05_10_12status_of_stocks_rollout.html?utm_source=Annual+NOAA+Fisheries+report+shows+record+number+of+fisheries+rebuilt+in+2011&utm_campaign=MAFAC+Announcements&utm_medium=emailhttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2012/05/05_10_12status_of_stocks_rollout.html?utm_source=Annual+NOAA+Fisheries+report+shows+record+number+of+fisheries+rebuilt+in+2011&utm_campaign=MAFAC+Announcements&utm_medium=emailhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/05/fof_050611.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/05/fof_050611.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/07/fof070111.html


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Esablishing long-erm, susainable sheries will be remendously benecial o boh

our environmen and our economy. In esimony beore he Senae Commitee

on Commerce, Science, and ransporaion in 2011, NOAA Adminisraor Jane

Lubchenco esimaed ha rebuilding all U.S. sh populaions o susainable levels could

generae an addiional $31 billion in sales impacs, suppor an addiional 500,000 jobs

and increase he revenue shermen receive a he dock by $2.2 billion more than a 50

percent increase fom the current annual dockside revenues (emphasis in original).10

Meanwhile, U.S. seaood consumpion has dipped slighly, down rom 16 pounds

per person in 2008 o 15.8 pounds in 2009, while global seaood consumpion has

doubled in he las 40 years.11 A he same ime, he percenage o sh we impor has

skyrockeed. oday, roughly 85 percen o he sh we ea is caugh, grown, or pro-

cessed in oher counries. Te U.S. rade deci in seaood producs is a saggering $9

bill ion, ranking second among naural resources only o crude oil .12

Tis is bad news no jus or our economy bu or he environmen as well. Te Unied

Saes is home o some o he mos susainably managed sheries on he plane. Each shwe buy rom a counry wih less sringen sandards no only akes a bie ou o American

shermens botom lines, bu also conribues o he decline o global sheries.

Aquaculure, or sh arming, is increasingly playing a greaer role in puting sh on our

plaes. Fully hal he sh impored in 2010 was a armed produc.13 Given he escalaing

dieary needs o a booming world populaion, aquaculure will have o be a par o he

uure o sh. Ye aquaculure, which can be carried ou eiher in he ocean or a land-

based resh or sal waer aciliies, comes wih is own se oenvironmenal concerns,

including high concenraions o wase, he need o cach wild sh o eed armed sh,

and poenial or corrupion o wild populaions gene pools. Bu in his secor, oo, heUnied Saes has ar more sringen environmenal and human healh regulaions han

virually any o our rade parners.14

Given he clear dierences beween domesic and impored seaood in erms o susain-

abiliy, produc qualiy, and local sourcing, consumer educaion and marke orces can

provide a springboard or increasing he value o U.S.-caugh sh. Tis will reurn more

dollars o our shermen and allow hem o make a living wihou increasing heir har-

ves and compromising he uure availabiliy o a nie ye renewable naural resource.

Rebuil sheries will pay dividends or recreaional shermen and local economies as well.

Anglers spen $18 billion on equipmen and or-hire vessels in 2006 alone, according o

he NOAAs mos recen gures. Tese conribuions rippled hrough coasal economies,

ulimaely conribuing $49 billion and creaing nearly 400,000 jobs.15 Furher, hese

gures don accoun or revenues earned by suppor indusries ha provide hoel rooms,

meals, ravel, and oher services o which recreaional shermen avail hemselves in heir

ques o land he big one.
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20110907_usfisheriesreport.htmlhttp://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/fof_051112.htmlhttp://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st5/publication/index.htmlhttp://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st5/publication/index.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/fof_051112.htmlhttp://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20110907_usfisheriesreport.html


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Domesic regulaorswih help rom a legal mandae enaced by Congress requiring

every domesic shery o operae under a science-based, annual cach limihave pu

our shing indusry on rack o rebuild sh socks and increase he employmen and

proabiliy o he recreaional and commercial U.S. shing and aquaculure indusries.

Bu o make his a realiy, all shery sakeholdersshermen, regulaors, consum-

ers, environmenal groups, and poliiciansmus undersand ha while i may no beperec, sound science mus be he oundaion o sheries managemen. Couning sh is

asoundingly dicul. Teyre largely invisible, heyre consanly moving, and hey ea

each oher. Even our bes scienic esimaes are inherenly inaccurae.

Ye boh common sense and he law dicae ha we mus use he bes daa available o

se cach limis ha will have he highes probabiliy o achieving he goal o rebuil,

susainable sheries as quickly as possible. Tis will always be a balancing ac, bu i we

can agree on he underlying concep, well be well on he road o nding a soluion ha

works or he shermen o oday and he uure.

Te ollowing are producs we plan o develop o help make he economic case or sus-

ainable shery managemen:

A repor deailing he complexiies o he sh sock assessmen process, which will

provide shermen and oher sakeholders wih some perspecive on how sock

assessmens are carried ou and why hese sakeholders anecdoal percepions o sh

populaions may no refec he acual healh o he speciesAn analysis o he seaood supply chain, racing sh rom ocean o plae o deermine

where eciencies may be gained

An analysis o he eeciveness and crieria used in creaion o various seaood susain-abiliy programs

Tourism, recreation, and nonext ract ive ocean use

Visiing he beach is he greaes connecion o our oceans or many Americans, and

coasal ourism and recreaion susain our coasal economies. raveling o he shores

along our coass and Grea Lakes and snorkeling, boaing, and surng are aciviies

ha direcly conribue o local economies. According o he Join Ocean Commission

repor Americas Ocean Fuure, in 2007 he leisure and hospialiy indusry in U.S.

coasal saes suppored almos 11 million jobs and more han $214 billion in wages.16


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Figure 3

Benefits of coastal tourism and recreation

Contributions o ocean tourism and recreation establishments by region, 2009

Region Establishments Employment Wages GDP

Great Lakes 12,223 217,265 $3.6 billion $7.9 billion

Gul o Mexico 14,938 229,466 $4.2 billion $9.1 billion

Mid-Atlantic 36,097 514,668 $11.4 billion $25.1 billion

North Pacifc (Alaska) 1,238 13,045 $0.25 billion $0.51 billion

Northeast 10,833 147,319 $2.9 billion $5.9 billion

Pacifc (Hawaii) 3,543 86,198 $2.2 billion $4.6 billion

Southeast 14,210 248,422 $4.8 billion $10.7 billion

West 23,239 405,486 $8.6 billion $18.3 billion

Total 116,321 1,861,869 $37.95 billion $82.1 billion

Source: Data courtesy o NOAA Coastal Service Center, Economics: National Ocean Watch

Coasal ourism generaes signican economic aciviy every year. As David Beckman,

waer program direcor or he Naural Resources Deense Council, old heChristian

Science Monitor, Beach going and resor atendance is big business in Americaespe-

cially on Fourh o July weekend. Some 450 million people will visi over 3,000 US

beaches his year [2011].17

Florida exemplies he grea economic value o nonexracive ocean and coasal acivi-

ies.Floridas ourism, sh and wildlie, pors, and deense-relaed indusries generae morehan $175 billion in economic benes and more han 2.2 million jobs annually.18 ourism

is Floridas leading ocean indusry, employing nearly 300,000 people, generaing $5.9 bil-lion in wages, and adding $13.3 billion annually o is gross domesic produc.19

Te oceans and Grea Lakes are no an everlasing source o recreaion and GDP,

however. Tese aciviies and indusries all require healhy oceans and coass o prosper.

Who wans o relax on a conaminaed beach or sur hrough an oil slick?

Tis is why Floridians have long beenwary o oshore drilling and is poenial o kill

he ourism indusryhe goose ha lays he saes golden eggs. Even in he ace o

mouning pressure o open more areas o drilling, Florida has mainained a wo-decade-

old ban on dril ling in sae waers.20

Oil spills and oher disasers are ineviable consequences o oshore drilling, and he

Deepwaer Horizon disaser ook a huge oll on Floridas economy. In he immediae

wake o he spill, or example, many Panhandle hoels and resaurans repored seeing

sales down by 50 percen in he peak summer monhs, and in Franklin Couny, locaed

in he norhwesern panhandle, ourism in July 2010 declined by 25 percen rom he

previous year, according o he counys ourism bureau.21
http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/offshore-oil-drilling-not-in-florida-waters-lawmaker-says/http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-after-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-of-recovery/1173673http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/21/nation/la-na-oil-spill-florida-tourism-20100721http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/21/nation/la-na-oil-spill-florida-tourism-20100721http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-after-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-of-recovery/1173673http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/offshore-oil-drilling-not-in-florida-waters-lawmaker-says/http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safety


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Te Join Ocean Commissions repor also ound ha as o 2007, more han 85 per-

cen o Caliornias GDP and nearly 12 million jobs derived rom economic aciviy in

he saes coasal esuarine areas. Caliornias beaches are also vial asses o he saes

economy, wih oal value esimaed beween $1.5 billion and $3 billion per year.22

Losing hese valuable resources would devasae he Caliornia economy. During he sum-

mers o 1999 and 2000, sreches o Huningon Beachs beaches were repeaedly closeddue o high levels o baceria in he sur. A he ime, more han 5 million people visied

he beaches each year, helping o suppor a regional ourism indusry o$80 million.23 A

2006 analysis suppored by NOAA and conduced by researchers rom he Universiy

o Caliornia esimaed ha each day o closure resuled in losses o $36,939 in oupu,

$21,361 in value added, and $13,705 in income or he local communiy.24

Arecen analysis o Oregons coasal recreaion conduced by he Surrider Foundaion

ound ha he sae enjoys signican economic benes rom nonconsumpive ocean

recreaion aciviieshose in which paricipans do no physically remove anyhing

rom he oceansuch as surng, swimming, beach going, wildlie viewing, and boaing.A random sample o 4,000 residens ound ha 80 percen had visied he Oregon Coas

a leas once in he pas six monhs. In 2010, o an esimaed 27 million rips made o he

coas, 88 percen had he primary purpose o recreaion, and he average person spen

$87.74 per rip, an esimaed $2.4 billion in oal direc expendiures.25

As he Oregon sudy poins ou, he diculy in quaniying he value o hese coasal

aciviies comes rom he ac ha hey generae boh economic impac and economic

value. Economic impac refecs he movemen o money hrough he economysup-

poring local coasal communiies and businesses and creaing jobs. Economic value

includes he value o an aciviy o he consumer above and beyond expendiures,including how much a coasal visior would pay o access hese resources.

All recreaion aciviies generae consumer surplus values ha are generally no calcu-

laed in hese analyses. For example, beach walking produces value or he consumer

beyond wha hey paid or ransporaion or sunscreen. Bu his value is oen dicul

o quaniy since he public does no ypically have o pay or he value hey receive.

Going o he beach is ree. For his reason, shore-based recreaion is oen undervalued

in coasal managemen decisions.

Addiionally, he preponderance o research involving he nonmarke values o coasal

recreaion aciviies remains ocused on beach going and recreaional shing, while

oher niche user groups like surers, kayakers, and birdwachers oen conribue sub-

sanially o local economies wih relaively litle environmenal impac.

Surng has also evolved ino a mulibillion-dollar indusry, bu litle is known abou he

economic conribuion o surer visis o cerain areas.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs024-03/http://coastalsocioeconomics.noaa.gov/core/scbeach/econ_imp.pdfhttp://surfrider.org/images/uploads/publications/OR_rec_study.pdfhttp://surfrider.org/images/uploads/publications/OR_rec_study.pdfhttp://coastalsocioeconomics.noaa.gov/core/scbeach/econ_imp.pdfhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs024-03/


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Even so, he aciviy appears o bene communiies economically. In 2010 Save he

Waves Coaliion released a sudyo he economic value o he world-amous big wave

break a Mavericks in Hal Moon Bay, Caliornia. Te repor esimaes surers made

421,431 visis o he area annually, and he oal economic bene rom he Mavericks

region was nearly $24 million per year.

Te sudy also ound ha almos 90 percen o he respondens labeled surng anecoourism aciviy, and hus imporan o he culural and environmenal healh o

he communiy. Respondens believed ha Mavericks helped o posiively dene he

Hal Moon Bay area.26

Anoher sudy by he Surrider Foundaion and he Universiy o Caliornia ound ha

300,000 people visi San Clemene, Cali., annually o sur a a single sporesles. In

he process, hese surers spend beween $8 milllion and $13 million.27

Te direc economic value o Mavericks and resles is signican, bu he environmen-

al, social, and culural value o he places also carry grea weigh ha is more dicul oquaniy.

Under he auspices o CAPs Blue Economy projec, we plan o help dene boh he

economic impac and value o ocean, coasal, and Grea Lakes ourism and recreaion.

Coastal restoration

From he Florida Everglades o he San Juan Islands in Washingons Puge Sound,

Americas coasal welands orm iconic landscapes. Bu every square oo o hese habi-as also provides criical economic and environmenal services o he communiies hey

surround. Welands naurally:

Serve as nurseries or many commercial sh and shellsh Form he basis o a ourism and recreaion indusry including huning, shing, boa-

ing, and oher revenue-generaing and job-creaing aciviies Funcion as a buer or sorm surges, helping proec agains fooding and hurricanes Filer polluans and sedimens, serving as naural waer reamen areas Sequeser millions o ons o carbon annually, making welands he larges reservoir o

global soil carbon

Despie heir naural resiliency, our welands are increasingly hreaened by muliple sressors

including erosion, climae-change-acceleraed sea-level rise, and an increasing infux o pol-

luans such as erilizers, chemicals, and crude oil rom spills and leaks. In Louisiana alone,

or example, a weland he size o a ooball eld disappears ino he ocean every hour. 28
http://www.savethewaves.org/news/mavericks-study-now-availablehttp://lacoast.gov/new/Data/Ed/NewHistoricalland.pdfhttp://lacoast.gov/new/Data/Ed/NewHistoricalland.pdfhttp://www.savethewaves.org/news/mavericks-study-now-available


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Te resuling habia loss is no only damaging o he surrounding ecosysem, bu o

he economy, as well. Te degradaion coss he Gul Coas dearly and is projeced o

worsen in coming years. Te damage rom exreme sorms already coss he region an

average o $14 billion annually. Furher land developmen and subsidence, along wih

sea-level rise, are projeced o accelerae such losses o he poin ha cumulaive eco-

nomic damage could reach $350 billion by2030.29 Te BP oil spill urher shocked he

Gul Coass already compromised ecosysem.

Coasal welands loss is no conned o he Gul Coas, hough. According o Resore

Americas Esuaries, 95 percen o he original welands in San Francisco Bay have been

desroyed, along wih more han 40 percen o he idal welands in Long Island Sound,

and 73 percen o he original sal marshes in Puge Sound.30

Resoring hese criical habias is no only an environmenal imperaive bu a grea eco-

nomic opporuniy. Te design, consrucion, operaion, and monioring o large-scale

coasal and marine resoraion projecs bear he poenial or susaining job creaion and

increasing ecosysem services vial o supporing exising coasal livelihoods.

In ac, he CAP-Oxam repor, Beyond Recovery, ound ha every $1 million

invesed in weland resoraion can creae 29 new jobs, which is nearly six imes as many

as he oil and gas indusries.31 And hese jobs span a range o skills and occupaions:

dredge operaors o civil engineers, biologiss, landscape archiecs, nursery workers,

boa capains and builders, and moniors.

Furhermore, hese jobs direcly bene local communiies, and mos canno be ou-

sourced. An analysis o Oregons ores and waershed resoraion projecs conduced

by he Universiy o Oregon ound ha he vas majoriy o resoraion dollars sayedwihin he sae. In ac more han 90 percen o conracs by resoraion projec manag-

ers occurred wih Oregon-based businesses.32

A Grea Lakes resoraion projec currenly underway in Michigan is projeced o pro-

duce huge economic reurns or he region. According o a recen sudyby Grand Valley

Sae Universiy economics proessor Paul Isely, a $10 million shoreline resoraion

projec on Muskegon Lake will generae more han $66 million in economic benes

resuling in more han a 6-o-1 reurn on invesmen over a 10-year period.

Te repor predics ha he projec will yield a $12 million increase in propery values,

up o $600,000 in new ax revenue annually, more han $1 million in new recreaional

spending annually in Muskegon, and nearly 65,000 addiional visiors per year.33

Likewise, a 2010 sudyound ha a signican invesmen in Florida Everglades resora-

ion would generae an increase in economic welare o approximaely $46.5 billion

a 400 percen rae o reurn on he iniial invesmenas well as creae more han
http://cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/CGGC_Gulf-Coast-Restoration.pdfhttp://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.htmlhttp://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/02/pdf/beyond_recovery.pdfhttp://ewp.uoregon.edu/sites/ewp.uoregon.edu/files/downloads/WP24.pdfhttp://healthylakes.org/great-lakes-restoration-initiative/new-study-michigan-restoration-project-to-provide-6-to-1-return-on-investment/http://everglades.3cdn.net/8edd03d0943ae993fe_e0m6i4gx2.pdfhttp://everglades.3cdn.net/8edd03d0943ae993fe_e0m6i4gx2.pdfhttp://healthylakes.org/great-lakes-restoration-initiative/new-study-michigan-restoration-project-to-provide-6-to-1-return-on-investment/http://ewp.uoregon.edu/sites/ewp.uoregon.edu/files/downloads/WP24.pdfhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/02/pdf/beyond_recovery.pdfhttp://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.htmlhttp://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.htmlhttp://cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/CGGC_Gulf-Coast-Restoration.pdf


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442,000 jobs.34 And a 2011 survey ound ha 65 percen o Floridians consider proec-

ing and resoring he Everglades o be very or exremely imporan, wih 84 percen

o hese voers ranking he reshwaer drinking resource o one in hree Floridians very

imporan.35 In addiion o heir ecological value, he Everglades are also a powerul

poenial economic engine or he sae.

Local decision makers can capure even more value by supporing he expansion obusinesses ha will acually carry ou he resoraion work. As Beyond Recovery

explained, Sraegies o commercialize innovaion and produce echnology rom

research in local universiies and ederal laboraories can help oser a regional innova-

ion cluser in marine and coasal science and resoraion indusries and occupaions.36

Embracing he resoraion economy has he poenial o shi curren economic acivi-

ies and creae enirely new ones, bu obaining he necessary daa and quaniying he

long-erm economic value o coasal resoraion projecs is no easy ask.

Because resoraion projecs are oen managed and analyzed by muliple eniies,including ederal and local governmens, environmenal organizaions, universiies, and

privae conracors, obaining comprehensive economic daa is dicul. In addiion,

projecs are oen assessed or job creaion and economic impac on an individual basis,

raher han projecing he long-erm value ha will come rom creaing a new indusry

and exporing he equipmen and experise o oher regions.

Welands are he nurseries o our oceans living resources and he rs line o deense

agains sorms and fooding or our coasal communiies. Resoring hem should be pri-

oriized alongside repairing bridges, roads, and oher radiional inrasrucure projecs

ha provide jobs and economic value immediaely, while making a down paymen onuure securiy and prosperiy or decades o come.

Under he auspices o CAPs Blue Economy projec, our work in his space will coninue

o expand and rene he recommendaions laid ou in Beyond Recovery by examining

he poenial economic and communiy developmen associaed wih creaing a coasal

resoraion economy, paricularly in he Gul o Mexico.

Offshore renewable energy

Te concenraion o he U.S. populaion in coasal saes creaes a massive demand

or energy. According o a 2008 repor rom he Deparmen o Energy, he 28 saes

bordering he ocean and Grea Lakes use 78 percen o he naions elecriciy. Ye o

dae, wih he excepion o a handul o pilo-scale marine hydrokineic insallaions

(wave, curren, and idal power), he only source o energy generaed oshore is drill-

ing or oil and naural gas.37
http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/sites/tampabay.com.blogs.the-buzz-florida-politics/files/everglades_foundation_voter_poll_slides.pdfhttp://audubonoffloridanews.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/efpr.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/41869.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/41869.pdfhttp://audubonoffloridanews.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/efpr.pdfhttp://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/sites/tampabay.com.blogs.the-buzz-florida-politics/files/everglades_foundation_voter_poll_slides.pdf


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As we have exhaused near-shore oil and gas wells, American oil producers have been

orced o move urher and urher rom land, ino deeper, and riskier waers. And o

course he consequences o hese increasing risks were realized in sark deail rom April

o July 2010 during he calamious BP Deepwaer Horizon oil spill.

Forunaely, an answer is emerging ha can help address he skyrockeing demand or

elecriciy in coasal regions. I is an answer ha comes wihou milking our ouer coni-nenal shel or every las drop o crude oil and perpeuaing our sel-desrucive cycle o

emissions ha swaddle our home plane in anoher blanke layer o greenhouse gasses.

Denmark buil he worlds rs oshore wind arm near Copenhagen more han wo

decades ago. Since hen oshore wind has been added o he energy porolio o a leas

nine oher counries in Europe and Asia.38

Figure 4

Nations embracing wind energy

Current oshore wind capacity in megawatts, Europe, China, and the United States

Offshore wind capacity

in megawatts (MW)

Europe(United Kingdom, Denmark, The

Netherlands, Belgium, Germany,

Sweden, Ireland, Finland, Norway)1

China United States

Installed 2,946 1022 0

Under construction 3,000 2,3003 0

Permitted 19,000 13,6004 4885

Total 24,946 MW 16,002 MW 488 MW

Te Eas Coas o he Unied Saes, rom he Mid-Alanic region norh hrough New

England, possesses some o he worlds mos avorable environmenal condiions o ap

ino his massive renewable energy resource. Bu even hough public opinion hrough-

ou he region srongly suppors such developmen, we have ye o begin consrucion

on even a single urbine.

No only does his delay reducion in greenhouse gas emissions and our ransiion o

renewable energy sources, i also prevens American innovaors rom aking advanage

o he design, manuacure, and consrucion o jobs ha go along wih i. In Europe

more han 4,000 megawats o oshore wind capaciy is already insalled, and develop-

ers expec o creae 169,000 addiional jobs by 2020 and 300,000 by 2030 as a resul.39

Note: One megawatt roughly equates to the amount o electricity needed to power 300 American homes.

1 All data courtesy o European Wind Energy Association, available at http://www.ewea.org/index.php?id=203.

2 China to Boost Ofshore Wind Power Generation, ChinaDaily.com, May 16, 2011, available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-05/16/

content_12520766.htm.

3 Ibid.

4 Categorized by Azure International as in the pipeline.

5 Cape Wind and Fishermens Energy projects.
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/06/offshore_wind.htmlhttp://-/?-http://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/energias/renovables/index/pag/wind/colleft/colright/wind/tip/articulo/pagid/18097/botid/48/http://www.ewea.org/index.php?id=203http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-05/16/content_12520766.htmhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-05/16/content_12520766.htmhttp://www.norway.cn/PageFiles/391359/Azure%20International%20-%20Rachel%20Enslow.pdfhttp://www.norway.cn/PageFiles/391359/Azure%20International%20-%20Rachel%20Enslow.pdfhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-05/16/content_12520766.htmhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-05/16/content_12520766.htmhttp://www.ewea.org/index.php?id=203http://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/energias/renovables/index/pag/wind/colleft/colright/wind/tip/articulo/pagid/18097/botid/48/http://-/?-http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/06/offshore_wind.html


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Te 2008 repor rom he Deparmen o Energy se a arge o developing 54 giga-

wats, or GW, o oshore wind energy in U.S. waers by 2030slighly more han 1

percen o he oal 4,150 GW o poenial energy idenied in areas up o 50 miles

rom shore.40 Aollow-up repor ocused exclusively on a poenial oshore wind

indusry released in 2011 ound hose 54 GW would creae more han 43,000 per-

manen operaions and mainenance jobs and would require more han 1.1 million

job-years o manuacure and insall he urbines.41

Iniially, he bigges hurdle o domesic oshore wind developmen was he lack o a ed-

eral permiting process. oday he Deparmen o he Inerior can issue permis, and he

Bureau o Ocean Energy Managemen reviews permi applicaions as well as idenies

wind energy areas i plans o oer leases or.

Opponens o oshore wind arms, however, coninue o publish slaned sudies ha

skew percepions o he eecs consrucion o any single oshore wind arm will have

on elecriciy raepayers.42 Tese are oen ueled by donaions rom pro-ossil-uel orga-

nizaions like he Koch brohers Americans or Prosperiy.

Such repors are oen padded wih apocalypic predicions o massive job loss and

skyrockeing energy coss, ye hey ail o recognize ha any rs-in-class projec will

ineviably come a an increased cos. Fuure projecs will bene rom one-ime inra-

srucure improvemens, lessons learned, and economies o scale ha aren possible o

have in place prior o consrucion o an iniial projec.

Overcoming hese obsacles will require an invesmen rom he ederal governmen.

Subsidies has become a diry word in Washingon hese days, hough he oil and gas

indusry sill enjoys $4 billion per year in subsidies rom he ederal governmen despiehe indusrys record-breaking prosan oulay saunchly deended by oherwise scally

conservaive members o Congress, including budge hawk Rep. Paul Ryan (R-WI).43

Asimilar invesmen in exending he producion ax credi and making oshore wind

energy eligible or he invesmen ax credialready available o oher renewable energy

sourceswould go a long way oward boosing he viabiliy o his nascen indusry.44

And as oher sources o oshore renewable energy such as wave, idal, and curren

power advance rom pilo sages o poenially commercially scalable generaion capac-

iy, we mus look a hem as par o a rue all o he above energy sraegy as well.

O course, as more uses o ocean space gain momenum we will have o deermine how

o allocae wha will swily become a crowded ocean environmen. Such eors will

necessiae developmen o a sreamlined comprehensive ocean planning sraegylike

he one called or in Presiden Obamas Naional Ocean Policy Implemenaion Plan.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/national_offshore_wind_strategy.pdfhttp://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/08/17/297394/koch-brothers-fund-bogus-study-bashing-offshore-wind-in-new-jersey/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/03/ryan_big_oil.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/big_oil_kaching.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/01/offshore_wind.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/03/conathan_testimony.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/oceans/implementationplanhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/oceans/implementationplanhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/03/conathan_testimony.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/01/offshore_wind.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/big_oil_kaching.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/03/ryan_big_oil.htmlhttp://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/08/17/297394/koch-brothers-fund-bogus-study-bashing-offshore-wind-in-new-jersey/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/national_offshore_wind_strategy.pdf


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Under he auspices o CAPs Blue Economy projec, we will lay ou he invesmen

requiremens and poenial economic reurn or developing a cos-eecive, environ-

menally responsible oshore wind indusry in he Unied Saes.

Conclusion

Our oceans are mysical eniies. Tey can embody exreme peril or uter relaxaion.

Inimae amiliariy or oherworldly discovery. ranquiliy or chaos. As a species, we are

magneically drawn o hem or susenance and solace, and or cenuries we have been

ed by heir bouny. Tey also drive our economy. Forunaely, hese seemingly incon-

gruous roles are no muually exclusive.

Te Unied Saes can derive grea nancial bene rom hese naural resources wihou

compromising heir beauy, healh, or vialiy. As we pursue our invesigaions ino he

our segmens o he ocean, coasal, and Grea Lakes economy deailed in his brie, we

are conden our ndings will help prove ha he bes way o creae a robus coasaleconomy is o sar wih clean, healhy oceans.

Michael Conathan is Director o Ocean Policy and Kiley Kroh is the Associate Director or

Ocean Communications at the Center or American Progress. Erin Gustason, Energy and

Environmental Policy intern, contributed.


15/16


1 John F. Kennedy, Remarks at the America Cup Dinner Givenby the Australian Ambassado r, Newport, Rhode Island,September 14, 1962.

2 The U.S. Population Living In Coastal Watershed Counties,available at http://stateothecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.html (last accessed June 2012).

3 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, TheOcean and Coastal Economy: A Summar y o Statistics,available at http://www.ppi.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/coastal-economy-pocket-guide-2011-03-27.pd.

4 Kiley Kroh and Michael Conathan, The Lasting Impact oDeepwater Horizon (Washington: Center or AmericanProgress, 2012).

5 Kiley Kroh and Michael Conathan, Putting a Freeze onArctic Ocean Drilling: Americas Inability to Respond to anOil Spill in the Arctic, (Washington: Center or AmericanProgress).

6 Shipping and World Trade: Overview, available at http://www.marisec.org/shippingacts/worldtrade/ (last accessedJune 2012).

7 Michael Conathan, Fish on Fridays: Twelve Million Linesin the Water (Washington: Center or American Progress,

2011).

8 National Marine Fisheries Service, Status o Stocks: Reporton the Status o U.S. Fisheries or 2011 (2011).

9 Ibid.

10 Jane Lubchenco, New England Groundsh Management,Testimony beore the Senate Committee on Commerce,Science, and Transportation, October 3, 2011, available athttp://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20111003_tes-timony.html#_tnre2.

11 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, Fisheries othe United States (2010).

12 Bryan Walsh, Can the U.S. Close Its Seaood Trade Decit?,Time Ecocentric Blog, July 8, 2011, available at http://eco-centric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seaood-trade-decit/.

13 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.Domestic Seaood Landings and Values Increase in 2010,September 7, 2011, available at http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20110907_ussheriesreport.html.

14 Michael Conathan, Fish on Fridays: The Ethics o Seaood(Washington: Center or American Progress, 2012).

15 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Fisher-ies Economics o the U.S. (2009).

16 Joint Oceans Commission, Americas Ocean Future: Ensur-ing Healthy Oceans to Support a Vibrant Economy (2011).

17 Daniel B. Wood, Hitting the beach or the Fourth o July?How to check a beachs water or saety, The ChristianScience Monitor, June 30, 2011, available at http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-or-the-Fourth-o-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-saety.

18 Mitch Stacy, Florida tourism rebounds in 2011, overseasvisits up, USA Today, December 30, 2011, available at http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1.

19 NOAA Coastal Services Center. Economics: National Ocean-Watch (ENOW), based on data rom the Bureau o LaborStatistics and the Bureau o Economic Analysis. Available athttp://www.csc.noaa.gov/enow.

20 Oshore Oil Drilling Not In Florida Waters, Lawmaker Says,CBS Miami, June 30, 2011, available at http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/oshore-oil-drilling-not-in-orida-waters-lawmaker-says/.

21 Laura Figueroa, A year ater BP oil spill, Panhandle townsseeing signs o recovery, Tampa Bay Times, June 6, 2011,available at http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-ater-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-o-recovery/1173673; Alana Semuels, Oil skips mostFlorida beaches, but so do many tourists,Los Angeles Times,July 21, 2010, available at http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/21/nation/la-na-oil-spill-orida-tourism-20100721.

22 Joint Oceans Commission, Americas Ocean Future: Ensur-ing Healthy Oceans to Support a Vibrant Economy (2011).

23 U.S. Geological Survey, Bacterial Contamination atHuntington Beach, Caliornia Is It From a Local OshoreWastewater Outall? (2003).

24 Peter C. Wiley, Vernon R. Leeworthy, and Edward A. Stone,Economic Impact o Beach Closures and Changes in WaterQuality or Beaches in Southern Caliornia (Washington:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2006).

25 Collin Daugherty and Chris LaFranchi, Non-consumptiveOcean Recreation in Oregon: Human Uses, EconomicImpacts and Spatial Data (San Clemente, CA: SurriderFoundation, 2011).

26 Kimberly Burnett and Makena Coman, The Value o aWave: An Analysis o the Mavericks Region Hal Moon Bay,

Caliornia (Davenport Hal Moon Bay: Save the Waves Coali-tion, 2009).

27 C. Nelsen, L. Pendelton, and R. Vaugh, A Socio EconomicStudy o Surers at Trestles Beach. Shore and Beach 75 (4)(2008).

28 J. Barras and others, Historical and Projected Coastal Louisi-ana Land Changes: 1978-2050 (Washington: United StatesGeological Survey, 2004).

29 Gary Geref, Marcy Lowe, and Shawn Stokes, Restoring theGul Coast (Durham, NC: Center on Globalization, Gover-nance, and Competitiveness, Duke University: 2011).

30 Habitat Loss Nationwide, available at http://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.html (last accessed June 2012).

31 Kate Gordon and others, Beyond Recovery: Moving the GulCoast Toward a Sustainable Future (Washington: Center orAmerican Progress and Oxam America, 2011).

32 Cassandra Moseley and Max Nielsen-Pincus, Economic andEmployment Impacts o Forest and Watershed Restorationin Oregon (Eugene, OR: Institute or a Sustainable Environ-ment, University o Oregon, 2010).

32 Carrie Hause, Paul Isely, and Elaine Sterrett Isely, MuskegonLake Area Habitat Restoration Project: Socio-EconomicAssessment (Allendale, MI: Grand Valley State University,2011).

34 Bobby McCormick and others, Measuring EconomicBenets o Americas Everglades Restoration: An EconomicEvaluation o Ecosystem Services Afliated wi th the WorldsLargest Ecosystem Restoration Project (Palmetto Bay, FL:The Everglades Foundation, 2010).

35 Poll: Florida Voters Recognize Direct Connection BetweenClean, Sustainable Water Supply and Everglades Protection,(Palmetto Bay, FL: Everglades Foundation 2011).

36 Kate Gordon and others, Beyond Recovery: Moving the GulCoast Toward a Sustainable Future (Washington: Center orAmerican Progress, 2011).

37 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energys Contribu-tion to the U.S. Electricity Supply(Department o Energy,2008).

38 Richard Caperton and Michael Conathan, Clean EnergyFrom Americas Oceans: Permitting and Financing Chal-lenges to the U.S. Oshore Wind Industry (Washington:Center or American Progress, 2011).

Endnotes
http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.htmlhttp://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.htmlhttp://www.ppi.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/coastal-economy-pocket-guide-2011-03-27.pdfhttp://www.ppi.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/coastal-economy-pocket-guide-2011-03-27.pdfhttp://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20110907_usfisheriesreport.htmlhttp://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20110907_usfisheriesreport.htmlhttp://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1http://www.csc.noaa.gov/enowhttp://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/offshore-oil-drilling-not-in-florida-waters-lawmaker-says/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/offshore-oil-drilling-not-in-florida-waters-lawmaker-says/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/offshore-oil-drilling-not-in-florida-waters-lawmaker-says/http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-after-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-of-recovery/1173673http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-after-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-of-recovery/1173673http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-after-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-of-recovery/1173673http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/21/nation/la-na-oil-spill-florida-tourism-20100721http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/21/nation/la-na-oil-spill-florida-tourism-20100721http://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.htmlhttp://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.htmlhttp://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.htmlhttp://www.estuaries.org/habitat-loss-nationwide.htmlhttp://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/21/nation/la-na-oil-spill-florida-tourism-20100721http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/21/nation/la-na-oil-spill-florida-tourism-20100721http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-after-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-of-recovery/1173673http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-after-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-of-recovery/1173673http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/a-year-after-bp-oil-spill-panhandle-towns-seeing-signs-of-recovery/1173673http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/offshore-oil-drilling-not-in-florida-waters-lawmaker-says/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/offshore-oil-drilling-not-in-florida-waters-lawmaker-says/http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/06/30/offshore-oil-drilling-not-in-florida-waters-lawmaker-says/http://www.csc.noaa.gov/enowhttp://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/story/2011-12-31/Florida-tourism-rebounds-in-2011-overseas-visits-up/52295150/1http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0630/Hitting-the-beach-for-the-Fourth-of-July-How-to-check-a-beach-s-water-safetyhttp://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20110907_usfisheriesreport.htmlhttp://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20110907_usfisheriesreport.htmlhttp://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/07/08/can-the-u-s-close-its-seafood-trade-deficit/http://www.ppi.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/coastal-economy-pocket-guide-2011-03-27.pdfhttp://www.ppi.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/coastal-economy-pocket-guide-2011-03-27.pdfhttp://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.htmlhttp://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.html


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39 17 EU countries planning massive oshore wind, saysEWEA,Renewable Energy Magazine, November 29, 2011,available at http://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/articulo-wind-18097-48-wind.

40 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energys Contribu-tion to the U.S. Electricity Supply.

41 A National Ofshore Wind Strategy: Creating an Ofshore WindIndustry in the United States (Washington: Department oEnergy, 2011).

42 Michael Conathan, Koch Brothers Fund Bogus Study Bash-

ing Oshore Wind in New Jersey, Climate Progress, August17, 2011, available at http://www.renewableenergymaga-zine.com/articulo-wind-18097-48-wind.

43 Daniel J. Weiss, Ryan Budget Pads Big Oils Pockets withSenseless Subsidies, Center or American Progress, March20, 2012, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/03/ryan_big_oil.html; Rebecca Leber andDaniel J. Weiss, Ka-Ching: Big Oils Mighty First-QuarterProts, Center or American Progress, May 1, 2012, avail-able at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/05/big_oil_kaching.html.

44 Richard Caperton, Michael Conathan, and Jackie Weidman,Encouraging Investment Is Key to U.S. Oshore WindDevelopment, Center or American Progress, January12, 2012, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/

issues/2012/01/oshore_wind.html.
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