the focal encyclopedia of photography, 4th...

1,2-dihydroquinoxaline, 7031,4-dihydroquinoxaline, 7032m/3m/5m telescope cameras, 3153D tomography, 507, 5243M, 3193-phenyl-3-mercapto-propionic acid,

7086 � 4.5 medium-format cameras, 30813.8 � 7.7k panchromatic frame

cameras, 50419th century, technical evolution of

photography in, 27art of photography, 31–32Bayard, Hyppolyte, 29business of photography, 30–31calotype, 29–30collodion variants and negative

processes, 32–33collodion variants and positive

processes, 32concepts of, 27Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, 28daguerreotypes, 28–29first attempts at photography, 27flexible films, 34–35gelatin emulsions and modern era,

33–34glimpses of color, 35Herschel, Sir John, 29negatives on glass, 31Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 27–28paper photography, 28–29permanency concerns, 33Ponton, Mungo, 29proliferation of photography, 35–36race for acknowledgement, 18, 39, 29sensitometry, 35wet plate process, 31

20th century society and photographyadvertising photography, 191amateur photography, 188background, 188digital photography, 191documentary photography, 195European modernism/American

realism, 191–192Family Of Man exhibition, 197journalistic/editorial photography,

192

Kodak camera, 188–189Life and picture magazines, 192–194magazines, 192miniature cameras, 189museums, galleries, and collections,

205–210National Geographic, 195overview, 187personal documentary, 197Polaroid camera system, 189–191reformist photography, 195–197war coverage, 194–195

35mm cameras, 77850mm anastigmat f/3.5 cameras, 31450mm f/0.95 lens, 78085mm Summarex f/1.5 lens, 314120/220 films, 650250-mm f/5.6 Superachromat lens, 3201960s, 200–201, 2021980s pornography, 2031990s pornography, 203–204

AAbbe, Ernst, 592Abbe numbers, 66Abbott, Berenice, 192, 193, 239,

493–494aberrations, 174, 715Abney, William, 72, 86, 123abrading medium, 36–37abridged spectrophotometers, 750absorption, 37, 742absorption filters, 721absorption spectrums, 644abstract concepts, 443abstract images, 181Acasia senegal tree, 84accelerated testing, 692accelerators, 37, 660acceptors, 370accommodation, 635accredited standards committee (ASC),

373acetic acid, 37acetylene, 37achromatic, 177achromatic doublet, 719achromatic doublet lenses, 585achromatic objectives, 596

achromatic system, 633acid, 37

acetic, 37boric, 48citric, 61fixing bath, 37gallic, 80hydrochloric, 86nitric, 96–97oxalic, 100pyrogallic, 108sulfuric, 117tannic, 117

acidic pH, 662acidified silver nitrate solutions, 663acknowledgement race , 1839, 29AC-powered tungsten lights, 365acoustic holography, 501actinic, 37actinic focus, 37actinic values, 753actinometers, 37, 75action shots, 349activation/stabilization systems, 652active pixel sensors (APS), 594active reflectors, 761acuity, 635acusto-optical tunable filters, 419Adams, Ansel, 207, 212, 217, 220, 223,

226, 229, 239–240, 277, 282, 670Adams, (Eddie) Edward T., 239Adams, George, 592Adams, Robert, 240–241, 334Adamson, Robert, 30, 341adaptation, visual, 634–635adapter card, 426adaptive optics, 635A/D converter, 426additive color, 37, 693–695Additivity Law, 388, 743address, 403, 426addressable resolution, 426Adelstein, Peter, 358adhesives, 37–38administrative metadata, 412Adobe, 302–303Adobe® PostScript® technology, 302Adobe Acrobat® software, 302Adobe Camera Raw (ACR), 401, 402

Index

807

Index.indd 807Index.indd 807 1/19/07 6:19:37 PM1/19/07 6:19:37 PM

808 Index

Adobe Engagement Platform, 303Adobe InDesign® software, 302Adobe Photoshop® software, 302, 415Adobe Portable Document Format

(PDF), 302Adox Fotowerke, 305adsorption catalysis, 660, 661Advanced Photo System (APS)

technology, 700, 782Advanced Spaceborne Th ermal

Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), 608

advertising illustrations, 324advertising photography, 187, 191,

320–321Advocate camera, 778aerial cameras, 315aerial film, 648aerial haze, 728–729aerial perspective, 38aerial photography, 501–504aerial strip cameras, 619–620aesthetic eff ect, 187aestheticism, 228aesthetization, 182AF35M camera, 781aff ect-less images, 292afocal lenses, 721, 724African American photographers and

photographic subjects, 234–238aesthetics and politics, 236–237African American contributions, 234dichotomy of old and new negroes,

234–236documentary photography, 236negotiating African American

cultural identities, 237–238afterglow, 547Afterimage, 269agar-agar, 38Agee, James, 252, 267Agfa, 303, 651Agfa Brovira, 303Agfacolor New Reversal Film, 303Agfacolor Neue, 698Agfa Photo Imaging Systems, 303Agfa Portriga rapid, 303AgGuard, 689agitation, 669–670agriculture, 256, 560air bells, 38Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging

Spectrometer (AVIRIS), 610air brush, 38air-spaced, 174Airy disc images, 718

alabasterines, 32, 38, 41, 61, 62, 83Albert, Josef, 38albertype, 38album, 38albumen, 38–39albumen glass plates, 80albumen negatives, 39albumen-on-glass process, 70alcohol, 39algorithms

compression algorithms, 410–411defined, 426

aliasing, 426Alinder, Mary, 265aliphatic phosphines, 707alkali, 40alkali fixers, 683“alkaline” development, 68allegorical photography, 40, 186–187Allen, James Latimer, 235ALPA Superior Swiss precision, 320alpha channel, 426alternate light source (ALS), 602ALU Arithmetic Logical Unit, 426aluminum chloride, 40aluminum-magnesium wire flashbulbs,

755alum potassium, 40Alvarez, Manual Bravo, 240amateur photography, 187, 188, 191

photographers, 40planetary images, 512studios, 476

amateur planetary images, 512amber, 40ambient-light photography, 625ambrotypes, 32, 40–41, 45, 62, 66, 75American Association of Museums

Code of Ethics, 205American Civil War, 32, 335, 350American Engineering Standards

Committee, 372American ivorytypes, 88American National Standards Institute,

372–373American Photographs, 230, 231, 252American realism, 191–192Americans, Th e, 197, 222, 231, 254, 335,

348American Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII), 427American Standards Association (ASA),

756American Standards Institute (USASI),

372America’s Series, 238

amidol, 41ammonia, 41ammonium bicarbonate, 41ammonium bromide, 41ammonium chloride, 41ammonium dichromate, 41ammonium iodide, 41ammonium nitrate, 41ammonium thiocyanate, 41ammonium thiosulfate, 683, 704amorphous selenium detector array, 565ampere, 473amphitype, 42amplitude, 426amplitude holograms, 552amyl, 42analglyph, 42analog dial, 676analog signals, 360analog-to-digital (AD), 426analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 426analytic manipulation, 183anamorphic images, 468anamorphic lenses, 338, 716, 724anastigmat, 174anatomical substrates, 633AND operator, 426angiography, 568angioplasty, 568anhydrous, 42aniline, 42aniline dyes, 42Animals, Th e, 293animation, 183, 215, 479, 480anisotrophy, 539Annan, Th omas, 71, 335annual report photography, 327anomalous trichromats, 633anonymous sculptures, 243Anschutz, Ottomar, 525, 764Ansco, 42–43, 189Ansco Autoset cameras, 43, 780anterior chamber, 629Anthony, Henry T., 42anthotype, 43anthropological photography, 504–505Anthropology and Photography,

1860–1920, 233antialiasing, 426anti-aliasing filters, 365anti-foggants, 646anti-halation, 43anti-halation layers, 559anti-halation protection, 650, 651antiphotographic, 36antireflection (AR) coating, 712


Index 809

anti-reflection layer, 371antiseptic, 43anti-virus, 426Antlitz der Zeit (Face of Our Time), 285Antonioni, Michelangelo, 201, 211, 222Apeiron Workshops, 220aperture, 174, 297, 524Aperture, 223, 227, 231, 293aperture diaphragm, 597, 598aperture “school,” 217–218aperture stop, 715apochromatic lens, 717apochromatic objectives, 596Apollo Program, 615Apothecary bottles, 62appetite appeal, 323Apple Computer, 303–304, 485–486Apple II microcomputer, 303Apple Macintosh computer, 441, 442Apple Quick Take cameras, 303, 782application, defined, 426apprenticeship programs, 353Apraxine, Pierre, 208Apt, Jay, 615AP Wire photo, 192aqua fortis, 43aqua regia, 43aquatic flora, 519aqua vitae, 43arabic gum, 43Arago, Francois, 28, 492–493, 508Arbus, Allan, 241Arbus, Diane Nemerov, 201, 207, 222,

241Archaeological photography, 506–507Archer, Frederick Scott, 31, 32, 38, 39, 41,

57, 58, 61, 77, 83, 124, 239, 664, 670archetypes, 462architectural photography, 325

camera placement, 325–326lighting, 326

archival processing, 682–688, 692fixing, 683–686image deterioration, 691image permanence, 692image stabilization, 689print drying and flattening, 690–691print storage, 691–692toning, 686–688washing, 688–689

arc lighting, 757–758area array, 426area-array cameras, 418area-array sensors, 365, 367area weighted average resolution

(AWAR), 502

argentometer, 43argentothiosulfate, 663argon bombs, 547Argus Model A camera, 777Aristotype, 43aristotype papers, 50aristotypes, 62arithmetical operations, 405–407Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), 426arithmetic timing, 674–675Armory Show, 184Arnold, Charlie, 213Arnold Newman, 278array processors, 427arrays

CCD, 427defined, 426linear, 431

arrowroot, 43–44Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae, 803art, 180

digital, 480–484science as, 492–496

art editors, 230ArtForum magazine, 185, 232Artificial Light and Photography, 759artifact-based archivists, 457artificial color scheme, 604artificial light, 91, 299artificial realities, 451Artigue, Frédéric, 44Artigue, Victor, 44, 59Artigueotypes, 59Art in America, 469artistic production, 180–181artist studio, 476art market, 469art of photography, 31–32art-photography galleries, 469art restoration, 560Arts Councils, 225art stars, 470art world economy, 470Asahiflex Model I cameras, 779Asahiflex cameras, 779Ashbee, Charles R., 217Ashigara Research Laboratory, 307Ashley, Bruce, 490asphalt, 44aspheric lenses, 721, 724“as shot” setting, 402Association for Information and Image

Management (AIIM), 373Association for Suppliers of Printing

and Publishing Technology (NPES), 373

Association of International Photography Art Dealers (AIPAD), 470

astigmatism, 175, 716astronomical imaging, 561astronomical photography, 182, 644, 645astronomy, 40, 382, 419, 493, 494,

508–513, 560, 632asymmetrical, 175Atget, Jean-Eugène-Auguste, 182, 229,

239, 241–242Athenaeum, Th e, 29Atkins, Anna, 66, 493atomic force microscopy (AFM), 531atomic number, 568atomic weight, 44atomic weight Z, 568attenuation properties, 607auctions, 469, 484August Sander: Citizens of the Twentieth

Century, 196AuraFlash, 759aurin, 44authenticity, 448, 451authentic photography, 230authors, and metadata, 415Autobiography of Malcolm X, Th e, 237autochrome, 195, 365, 693autochrome plates, 365, 640, 643AutoEye camera, 780Autofocal Leica camera, 314autofocus, 781autofocus lenses, 557Automatic 100 cameras, 780automatic enlarging systems, 801–803automatic exposure cameras, 317automatic flash exposures, 767automatic focus, 801autonomous unmanned vehicles

(AUVs), 624Autoprocess Systems, 318autoradiography, 513, 646, 647Auto-Reflex shutter, 780AutoreflexT camera, 780Avedon, Richard, 200–201, 207, 242, 348average gradient, 667Avery, John, 532avoirdupois, 44awards, 448axons, 629azo dyes, 701

BBaby Boom, 211–212baby holder, 44Baby Makina cameras, 773


810 Index

Baby Rollei 44, 775Bach, Th omas, 490background, 44–45, 474backing up, 427back porch, 427backprojection, 568backscattered electrons, 531backscattered light, 648backup storage devices, 488Bad Weather, 281Bailey, David, 201Baillarger, J.G.F., 569bain marie, 45Baker, Henry, 592balance, 45Baldessari, John, 238, 242Baldus, Edouard, 30Balinese Character: A Photographic

Analysis, Th e, 505Ball, James Presley, 234Ballad of Sexual Dependency, Th e, 197,

256ballistics photography, 513balloon photography, 506ballots, 374balsams, 45Baltz, Lewis, 242band integrated value, 741bandpass, 749, 753bandpass filters, 605bandpass sampling intervals, 753Barakei (Ordeal by Roses), 260Barbaro, Daniel, 51bar-codes, 553Barfly, 761barium sulfate, 46, 652Barker, Robert, 477Barlow, John Perry, 483Barnack, Oscar, 189Barnes, Clive, 328Barnett, Greg, 358Barnum, P. T., 468barrel distortion, 479Barrie, Dennis, 203barrier filters, 534, 722, 727Barrow, Th omas, 186, 242–243Barthes, Roland, 231, 232baryta base papers, 652baryta/fiber base prints, 654baryta papers, 33, 45base, 45, 647base exposure time, 675, 676bas-relief, 45Bassman, Lillian, 200Bateson, Gregory, 505bath, 37, 46

Battey, Cornelius Marion, 234–235baud rate, 427Bauer, William, 623Bauhaus, 181Bauhaus pedagogy, 216Bauhaus photographers, 181Bausch & Lomb, 641Bayard, Hippolyte, 29, 70, 124Bayer patterns, 365, 401Bazin, Ernest, 623B-Boy, 237beam splitters, 366, 542, 693, 713, 726Beat generation, 231Beato, Felice, 31Beaton, Cecil, 199, 202, 204Beauty of Another Order, 493, 494Becher, Bernd, 185, 243, 257Becher, Hilla, 185, 243, 257Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 124Becquerel, Henri, 513, 566beer, 46beeswax, 46Behrendt, 569Bellmer, Hans, 182, 243Bellocq, E.J. (John Ernst Joseph), 243bellows, 46bellows factor, 589Bell System Technical Journal, 361benefit auctions, 470Benjamin, Walter, 182, 223, 227, 229, 230Bennett, Charles, 34, 48, 124Bennett plates, 71Benton, Stephen, 552benzene, 46Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung (BIZ), 192,

270Berman, Zeke, 186Bernhard, Ruth, 218, 243Berns, R., 419Bertillon systems, 332Bertsch, Adolph, 124Bessler enlarger, 486Beta-VHS, 372Bettmann, Otto, 350–351Bettmann Archive, 351Bey, Aziz, 274Bey, Dawoud, 237bibulous paper, 47–48bichromate disease, 46bicolored, 46biconvex achromatic lens, 55bidirectional geometry, 750bidirectional reflectance distribution

function (BRDF), 387bidirectional spectrophotometers,

750–751

Bike Riders, Th e, 268bilinear interpolation, 407Billings, Earl, 213Billroth, T., 570binary codes, 359binder, 46Bingham, Robert, 31, 61Bingley, Godfrey, 537binocular vision, 634biocolor systems, 694BioCommunications Association, 521biographies of 19th century

photographic technology innovators

Abney, Sir William, 123Archer, Frederick Scott, 124Bayard, Hippolyte, 124Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 124Bennett, Charles, 124Bertsch, Adolph, 124Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré,

124–125Bogisch, A., 125Brewster, Sir David, 125Carey-Lea, Matthew, 125Chevalier, Charles Louis, 125Claudet, Antoine Francois Jean, 125Cros, Charles, 125Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé,

125–126Dallmeyer, John Henry, 126Dancer, John Benjamin, 126Davy, Sir Humphry, 126Draper, John William, 126Driffield, Vero Charles, 126Ducos Du Hauron, Louis, 126–127Eastman, George, 126–127Eder, Josef Maria, 127Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis, 127Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon, 127Fraunhofer, Joseph Von, 128Gaudin, Marc Antoine Augustine, 128Goddard, John Frederick, 128Herschel, Sir John Frederick William,

128Hurter, Ferdinand, 128Ives, Frederic Eugene, 128–129Lippmann, Gabriel, 129Lumiere, Auguste and Lumiere,

Louis, 129Maddox, Richard Leach, 129Maxwell, James Clerk, 129Monckhoven, Desire Charles

Emanuel Van, 129Muybridge, Eadweard James, 130Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 130–131


Index 811

Niépce de St. Victor, Claude Felix Abel, 130–131

Obernetter, Johann Baptist, 131Ostwald, Wilhelm, 131Petzval, Josef Max, 132Poitevin, Alphonse Louis, 132Ponton, Mungo, 132Reade, Rev. Joseph Bancroft, 132Regnault, Henry Victor, 132Sabattier, Aramand, 132Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 132Schulze, Johann Heinrich, 132Seebeck, Johann Th omas, 133Simpson, George Warton, 133Steinheil, Carl August Von and

Steinheil, Hugo Adolph, 133Sutton, Th omas, 133Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson, 133Talbot, William Henry Fox, 133–134Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm, 134Voigtlander, Peter Wilhelm Friedrich,

134Warnerke, Leon (Vladislav

Malakhovskil), 134Wedgwood, Th omas, 134Wheatstone, Sir Charles, 134Willis, William, 134Wolcott, Alexander, 134Woodbury, Walter Bentley, 134–135Wratten, Frederick Charles Luther,

135Zeiss, Carl, 135

biographies of 20th century photographers

Abbott, Berenice, 239Adams, Ansel, 239–240Adams, (Eddie) Edward T., 239Adams, Robert, 240–241Alvarez, Manual Bravo, 240Arbus, Diane Nemerov, 241Atget, Jean-Eugene-Auguste, 241–242Avedon, Richard, 242Baldessari, John, 242Baltz, Lewis, 242Barrow, Th omas, 242–243Becher, Bernd and Hilla, 243Bellmer, Hans, 243Bellocq, E.J. (John Ernst Joseph), 243Bernhard, Ruth, 243Blossfeldt, Karl, 243Boughton, Alice, 243Bourke-White, Margaret, 244Bragaglia, Anton Giulio and Arturo,

244Brandt, Bill (Hermann Wilhelm

Brandt), 244

Brassai (Gyula Halasz), 244Brigman, Anne, 244Brodovitch, Alexey, 244Bubley, Ester, 244–245Bullock, Wynn, 245Burrows, Larry (Henry Frank Leslie),

245Burson, Nancy, 245Callahan, Harry, 245–246Capa, Robert (Andre Friedmann), 246Caponigro, Paul, 246Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 246Chiarenza, Carl, 246–247Clark, Larry, 247Close, Chuck, 247–248Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 247Coplans, John, 248Crewdson, Gregory, 248Cunningham, Imogen, 248Curtis, Edward Sheriff , 248–249Davidson, Bruce, 249Decarava, Roy, 249–250Demachy, Robert, 250De Meyer, Baron Adolf, 249diCorcia, Philip-Lorca, 250Disfarmer, Mike (Mike Meyers), 250Doisneau, Robert, 250Edgerton, Harold, 250–251Eggleston, William, 251Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 251Erwitt, Elliot, 251Evans, Frederick Henry, 251–252Evans, Walker, 251–252Faurer, Louis, 252Fichter, Robert, 252–253Flick, Robert, 253Frampton, Hollis, 253–254Frank, Robert, 254Freund, Gisele, 254Friedlander, Lee, 254Fuss, Adam, 254–255Giacomelli, Mario, 254–255Gibson, Ralph, 255Gilbert and George (Gilbert

Proesch and George Passmore), 255

Gilbreth, Frank B. and Lillian, 255Gilpin, Laura, 255–256Golden, Judith, 256Goldin, Nan, 256Gowin, Emmet, 256Grossman, Sid, 256Group f/64, 256–257Gursky, Andreas, 257Haas, Ernst, 257Halsman, Philippe, 257–258

Heartfield, John (John Helmut Herzfeld), 258

Heinecken, Robert, 258Hiller, Lejaren a, 258–259Hine, Lewis Wickes, 259Hoch, Hannah, 259Hockney, David, 259–260Horst, Horst P. (Horst Bormann), 260Hosoe, Eikoh, 260Hoyningen-Huene George, 260Iturbide, Graciela, 260Jones Griffiths, Philip, 261Josephson, Ken, 261Karsh, Yousuf, 261Kasebier, Gertrude, 261–262Keita, Seydou, 262Kepes, Gyorgy, 262Kertesz, Andre, 262Klein, William, 262–263Klett, Mark, 263Koudelka, Josef, 263Krims, Les, 263–264Kruger, Barbara, 264Krull, Germaine, 264Kuhn, Heinrich, 264Lange, Dorothea, 265Lartigue, Jacques-Henri, 265Laughlin, Clarence John, 265Lee, Russell, 265–266Leibovitz, Annie, 266Levine, Sherrie, 266Levinthal, David, 267Levitt, Helen, 267Link, O. Winston, 267List, Herbert, 267–268Lynes, George Platt, 268Lyon, Danny, 268Lyons, Nathan and Joan, 268–269Man, Felix (Hans Baumann), 270Mann, Sally, 270Mapplethorpe, Robert, 270–271Mark, Mary Ellen, 271McBean, Angus, 271–272McCullin, Don, 272Meatyard, Ralph Eugene, 272Meiselas, Susan, 272–273Metzger, Ray, 273Meyerowitz, Joel, 273–274Michals, Duane, 274Miller, Lee, 274Misrach, Richard, 274–275Model, Lisette, 275Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 275–276Morgan, Barbara Brooks, 276Morimura, Yasumasa, 276–277Mortensen, William, 277


812 Index

biographies of 20th century photographers (contd )

Nachtwey, James, 277Nettles, Bea, 278Newman, Arnold, 278–279Newton, Helmut, 279Nilsson, Lennart, 279Nixon, Nicholas, 279–280Outerbridge, Paul, Jr., 280Parker, Olivia, 280–281Parks, Gordon, 281Parr, Martin, 281–282Penn, Irving, 282Porter, Eliot Furness, 282Rauschenberg, Robert, 282–283Ray, Man (Emmanuel Rudnitsky), 283Renger-Patzsch, Albert, 283Richards, Eugene, 283Rodchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich,

283Rothstein, Arthur, 284Ruscha, Edward, 284Salgado, Sebastiao, 284Salomon, Erich, 284–285Samaras, Lucas, 285Sander, August, 285–286Schad, Christian, 286Sheeler, Charles, 286Sheridan, Sonia Landy, 286Sherman, Cindy, 286–287Siskind, Aaron, 287Smith, W. Eugene, 287Sommer, Frederick, 287–288Steichen, Edward Jean, 288Steiner, Ralph, 288Steinert, Otto, 288Stieglitz, Alfred, 288–289Strand, Paul, 289Struth, Th omas, 289Stryker, Roy Emerson, 289Sudek, Josef, 289–290Sugimoto, Hiroshi, 290Szarkowski, John Th addeus, 290Tomatsu, Shomei, 290Uelsmann, Jerry N., 290–291Ulmann, Doris, 291Van Der Zee, James, 291Vishniac, Roman, 292Warhol, Andy (Warhola, Andrew),

292Weegee (Arthur H. Fellig), 292Weems, Carrie Mae, 292–293Weston, Edward, 293White, Clarence Hudson, 293White, Minor, 293Winogrand, Garry, 293–294

Witkin, Joel Peter, 294Wolcott, Marion Post, 294

biological photography, 518biomedical photography, 569biomicroscopes, 581bipack assembly films, 651bipolar neuron, 632birefringence eff ects, 650birefringent, 662bis-azo components, 702bit depth, 427bitmap, 427bit plane, 427bits, 361–362, 427bit streams, 363bitumen, 641bitumen of Judea, 46Black, James Wallace, 501Black & White periodical, 471black and white exposure requirements,

796–798black and white films, 649–652

anti-halation protection, 651chromogenic films, 651–652film design, 651film sensitivity, 651overview, 649–650push-processing, 651spectral sensitivity, 650support, 650

black and white papers, 652–654chromogenic papers, 654contrast grades, 653image stability of resin coated papers,

654overview, 652spectral sensitivity, 654support, 652–653surface, 653tone and tint, 653variable contrast papers, 653–654

black and white photographs, 359blackbody equation, 734–735, 741blackbody radiator, 382, 384Black Book, 237black cloth, 47blacking, 47blacklights, 533black mirror, 47Black Mountain College, 217black spots, 47black varnish, 47Blaker, Alfred, 587Blanchard’s brush, 47Blanquart-Evrard, Louis Desérié, 31, 33,

39, 84, 93, 124–125

bleach accelerator, silver dye-bleach photography problem remedy, 707

bleach bath, 703bleach-fix (BLIX) step, 662bleaching, 47, 61, 696Blind Boys, Th e, 226blind spot, 629, 635blister, 47blitz workshops, 217blocking filters, 533blocking out, 47blogs, 454blondes, 760Blossfeldt, Karl, 243blotting paper, 47–48“blow-through” lamps, 754Blow Up, 201, 211, 222blue glass, 48blue sensitive, 48blue-sensitive emulsion layer, 705blue toner, 48blue visible light, 557blue vitriol, 65blurring, 48, 427board, defined, 427body heat, 562Bogisch, A., 125boiling, 48Bolton, Richard, 233Bolton, W. B., 33bombs, 91bone gelatin, 48bon temps, 48bon tons, 48, 57, 76bon ton tubes, 49book camera, 48booms, 506boot, defined, 427borax, 48, 660boric acid, 48Born Free and Equal, 239Borthwick, Mark, 203Boss, Th e , 235Boston Review of Photography, Th e, 224botanical photography, 521–523, 560bottle burping, 324bottles, 48boudoir, 49Boughton, Alice, 243Bourdieu, Pierre, 481Bourdin, G. J., 57Bourdin, Guy, 201, 202Bourke-White, Margaret, 192, 244Boutan, Louis, 623, 754Bowles, Ken, 485box daguerreotype cameras, 56


Index 813

boxes, 49Boys, Charles, 513Brady, Mathew, 70, 350Bragaglia, Anton Giulio and Arturo, 244Brandt, Bill (Hermann Wilhelm Brandt),

223, 225, 244Braque, George, 181Brassaï (Gyula Halasz), 183, 244Braun, Adolph, 35Bravo, Manuel Alvarez, 260Brehm, Frederick F., 213, 619Breton, André, 229, 240Brewster, Sir David, 125brightfield illumination, 599brightness ranges, Zone System, 466brightness resolution, 427Brigman, Anne, 244Brilliant TLR camera, 777Brin, Sergey, 591bristol board, 49British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions,

66, 493British Association of Picture Libraries

and Agencies (BAPLA), 353British Journal of Photography, Th e, 31Brittain, David, 179broad peaks, 756Brodovitch, Alexey, 200, 242, 244, 268bromide, 49bromide paper, 49bromide steaks, 669bromine, 49Bron, Pierre, 763bronze, 49Brooker, 695Brownie cameras, 772, 775browning, 81brown print process, 49Brueck, Th eodor, 773Brulages, 183Brunell, June, 279brushes, 47–50Bubley, Ester, 244–245Buckle’s brush, 49buff , 50buff ering agents, 660buff er memory, 427bugs, defined, 427buildings, photographs of, 325bulb exposure, 50Bullock, Wynn, 245Bunnell, Peter, 224, 278Bunte equilibrium, 708Bunte-salt, 707Burbridge, Richard, 204Burch, J.M., 389

Burden of Representation, Th e, 233Burge, Daniel, 440Burgess, John, 34, 71Burgin, Victor, 186Buried Channel FT CCD, 371Buried Photodiode image sensor, 371burners, magnesium, 754Burnett, Chris, 179burn-in exposures, 681burning, 466burning tests, 681burnishers, 50Burns, P.D., 419burnt-in photography, 50burn tools, 467Burrows, Larry (Henry Frank Leslie),

194, 245Burson, Nancy, 245business of photography, 30–31Bussy, Alexandre, 754Byers, Fred, 458bytes, 427

Ccabinet cards, 32, 50cabinet photograph, 50cache, 427cadmium, 50cadmium bromide, 50cadmium chloride, 50cadmium iodide, 50cadmium sulfide, 740Caffin, Charles, 228Cage, John, 185calcium bromide, 50calcium carbonate, 50calcium chloride, 50–51Caldwell, Erskine, 244California and the West, 293Callahan, Harry, 245–246callibration procedure, 749Callier eff ect, 794calotype, 29–30, 50, 341, 664CalypsoPhot 35mm, 623Camera Arts, 223Camera Clubs, 216camera clubs, 347Camera Indica: Th e Social Life of Indian

Photographs, 233Camera Notes, 188, 288camera obscura, 341camera phones, 313cameras, 51–59, 770–771

19th century, 157book, 48digital, 488–491

raw file, 401–403testing, 377–382

exposure, 771first, 55focus and viewing, 770–771history of twentieth century, 771–788image handling, 771with interchangeable lenses, 333Kodak, 188–189magazine, 92memory cards, 488miniature, 189multiple-lens and multiplying, 57–59multiplying, 95photographic, 55pinhole, 104placement, 325–326Polaroid, 189–191scanning, 480settings, 377–378shutters, 347slit, 480storage of, 474stores, 301supports, 298Talbot’s early, 55–57transferring files to computer, 378whitened, 122Wing, 122

camera settings, 442Camera Viewed: Writings on Twentieth-

Century Photography, Th e, 232–233Camera Works, 184, 205, 223, 224, 228,

243, 251, 262, 289Cameron, Julia Margaret, 32, 228camouflage, figure-ground, 462–463Canada balsam, 45, 59Canada turpentine, 45Cancellation series, 242cancer, and radiation levels, 567candelas, 735Canon, 304–305Canon 5D, 488Canon A-1 camera, 781Canon Digital Rebel, 488Canon IIDx, 488cantos, 275canvas, 467Capa, Cornell, 209Capa, Robert (Andre Friedmann), 246,

340capacitors, 757Cape Light, 273Caponigro, Paul, 246Capping shutters, 541Capsta, John, 696


814 Index

Capstaff , 696capture and rituals, 467carbon, 59carbonaceous fossils, 538carbon-arc lights, 760carbon dioxide gas, 519carbonized filament lamps, 757carbon process, 33, 59carbon rods, 757–758carbon tissue, 59carbro, 59Carbutt, John, 77card, defined, 427Cardano, Girolamo, 51Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs,

458Carey-Lea, Matthew, 125Carnival Strippers, 272carte de visite, 32, 38, 57, 59–60cartes de visite, 49, 50, 73, 329, 342Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 189, 229, 232,

236, 246, 267, 335, 347, 460, 465cartographs, 501Cason, Jeff , 221catadioptric lenses, 522, 724–725catalog photography, 322catechol, 657cathode-ray tube (CRT), 398, 427, 429,

801cave photography, 523–524Cecil, Hugh, 271ceiling, of studios, 472Celebrated Contemporaries in

Unguarded Moments, 284celebrity portraiture, 343cells, 175Cellular-Yule-Nielsen-Spectral-

Neugebauer model (CYNSN), 420celluloid, 60, 78, 664cellulose fibers, 652cellulose nitrate, 60, 305cellulose nitrate solution, 60cellulose triacetate, 650cellulose triacetate base, 650Celsius, 760cemented elements, 175Center for Advanced Visual Studies at

MIT, 262Center for Creative Imaging, 487Center for Creative Photography (CCP),

209, 710Center of the Eye, 220center-weighted metering, 738Central Processing Unit (CPU), 427ceramic photography, 50ceramic process, 60

CF, 710chain image, 297chain of evidence, 536chamfered-box daguerreotype cameras,

65Chandra X-ray Telescope, 609channels, 428characteristic curve, 645charge-coupled device (CCD), 428, 499,

502, 509, 518, 781array, 749cameras, 510, 529, 594CCD array, 427chips, 594, 605color scanner, 427photosensors, 618sensors, 649video systems, 542

charge-coupled device (CCD) array, 427charge-coupled device (CCD) color

scanner, 427chargecoupled device (CCD) light

sensor, 465charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 385,

401, 426defined, 428

Charles, John, 693Chauff our, Monsieur, 754Checefsky, Bruce, 179checksums, 361, 364chelating agents, 656chemical development, 657–660chemical filter, 78chemical flash lighting, 754

duration and synchronization, 756–757

enclosed flashbulbs, 754–756magnesium burners, 754modern flashbulbs, 757

chemical flocculations, 646chemical sensitization, 649

defined, 649of silver halide crystals, 644

chemical synapse, 635defined, 635

Chemist, Th e, 31Cherry portable hand cameras, 772Chevalier, Charles, 28Chevalier, Charles Louis, 125Chevalier, Vincent, 28Chiarenza, Carl, 217, 227, 246–247Child is Born, A, 279Children of the Poor, Th e, 71, 335chilling table, 60chloride paper, 60chlorine, 60

chlorophyll, 60, 522chripotypes, 60Christensen, 701Christie’s, 208chroma, 88chromatic aberration, 55chromatic aberrations, 175, 624, 721chromatic adaptation, 635chromatic colors, 175chromaticity diagram, 392chromaticity diagrams, 745chromaticity values, 391, 396chromatype, 60chrominance values, 395chromogenic color processes, 709chromogenic development, 661–662chromogenic films, 651–652chromogenic materials, 708chromogenic papers, 654chronographs, 524chronophotographic apparatus, 570chrysotype, 60Cibachrome, 310, 701, 709–710Cibachrome II print materials, 709–710cibachrome/ilfochrome, 710Cibachrome/Ilfochrome chromolytic

process, 709Cibachrome print materials, 710cibacopy, 710Cibacopy materials, 709CIE 1931 standard observer, 389CIE color spaces, 745CIELAB space, 746CIELAB system, 392CIELAB values, 420CIELUV system, 392CIEXYZ values, 420ciliary muscle, 635

defined, 635cine cameras, 517, 539Cine-Kodak Motion Picture Camera, 312cine lenses, 589cinematography, 38, 41, 292, 333, 374,

560, 674cinema-verité look, 354Cine-Queen, 759cine X-rays, 517circadian pacemaker, 635

defined, 635circuit breakers, 473circular polarizers, 523circular strip cameras, 620circumferential illumination, 751Cirkut cameras, 338, 619, 772citric acid, 61City, Th e, 288


Index 815

Civil Rights Era, 236Civil Rights movement, 236Clarence H. White School of

Photography, 216Clark, Larry, 197, 207, 247, 255Classic Essays on Photography, 233class pictures, 345Claude, Georges, 760, 764Claude Lorraine glass, 47Claudet, Antoine Francois Jean, 125clay-coated paper, 45clearing time, 663, 683Clegue, Lucian, 220Clerk-Maxwell, James, 35climate control, in studio space, 473clipping, 402clockwork selector switch, 525clone, defined, 428Close, Chuck, 183, 247–248close-range three-dimensional laser

scanning, 507close-up photography, 584–590cloud negative, 61cloud shutters and stops, 61CMOS (complimentary metal oxide

semiconductor) chip, 428CMOS integrated circuits, 306CMOS sensors, 371coating, emulsion, 647coating heads, 709coating machine, 61cobalt salt, 756Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 181, 247Cocaine True, Cocaine Blue, 197code, defined, 428CODEC, 427coherent light, 678, 680Coke, Van Deren, 213, 222, 272Colas process, 76cold-light fluorescent systems, 795cold-light systems, 795Coleman, A.D., 187, 220, 277, 439collage, 181–184, 253, 258, 259college level programs in photography,

212–213Collins, Lisa Gail, 237collodio-bromide emulsions, 62collodio-chloride emulsions, 72collodio-chloride printing-out papers, 75collodion, 31, 32–33, 61, 62, 63, 642, 649collodion emulsion plates, 33collodion emulsions, 58collodion positives, 41collodion positive transparency, 64collodion-pouring bottles, 48collodion process, 82

colloidal silver filters, 727color. See also color management; color

spacesadditive color systems, 693–695aliasing, 365, 371and continuous electric lighting

systems, 760–762defined, 729detection by human vision, 632–633early development in color

photography, 692–693exposure requirements, 798–799mapping, 428measurement, 747–753

callibration procedure, 749–750color measurement

instrumentation, 752–753definitions, 748–749history of, 747–748instrumentation, 752–753instrument selection, 753overview, 747phenomenology and design,

750–752polychromatic versus

monochromatic illumination, 749

measurement devices, 748and perspective, 729reproduction, 369, 418subtractive color systems, 695–700

colorama, 189Colorama pictures, 189Color and Spectral Imaging With the

Crisatel Acquisition System, 359color artifacts, 402color-balance filters, 523color-blind, 48, 633color capture devices, 418color characterizations, 372color compensating (CC) filters, 723color-compensating filters, 625color conversion filters, 723color correction (CC) filters, 741color daguerreotypes, 35color developer, 700color digitizers, 313colored glass, 83color emulsions, 508–509color-encoding gamuts, 396color enlargers, 796–799color exposure systems, 802color film slides, 466color filter array (CFA), 371, 401color filters, 368, 370, 722–723, 795color fringing, 428

Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), 428color image encoding, 395, 396color imaging algorithms, 386colorimeters, 388, 748, 750colorimetric calculations, 389colorimetric color spaces, 394colorimetric interpretation, 401–402colorimetry, 388–393, 750

trichromatic theory of color vision, 388CIE colorimetry, 390–393color matching functions, 388–389cone fundamentals, 389–390opponent color modulations, 390

color interpolation, 365color look-up table (CLUT), 427, 428color management, 398–399, 444

in future, 400–401International Color Consortium

(ICC) color management architecture, 399

International Color Consortium (ICC) profile, 399

overview, 398profile connection space (PCS), 399software, 507

color management module (CMM), 399, 400

color management software, 507Color Management System (WCS), 400color matching functions (CMFs), 388,

389Color Micrographic films, 709color moiré, 366Color Rendering Index, 761color rendition, 367, 368, 400color scanner, CCD, 427color-sensitive emulsions, 795color separation, 34, 45, 282, 421, 422,

640, 661, 667, 673, 676color-separation process, 512color slide films, 522color spaces, 394–395

color image encodings, 396color space encodings, 395–396digital color image workflow, 396–397

color space white-point, 394–395color spectrum filters, 723color stimulus, 386color temperature, 384, 385, 387, 475,

641, 642, 656–661, 669, 673color temperature meters, 741–742color vision, trichromatic theory of

CIE colorimetry, 390–393color matching functions, 388–389cone fundamentals, 389–390opponent color modulations, 390


816 Index

color vision defects, 633combat cameras, 573combination lens, 175combining process, 511–512cometless pouring bottles, 48, 62commercial advertisements, 350commercial developers, 69commercial photography, 192, 198, 200,

323Commission International de l’Eclairage

(CIE), 384, 388, 390–393, 745–747commissions, for stock photography,

351committee memberships, 373Committee on Graphic Arts Technology

Standards (CGATS), 373Common, Andrew Ainslie, 508Communication/Journalism

Department, Shippensburg University, 441

communication/publishing companies, 453

compact digital cameras, 522compact disc (CD) burners, 507compact disc–interactive (CD-I), 427,

428compact disc read-only memory (CD-

ROM), 427, 428compact discs (CDs), 427, 507compact disc–video (CD-V), 427compact flash, 428, 488compatible magnetic oxide semi-

conductors (CMOS), 504competing couplers, 699compilers, 428Complete Story of Till Murder Case, 236complimentary metal oxide

semiconductors (CMOS), 371, 385, 401, 594

composite photography, 468composition methods, 506compound pneumatic shutters, 773compound shutters, 773compression, 428compression algorithms, 410–411Compton scattering, 563, 568CompuGraphic software, 486compur clockwork timed shutters, 773computed tomography (CT), 428, 613computer-aided design (CAD), 427, 428computer-aided manufacture (CAM),

427, 428computer-aided retrieval (CAR), 427computer algorithm families, 403Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI),

428

computer emulators, 457computer graphics, 612computer imaging, 441computer memory, 403computer modeling, 613Computer Science, 485Comstock, Daniel, 695concave, 175concave mirrors, 719concentric, defined, 175concept picture, 415conceptual still lifes, 325Concerned Photography, 246Condax, Philip, 763condensation, 181, 658condenser aperture, 597condenser lenses, 529, 725condenser optical construction, 794condensers, 65condenser systems, 795cone fundamentals, trichromatic theory

of color vision, 389–390conemonochromats, 633cone opsins, 632cones, 385, 388conference area, professional studio, 476confocal laser scanning microscopy

(CLSM), 601conjugate pathway, 598contact printing, 65Contaflex cameras, 779Contarex Super Electronic (SE), 780contemporary issues, 456, 471–492

digital art and digital audiences, 480–484

digital seeing, 465–467ethical photojournalism, 446–453evidence and truth, 467–468future of publishing, 453–455impact of digital imaging on

photographic education, 441–446

keeping up to date, 485–491overview, 439–440, 456–460photographic studio of 21st century,

471–475photographic virtual reality, 477–479photo marketplace and contemporary

images makers, 469–471saving image essence versus physical

object, 457–460science as art, 492–496

Contemporary Photographer, 224, 225, 226, 227

Contessa-Nettle Piccolette 127 Vest Pocket camera, 774

Contest of Meaning: Critical Histories of Photography, Th e, 233

continuous electric lighting systems, 757–763

arc lighting, 757–758controlling color, 760–762early discharge sources, 760early filament lamps, 758–759high-power discharge sources,

762–763improved filament lamps, 759light modifiers, 763overview, 757tungsten-halogen lamps, 759–760

contours, 462contraction development, 667–669contrast, and Zone System, 671contrast adjustments, 400contrast control, 666–670contrast filters, 594, 723contrast/gamma parameters, 378contrasting metric scales, 506contrast range, 478converge, 175Conversations with the Dead, 268convertible lenses, 725convex, 175convex mirrors, 719convolution, 407convolution kernel, 407Cooper, L. Gordon, 614Coordination of European Picture

Agencies Press Heritage (CEPIC), 353

Coplans, John, 248copper, 65copperas, 77copper bromide, 65copper chloride, 65copper sulfate, 65copying, 65copyright laws, 483–484Corbis Images, 351cored carbons, 758core preservation metadata, 414core-shell grains, 645cornea, 632corona discharge, 562–563corona patterns, 563corporate photography, 326–327corporate publications, 327correlated color temperature, 384cortical neurons, 634Cosine Law, 384cosmic rays, 661Cost, Frank, 336


Index 817

cotton, gun, 65“counter-hegemonic” cultural sites, 227coupler solvent, 698court, 234, 242Cousteau, Jacques Yves, 623Cox, C.J., 518CPS II, 710CRA certification, 582Cramer, Charles, 486, 488Cranz-Schardin shadowgraph cameras,

541crape markings, 65crash, defined, 428Crater, Lucybelle, 272Crawford, Colin, 451crayon enlargement, 65Creative Camera, 224, 225, 227creative photography, 224credibility, 447Crewdson, Gregory, 248crime scenes, documentation of,

603Crisis magazine, 235critical judgment, 469critical thinking, 444critics, in 18th century, 228Crompton, R. E. B., 758Crookes, William, 754cropping, 468Cros, Antoine Hippolyte, 89Cros, Charles, 125, 693Cross, Lloyd, 553crossed polarization, 539cross-media publishing model, 455Crova, Andre, 764Crown glass, 66, 83, 175Crumpler, Wendy, 487cryogenic cooling, 561crystallization, 41crystalotypes, 39, 66crystoleum, 66CTD II, 710CTR, 710CU-5 closeup framing kits, 317cube strip projection images, 478cubic projection, 478, 479cubism, 182Cummings, Robert, 186Cunningham, Imogen, 248cupric bromide, 65cupric chloride, 65cuprotypes, 76curators, 470Curie, Marie, 513, 566Curie, Pierre, 513, 566cursors, 428

Curtis, Edward Sheriff , 196, 248–249, 505

curves, 467cut-and-paste, 428cut-off systems, 541cut-on systems, 541Cutting, James Anson, 32, 40, 66Cutting patents, 66cyanide, 62, 66, 79cyanine dyes, 695–696cyanotypes, 33, 66, 493cyborgs, 481cyclorama, 475cyclorama walls, 475cylinder glass, 66cylindrical holograms, 553cylindrical projection, 478, 479Czermak, Johann Nepomuk, 532

DDada ethos, 286Dadaism, 185Dadaists, 181Daguerre, Jacques Mandé, 641Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé, 28, 42,

55, 66, 74, 79, 82, 84–85, 86, 87, 88, 125–126, 188, 212, 333

daguerreotypes, 28, 29, 30, 35, 41, 66–67, 75, 216, 341, 692

daguerreotypists, 30, 44Dahlquist, Paul, 203Dahl-Wolf, Louise, 200Dali, Salvador, 183Dallmeyer, John Henry, 126dance photography, 327–329Dancer, John Benjamin, 57, 126, 592dark adaptation, 635dark current output, 749darkfield illumination, 526–527, 599darkroom, 67–68, 674dark tents, 68DARPA, 479data acquisition, 612databases, 429Data computer algorithm family, 403data fields, 413data processing, 612David, Joseph, 623Davidhazy, Andrew, 495, 620Davidson, Bruce, 197, 211, 225, 249,

347, 348, 464da Vinci, Leonardo, 51, 468Davis, Keith, 211, 214Davis Gibson filters, 727Davy, Humphrey, 27, 79, 126, 754, 757Day, Corinne, 204

Day, F. Holland, 36daylight illuminants, 385Day Off , A , 197Days at Sea, 255DCS100 Digital camera, 782“dead” pixels, 401Deardorff , Laben F., 773Debes, Jack, 349deblurring, 429de Broglie’s equation, 563decantation, 68DeCarava, Roy, 236, 249–250decay rates, 359“decision-free” cameras, 312Decisive Moment, 246Decisive Moment, Th e, 229Deckel, Fredrich, 773decoders, 429decoding of digital codes, 360–361deconvolution fluorescence microscopy,

602Deep South, 270default pan, 479default tilt, 478, 479default zoom, 479Defiance Dry Plate, 42definitions, 372Degas, Edgar, 180, 347degauss, 429deionized water, 667De la Rue, Warren, 508Delves, J., 592Demachy, Robert, 250De Meyer, Baron Adolphe, 198, 249Demijohns bottles, 48demosaicing, 401Denisyuk, Yuri, 551Denisyuk halograms, 552dense wavelength division multiplexing

(DWDM), 723densitometry, 750density fluctuations, 647density reduction, 683dental photography, 527–529Department of Generative Systems, 286depth detection, 634depth-of-field (DOF), 577, 586, 631, 728Derhak, M.W., 420de-skill art, 182desktop pictures, 429desktop publishing (DTP), 429dessin fumee technique, 28Destruction Business, Th e, 272detective cameras, 58detector materials, 739detectors, 605


818 Index

deterministic eff ect, 569developer agents, 655developer formulations, 69developer inhibitor releasing (DIR)

couplers, 699developer molecules, 661developers, 68–69developer silver sludge formation, 707development

chemical, 657–660color, 661–662contraction, 667–669customizing, 671–674direct, 657–660expansion, 667–669mechanism of photographic, 660–661normal, 667–669physical, 656–657silver dye-bleach materials

components, 702and Zone System, 671

development accelerators, 646development inhibition releasing

(DIR), 662development temperature, 669Devons, Mary, 184DeWolfe, George, 467de Wouters, Jean, 623diagnostic dye tests, 582diagnostic radiology, 563diamonds, 69diaphragm mechanical shutters, 544Diary of a Century, 348diazo, 649Dibbets, Jan, 253dichroic filters, 727dichromated albumen, 39dichromats, 633diCorcia, Philip-Lorca, 250Dietrich, Marlene, 199Die Welt ist Schon (Th e World is

Beautiful), 283diff erential interference contrast (DIC),

599, 600diff ract, 175diff raction blur, 590diff raction limited imaging, 715diff raction-limited lenses, 714diff use highlights, 664diff use reflection, 712diff user optical construction, 794diff users, 69diff usion screen, 69diff usion systems, 795–796digestive-regurgitative-excretive

biosystem, 481

Digiomnivore, 481digital archiving, 471–472digital asset management (DAM), 454,

507digital audio disc (DAD), 428digital audio tape (DAT), 429digital cameras, 210, 339, 488–491

digital mapping cameras (DMC), 504motion cameras, 526raw file, 401–403testing, 375, 377–382

digital capture, 444, 471, 474, 475digital code, 360, 395, 399digital company and photographic film

profiles, 301–3203M, 319Adobe, 302–303Agfa, 303Apple, 303–304Canon, 304–305Du Pont, 305–306Efke, 306Epson, 306–307Forte, 307Fujifilm, 307Hasselblad, 307–308HP Invent, 308–309Ilford, 309–310Kodak, 310–313Konica Minolta, 313Kyocera, 313Leica/Leitz, 313–315Lucky Film, 313Nikon, 315–316Olympus, 316Polaroid, 316–319Sony, 319Svema, 319Zeiss, 319–320

digital count histograms, 739digital democratization, 340digital detectors, 504, 509digital distribution, 482–483digital divide, 454digital enlarging systems, 803digital halftone, 429digital hubs, 304Digital Imaging and Communications in

Medicine (DICOM), 568–569digital imaging sensors, 366digital information/communication, 453digital light projection (DLP), 806digital mapping cameras (DMC), 504digital motion cameras, 526digital multi-function printers (MFPs),

304

digital negative (DNG), 402–403, 458digital photography, 191, 357–435,

444–445archives, 474–475colorimetry, 388–393color management, 398–399color spaces, 394–395digital archiving, 359–364digital art, 480–484digital camera raw file, 401–403digital camera testing, 377–382digital seeing, 465–467image formation, 382–388imaging systems, 364–370impact on photographic education,

441–446impact on professional photography

studios, 471–472manipulation of images, 594and metadata, 411–417

categories, 412defined, 411–412handling metadata, 415–417metadata and retrieval, 413–414standards, 414storage and technologies, 414–415terminology, 412–413use and requirements, 412

preservation, unintended eff ects of, on traditional image preservation, 460

processing images, 403–411, 507arithmetical operations, 405–407compression algorithms, 410–411convolution, 407digital representation of images, 403geometrical transformations, 407histogram, 405linear neighborhood operations,

407–409neighborhood operations, 407non-linear neighborhood

operations, 409–410point operations, 404–405

scan-o-grams, 422–425solid state imaging sensors, 370–371spectral imaging, 418–422standards and imaging materials,

372–376digital plates, 429digital printers, 487digital printing, 429, 454, 487–488digital projectors, 488digital recordings, 360digital repairs, 521digital repositories, 457


Index 819

digital sensors, 771digital signal processing (DSP), 429digital single lens reflex (DSRL)

cameras, 472digital skulduggery, 576digital SLR cameras, 323, 382digital still cameras, 782digital storage unit (DSU), 429digital technology, 210digital-to-analog (DA), 428digital-to-analog converter (DAC), 428,

429digital video, 429digital zones, 467digitization, 359–360digitization process, 359digitizers, 429dihydroquinoxaline, 703dimensional tolerances, 372dimensions, studio space consideration,

472diopters, 664dipper, 70direct development, 657–660directional sidelight, 325directionselective retinal ganglion cells,

634direct positive, 70direct read after write (DRAW), 429direct sunlight, 45, 48, 70, 479, 641discharge sources, 760–763disconcerting viewpoints, 181disc photography, 312Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), 411Disdéri, André-Adolphe-Eugéne, 59, 342Disfarmer, Mike (Mike Meyers), 250Disk Operating System (DOS), 429disks, 429Disney, Michael, 313–314disorientation, 181disparity, 635display, plasma, 433display area, professional studio, 476display monitors, 429–430distal remote sensing, 604distilled water, 667distortion, 175, 716distortion, barrel, 479dithering, 430diurnal motion, 511diverge, 175diverging lenses, 719docudramas, 250Documentary Group, 256documentary photography, 70–71, 187,

195, 197, 236, 293, 443, 469, 504

documentary styles, 336documentation, 364document structure tags, 455Dodero, Louis, 332dodge tools, 467dodging, 466, 681Doering, W. H., 756Doisneau, Robert, 250, 340Donné, Alfred, 569donors, 370dope, 60Doppler eff ect, 568DOS, defined, 429dots per inch (DPI), 429Doubilet, David, 625double-exposure interferometry, 551double-exposure stunts, 339doublet, 175DoubleTake magazine, 335double transfer, 71drachm, 71draft international standards, 374Draper, Henry, 508Draper, John William, 126, 493drawings, photogenic, 101dressing room, professional studio, 476Drew, Richard G., 319Driffield, Vero Charles, 126, 671drop/dropping, 71drop-in loading 126 cartridge cameras,

780dropping bottles, 71drops, 58drop shutters, 58, 71drum cameras, 540drum scanners, 441dry gelatin process, 508dry plates, 71, 310dry-silver microfilm, 319DSLR cameras, 349Dublin Core, 414DuBois, W. E. B., 234, 235du Camp, Maxime, 30, 70Duchamp, Marcel, 185Duchenne, G.B., 570Ducos du Hauron, Louis, 126–127Dufay, Louis, 693Dufaycolor, 693du Hauron, Louis Ducos, 35, 42, 64, 89Duhring, L.A., 570“dumb” CMM, 400Dumb Ox, Th e, 227du Motay, 60Duncan, David Douglas, 194Du Pont, 305–306Du Pont photographic film, 305

Du Pont polyester technology, 305dusting-on process, 72Dutch Masters, 325DVD burners, 507DX code, 594DX encoding system, 781–782Dycril photopolymer printing plates,

305dye-forming developer, 698dyes, 701–704dye sensitizer, 71–72dye sublimation, 430dye toning methods, 664dynamic random access memory

(DRAM), 429, 430, 595dynamic range, 430, 479Dyson, Michael Eric, 237

EE-1 line digital cameras, 316E-6 process, 699EarthKam program, 615earth-orbiting telescopes, 510Earth Resources Technology Satellite

(ERTS), 605, 615earthworks, 185East 100th Street, 197, 211, 464Easterly, Th omas, 30Eastman, George, 58, 77, 126–127, 188,

228, 308, 347, 494, 693, 771–772Eastman Color cameras, 699Eastman Dry Plate Company, 89Eastman Kodak. See KodakEastman plates, 42Eastman Transparent Film, 35Eastman-Walker roll film, 78eBay, 591Ebony magazine, 236Eder, Josef Maria, 127edge (adjacency eff ects), 647–648edge detection, 430Edgerton, Harold E., 195, 250–251, 525,

549, 623Edgerton, Samuel, 227edging, 72Edison, Th omas, 757editorial illustration, 324editorial /journalistic photography, 192editorial media, 350editorial photographers, 451editors, 226education, photographic, 210–215

early college level programs, 212–213impact of digital imaging on, 441–446Jack Kerouac introduction to

Th e Americans, 210–211


820 Index

education, photographic (contd ) national influence on, 211–212Society for Photographic Education,

213–215Edwards, Elizabeth, 233eff ective dose, defined, 569eff ective film speed test, 672–674Efke, 306Eggleston, William, 251Eickemeyer, Rudolph, 235Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 251Ektachrome, 614, 699Ektachrome Professional Infrared (EIR)

reversal film, 559electrical integration schemes, 748electrically conducting coatings, 530electrical wiring, 473Electric Egg, 760Electric-eye 200 Series cameras, 317electricity and power requirements, for

studio space, 473electric lighting systems. See continuous

electric lighting systemselectric spark, 54, 668electrochemical cells, 69, 655, 656electrodes, 371electromagnetic (EM) radiation, 499,

500, 531, 533, 738electromagnetic (EM) shutters, 545electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, 556,

563, 733electromagnetic (EM) wave theories, 711electromagnetic radiation, 382, 736electromagnetic spectrum, 492electron detectors, 530–531electron diff raction, 530electron guns, 529electron imaging, 529electronic autoguiders, 511electronic darkrooms, 358electronic engineering industry, 374electronic file storage media, 458electronic flash lighting, 195, 251, 298,

299, 323, 473, 507, 519, 589, 763–770exposure control, 767–770Harold Edgerton, 765–766high-speed developments, 764–765history of, 763–764modern flash units, 766synchronized, 519

electronic flash tubes, 549electronic f-stop timers, 676–677, 678electronic imaging, 332, 441electronic imaging equipment, 298electronic-imaging equipment, 299electronic photography, 430

electronic programmers, 805electronic publications, 455electronic publishing, 430electronics stores, 301electron microscopy, 529–531electrons, 569electrophysiological substrates, 633electroplating, 67electrotachyscope, 764electrotherapy, 570elements, 175El Taller de Gráfica Popular, 220embedding faces, 461embryo images, 279Emerson, P. H., 36emery, 72emittance, 382, 384emitted light, 467emulation, 363emulsification, 72, 508, 645, 649emulsions, 77, 508

gelatin, 33–34silver halide, 641–646

coating finals, 646digestion and sensitization, 646emulsification, 645gelatin medium, 642–643ripening, 645silver halide grains, 641–642washing, 646

enameling, 72–73, 76encaustic paste, 73enclosed flashbulbs, 754–756encoders, 430endoscopic illumination, 532endoscopic photography, 507, 532endoscopy, 532endothelial cell, 581energlatype, 73energy, 734energy/light measurement, 736–741

measurement devices, 738–741source measurements, 737surface measurements, 737

Enhanced Graphic Adapters (EGA), 430enlargers, 73, 788–803

automatic systems, 801–803basics, 788color, 796–799construction of, 789–796

base, 789–790column, 789condenser systems, 794–795diff usion systems, 795–796film carrier, 792–793focusing, 791–792

illumination systems, 793lens, 791light source, 793–794projection assembly, 790–791system alignment, 796

design of, 788–789digital systems, 803future of enlarging, 803lenses, 720, 725specialized application systems,

799–801entomologists, 518eosin, 73–74e-paper, 455Epson, 306–307Epson Powerlight 745c, 488Epson printers, 490equality, 447equilibrium, 707equipment, photographic (19th century)

actinometer, 37air brush, 38albertype, 38argentometer, 43baby holder, 44balance, 45black cloth, 47black mirror, 47Blanchard’s brush, 47blue glass, 48book camera, 48bottles, 48boxes, 49buckle’s brush, 50buff , 50burnisher, 50cameras, 51–59chilling table, 60coating machine, 61collodion bottle, 62condenser, 65contact printing frame, 65dark tent, portable darkroom tent, 68diamond, 69diff usion screen, diff user, 69dipper, 70drop shutter, 71evaporating dish, 74exposure meter, 74–75head rest/head stand, 85hydrometer, 86knife, 89kromscop, 89magazine camera, 92magic lantern, 92mask back, 92


Index 821

multiplying camera, 95negative holder, 95pencil, 101photometer, 102reflecting screen, 109rolling press, 110siphon, 113solar enlarger, 114–115thermometer, 118trimmer, 119tripod, 119umbrella tent, 119whirler, 122

equipment, photography’s dependence on, 297–300

equivalent exposure, 442equivalent focal length, 714Ermanox cameras, 189, 774Ernemann, 773Ernst, Max, 181erotic–pornographic photographers, 198error corrections, 361Erwitt, Elliot, 251Escher, Maurits, 461Es kommt der neue Fotograf! (Here

Comes the New Photography), 229Essence magazine, 281essence of image, saving, 456–460Estes, Richard, 183etching, 27, 89ether, 74ethical guidelines, 452ethical judgment, 450–451ethical photojournalism, 446–453ethics, 205, 339, 340, 439, 447, 448, 452ethyl alcohol, 39, 74ethyl oxide, 74Euclidean distances, 391, 392European modernism, 191–192Evans, Frederick Henry, 251–252Evans, Margaret, 439Evans, Ralph M., 64, 693Evans, Walker, 236, 251–252, 267, 293,

347evaporating dish, 74Events in the Water, 278Every Building on the Sunset Strip, 284evidence and truth, 467–468Exchangeable Image File Format (Exif ),

414exchange club, 74exciter filters, 534, 727expansion development, 667–669expectancy, 468Experimental Researches in Electricity,

760

Exploding Into Life, 283expose to the right, 402expositions, 469exposure, 74, 771

instantaneous, 87print, 674requirements, 796–799time for, 544–545and Zone System, 671

exposure control, 442, 767–770exposure index (EI), 672exposure latitude, 466–467exposure-metering systems, 402exposure meters, 74–75, 298, 587exposure time, 28, 41, 43, 58, 87, 338,

377, 639, 641, 643, 644, 656, 665, 669, 673, 675–678, 680

expressive art, 184extended memory, 430Extensible Markup Language (XML),

414–415, 455Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP),

414, 455extension-tube sets, 586extraneous light, 473extraocular muscles, 629extraterrestrial cosmic rays, 580extreme composition, 181eyenology, 460

Ffading, 76“Fading Away,” 40, 340fairness, 448Falcon-Abbey Electricamera, 777Faller, Marion, 253False-color photography, 533false orbs, 337Family Album, Th e, 272Family of Man, Th e, 191, 197, 231, 245,

340–341Family therapy, 463Faraday, Michael, 544, 760Faraday shutters, 542Fargier, A., 59far-infrared radiation (NIR), 556Farmer, Howard, 75farmer’s reducer, 75–76Farm Security Administration (FSA),

196, 265, 266, 279, 281, 348fashion, 198–204. See also pornography

1960s, 200–201, 202current work, 204fashion photography pioneers,

198–199late-century, 202–203

photography pioneers, 198–199post-1960s, 202post-World War II growth, 200World War II impact, 199–200

fast emulsion, 651fast peaks, 756fauna, 519Faurer, Louis, 252fax, 430Feature Group Projects, 217FED 35mm camera, 778FED-S camera, 777Fenton, Roger, 70, 573Ferrari, Maria, 491Ferrato, Donna, 197ferric ammonium citrate, 76ferric ammonium oxalate, 76ferric cupric process, 76ferric gallic process, 76ferric oxalate, 76ferriogallic, 76ferromagnetic materials, 360ferrotype, 76ferrotype cameras, 57ferrotype process, 73, 76ferrotyper, 76ferrotypes, 32, 38, 62ferrotyping, 76ferrotypists, 76ferrous ammonium oxalate, 76ferrous ammonium sulfate, 76–77ferrous nitrate, 77ferrous oxalate, 77ferrous sulfate, 62, 77festoon, 77fiber-base (FB) papers, 692fiber-base (FB) prints, 682, 688–690fiber-optic light, 589, 795Fichter, Robert, 252–253, 278field curvature aberrations, 596Field Eff ect transistors, 371field lenses, 720, 725field of view (FOV), 479field photography, 310field stop, 715figure-ground, 461–463filament, 795filament lamps, 758–759filamentous silver, 706file corruption, 475file formats, 360, 458

failure in reading, 362identification, 362lost specification, 362parameters, 378

file headers, 414


822 Index

File Info dialog box, Adobe Photoshop CS, 415

filesdefined, 430transferring, from camera to

computer, 378workflows, 507

fill-flash, 282film, 77, 298

characteristic curves, 667chilling, 512Color Micrographic, 709design, 651developers, 667developing time test, 674flexible, 34–35nitrate, 96processing, 666–667sensitivity, 651speed, 671–674

eff ective film speed test, 673–674film developing time test, 674paper black density test, 673

support, 77–78film cameras, 478film exposure latitude, 665film exposures, 669, 674film exposure scale, 665film Fotorama F55-V cameras, 782film projection systems, 460film-screen cassettes, 564film speed, 651, 672film-strength” fixer, 683film writers, 441filtered backprojection, 565filters, 366, 653, 721–724

chemical, 78optical, 78smoothing, 434types, 727–728

filter wheel, 367, 368, 370, 644fine art photographers, 186finishing area, professional studio,

476FireWire, 430firmware, 430first attempts at photography, 27first cameras, 55Fischer, Rudolph, 696fisheye lenses, 510, 725Fitt, Brian, 758fixation, 79, 662–663fixed focal length lens, 770fixed-grade papers, 654fixer, 78–80, 655, 666–667, 683fixer staining, 687

fixing, 78–80archival processing, 683–686silver dye-bleach materials

components, 704–705fixing bath, 79, 683fixing solutions, 655Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis, 29, 67, 82, 127flash-activated slaves, 524flashbulbs, 517, 524, 754–757flash duration, 549flash guns, 524, 579, 766, 767flash photography, 80flash powder, 80Flash!: Seeing the Unseen, 764Flash software, Macromedia, 303flash systems, for plant photography, 522flash tubes, 549flash unit capacitors, 549flash units, 766flash X-rays, 517flatbed scanners, 521flat field, 175flat-field lenses, 725flat negatives, 667Fleckhaus, Willy, 225flexible films, 34–35, 664flexible light-tight baffle, 338Flick, Robert, 186, 253Flint glass, 175flipping works, 470flooring, in studio space, 472floppy disk drive camera models, 319Florence, Antoine Hercules Romuald,

27, 79Flour paste, 80fluorescein angiography, 581, 582fluorescence, 400fluorescence microscopy, 599, 600–601fluorescence photography, 506, 533–535fluorescent light, 680fluorescent tube illuminators, 591fluorescent tubes, 793fluoresces, 761fluorite lens, 725fluorite lenses, 725fluorite objectives, 596fluorochromes, 601fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG), 566fluorophores, 601, 602flux, 384flux density, 734Fluxus movement, 185fly through movies, 507f-numbers, 35, 59, 588, 713Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, 36,

265, 301, 316, 320

focal length, 511, 714, 715, 719, 731, 791focal plane, 385, 714, 715focal-plane slit shutters, 58focus and viewing, cameras, 770–771focusing glass, 81focusing lens, 51focus parameters, 378fog, 81, 649, 727fog filters, 727fogging, 34folders, 188Fontcubara, Joan, 233food photography, 323–324, 476food stylists, 323Ford, Henry, 773forensic photography, 469, 535–537,

560, 621forgery, 560format conversions, 364, 507format migration, 363format photography, 650formats, 372form detection, human visual system,

633–634forming gas process, 510Forte, 307Fortune 500 companies, 326fossil, 40Foto-Auge (Photo-Eye), 229Fotokor-1 folding plate camera, 775Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon, 127Foucault knife-edge, 610Fourier image reconstruction

techniques, 500Fourier mathematics, 738Fourier space, 500Fourier transform, 411, 668, 678four-in-one Flashcube, 757four-shot/one-area array sensor with

Bayer pattern, 368fovea, 385, 629frame, printing, 108frames per second, 488, 643, 664frame store instruments, 526Frame Transfer image sensor, 370framing rates, 517, 542Frampton, Hollis, 253–254Frank, Robert, 197, 210, 222, 225, 226,

231, 254, 255, 293, 335, 348Franke, Paul, 774Frankel, Felice, 495fraud, 560Fraunhofer, Joseph Von, 128freelance photography, 330Freeman, John Craig, 440French, Leroy, 623


Index 823

frequency response plots, 649Fresnel designs, 763Fresnel equations, 712, 722Fresnel-lensed 225A Brute arc lamps,

759Fresnel lenses, 725, 763Fretwell, Paul, 524Freund, Gisèle, 232, 254Friedlander, Lee, 231–232, 243, 254, 348frilling, 47, 81fringe pattern, 552Frith, Francis, 333Frizot, Michel, 233front surface mirrors, 61f-stop modifications, 676f-stop settings, 401, 674f-stop timing, 675–677Fujica ST701 cameras, 781Fujicolor 400 film, 781Fuji DL-200 cameras, 782Fujifilm, 307Fuji FinePix cameras, 307Fuji Frontier mini-lab, 307Fujix Memory Card Camera DS-X, 782full plates, 85fuming, 81functional MRI (fMRI), 567fundus cameras, 582fuses, 473Fuss, Adam, 254–255futurism, 180, 244

GG1 through G3 proximity-focused

image intensifiers, 546Gabor, Dennis, 551Gaedicke, Johannes, 754Gagnan, Emile, 623gain of an electron is a reduction

reaction (GeRR), 655Galantee show, 803Galileo, 499gallery system, 469–470gallic acid, 81gallium arsenide (GaAs), 546gallium arsenide phosphide cells, 741gallo-nitrate of silver, 81galvanizing, 30gamma (�) function, 395gamma correction, 402gamma ray emitters, 566gamma rays, 499Gantz, Jacob, 569–570ganzfeld concept, 460Garner, Gretchen, 179Garvey, Marcus, 235, 291

gas-hypering techniques, 510gaslight papers, 60, 81–82Gaspar, Bela, 701Gaspar Color, 701gas-phase hypersensitizations, 554gate electrode, 371Gates, Bill, 351, 482Gaudin, Marc Antoine Augustine, 62,

128Gaumont system, 694Gaussian and Newtonian equations, 715Gauss-type lens, 175Gee, Helen, 206Geissler, Heinrich, 760gelatin, 82, 642–643

bone, 48silver dye-bleach materials

components, 702gelatin anti-halation plates, 85gelatin chloride papers, 75gelatin developing-out papers, 75gelatin emulsions, 33–34, 72gelatin tintypes, 76gems, 49, 57generator flash systems, 766Genthe, Arnold, 265geographic information systems (GIS),

504, 507geology, 537–539geometrical transformations, 407geometric distortions, 624, 717geometric timing, 675–678George Eastman House (GEH),

208–209, 210, 293George Eastman House Technology

Collection, 771–772Germack, J.N., 570Gernsheim, Alison, 231Gernsheim, Helmut, 231Geschke, Chuck, 302Gestalt, 463–465Gestalt laws, 460Gestalt therapy, 463Getty Images, 351Getty Museum, 470ghost image, 82Giacomelli, Mario, 254–255G.I. Bill, 212, 339Gibson, H.L., 587Gibson, Ralph, 255Gidal, Tim, 232Giddings, Al, 623gigabyte, 430Gilbert and George, 185, 255

Passmore, George, 185, 255Proesch, Gilbert, 185,255

Gilbreth, Frank B. and Lillian, 255gilding, 67Gilka, Bob, 450Gilman, Howard, 208Gilpin, Laura, 255–256glacial, 37glamour. See fashionglass, 82–83

blue, 48Crown, 66, 175cylinder, 66Flint, 175negatives, 31ruby, 110technology breakthroughs, 167–168yellow, 122

glass film carriers, 792–793glass lenses, 529glassless film carriers, 792Glass of Absinthe, Th e , 347Glass positive, 83Glass Tears, 470Glenn, John, 43gliding, 82global illumination algorithms, 612global positioning satellite (GPS), 502,

507, 538gloss meters, 750glue, 83–84glycerin, 84, 324Goddard, John Frederick, 67, 128Godowsky, Leopold, Jr., 697Goerz, C. P., 773gold, 84Goldberg, Vicki, 233gold chloride, 84Golden, Judith, 256Goldin, Nan, 197, 203, 256gold toning, 29, 33, 84, 664Goodman, Mark, 220“good” photographic gelatins, 82Goodwin, Reverend Hannibal, 42, 78Goodwin flexible film, 773Gouraud, François, 216Gowin, Emmet, 256, 270graduate, 84graduated filters, 727Gräff , Werner, 229Graflex large format single lens reflex

(SLR), 772Graham, Martha, 276graininess, 647grain morphology, 657grains, silver halide, 641–644grandmother cells, 634granularity, 647


824 Index

graphical users interface (GUI), 430graphic arts industry, 373graphite, 84graphite powder, 59graphite retouching, 72Grassmann, Hermann, 743grating equation, 714gravitational fields, 463gray (Gy), defined, 569Green, Jonathan, 210Greenberg, Clement, 230, 232green/blue filters, 401Greenfield, Lois, 328green-sensitive emulsion layer, 705green vitriol, 77Griffith-Jones, Phillip, 225grip equipment, 471Griswold, Victor, 32, 76Groover, Jan, 186Gropius, Walter, 212, 275Gros, Jean Baptiste Louis, 325Grossman, Sid, 217, 256ground control points (GCPs), 502Ground Zero, 273Group f/64, 229, 256–257Guide Number System, 767Guide to Photography Workshops and

Schools, Th e, 221Guild, 388gum arabic, 84gum bichromate process, 84gummed tape, 690gun, photographic, 102gun cotton, 85gunpowder, 305Gursky, Andreas, 187, 257Gutenberg Galaxy, Th e, 222gutta percha, 85Gutta percha trees, 85gyromagnetic ratio, 567, 569

HHaas, Ernst, 257Haggins, Robert L., 237Haking, W., 43halation, 85Hale, Edward Everett, 216Haley, Alex, 237half-plate, 85half-tone process, 198half-tone reproductions, 191Hall, Howard, 625Hall, Stuart, 237Hallmark Collection, 208halogen, 85halogen light sources, 365

Halsman, Philippe, 257–258Hamilton, David, 202hammers, 537Handbook of Colorimetry, 745Hansa camera, 777Hansa Canon, 304Hanson, W. T. “Bunny,” 699Harbutt, Charles, 226hard copy, 430hardcopy output, 457hard disk, 430, 454–455hardening agents, 646hard glass, 760hard light, 333“Hard Times,” 40Harlem Renaissance, 235, 291Harold Edgerton, 765–766Harper’s Bazaar, 199, 200, 241, 244Harris, Lyle Ashton, 238Harrison, William Jerome, 33, 537harsh negative, 667Hart, Dr. David, 179Hartmann, Sadakichi, 228, 229, 232hartshorn, 41Hass, Hans, 623Hasselblad, Arvid Viktor, 307–308, 777Hasselblad 70mm cameras, 616Hasselblad 500C cameras, 308Hasselblad 500 EL cameras, 308Hasselblad 1000F cameras, 308Hasselblad 1600F cameras, 308, 778Hasselblad Electronic Data Cameras

(HEDC), 781Hasselblad SWA cameras, 308Hasselblad SWC cameras, 308Hattersley, Arnold, 214Hattersley, Ralph, 214, 467Hauron, Louis Ducos de, 693, 695Hawes, Josiah Johnson, 30, 216Hay, Alexei, 204Haynes, Barry, 439haze filters, 579, 722, 727head rest/head stand, 85Head Up Displays (HUDs), 553Heartfield, John (John Helmut

Herzfeld), 258heat filters, 727heating ventilation air conditioning

system (HVAC), 473Heidecke, Reinhold, 774Heinecken, Robert, 258heliochromes, 35, 85heliographs, 27, 85Heliopiktor cameras, 532Helmholtz, Hermann von, 693hemicube projection images, 478

hemispherical, defined, 175hemispherical dome ports, 624hemispherical geometry, 750hemispherical spectrophotometers,

751–752Henneberg, Hugo, 264Hering, E., 390Hering, Ewald, 633, 743Herring illusion, 461Herschel, John Frederick William,

27–29, 33, 42, 43, 60, 66, 75, 79, 83, 128, 347, 508

Herschel, William, 556, 656Herzberger, M., 319Hesler, Alexander, 342Hewlett-Packard 196B oscilloscope

camera, 309“Hidden Pictures” illustration, 462hide glues, 83HIE film, 559Higgins, Chester, 237high-definition television (HDTV), 430high density (HD), 430high-density chips, 304high dynamic range imaging (HDRI),

479Higher Education Arts Data Services

(HEADS), 211high exposure reciprocity failure, 644high humidity, 642high-intensity photographic

illuminators (HIPI), 547highlight areas, 666highlights, 671high resolution, 701high-resolution electronic cameras, 324high-speed cinematography, 539–543high-speed films, 649–650, 651high-speed flash radiography, 621high-speed infrared film (HIE), 559high-speed photography, 543high-speed shutters, 544high-speed still photography, 544–550high-speed X-radiology units, 547Hill, Bernhard, 418, 419Hill, David Octavius, 30, 341Hill, D.O., 228Hill, Levi L., 35, 85, 692Hiller, Lejaren a, 258–259hillotype, 85hilotype, 692Hine, Lewis Wickes, 196, 259, 335, 448,

505hiphop music, 237Hiro, 192, 244Hirschowitz, Basil, 532


Index 825

Hiser, Cherie, 220histogram, 405, 430–431historical structures, photographs of,

325History and Description of the Process of

the Daguerreotype and Diorama, Th e, 25

History of Art, 347History of Photography, 217, 230, 492history of photography

art of photography, 31–32business of photography, 30–31calotype, 29–30collodion variants and negative

processes, 32–33collodion variants and positive

processes, 32concepts of photography, 27Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé, 28daguerreotype improvements, 29daguerreotypes, 28first attempts at photography, 27flexible films, 34–35gelatin emulsions and modern era,

33–34glimpses of color, 35Herschel, Sir John, 29Hyppolyte Bayard, Hyppolyte29negatives on glass, 31Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 27–28paper photography, 28–29permanency concerns, 33proliferation of photography, 35–36Ponton, Nungo, 29race for acknowledgement, 1839, 29sensitometry, 35wet plate process, 31

History of Photography from 1839 to the Present, Th e, 209

History of Photography from the Earliest Use of the Camera Obscura in the Eleventh Century Up to 1914, Th e, 231

History of Photography: Social and Cultural Perspectives, A, 233

History of Woman Photographers, 233Hi Synchro shutter, 780Hitler Moves East, 267HK 7 camera, 308Hoch, Hannah, 259Hockney, David, 259–260Hoff man, Robert, 600Hoff man Modulation Contrast (HMC)

systems, 600holders

baby, 44

negative, 95plate, 104pneumatic, 105roll, 110

holdover, 550holograms, 550–551, 714holographic interferometry, 551holographic non-destructive testing

(HNDT), 553Holographic Optical Elements, 306holographic optical elements (HOEs),

553holography, 551–553, 714, 730Homasote, 473home (computers), defined, 431homoerotic photographs, 199homophobia, 203Hooke, Robert, 592, 610Hopkins, Harold, 532Hopkins Rod endoscopes, 532Horrell, Dr. C. William, 210Horst, Horst P. (Horst Bormann), 199,

204, 260Horst process, 695Hosoe, Eikoh, 260Hotchkiss Workshop in Creative

Photography, 220hot mirror, 677“hot” pixels, 401Hounsfield unit, 569Houston, David, 78Howard, Th omas, 340How the Other Half Lives, 71, 196, 335,

448Hoyningen-Huene, George, 199, 201,

260HP-28C graphing calculator, 309HP-35 scientific electronic calculator,

309HP-41C alphanumeric calculator, 309HP Invent, 308–309HP LaserJet printers, 309HT2 (hypo test) solution, 689Hubble Space Telescope, 494–495, 510,

609hue, 465Hughes, Langston, 235, 236, 250Hugunin, James, 227human errors, 362human fetus images, 279human visual system (HVS), 385, 387,

629–635basic structure of, 629–631changing visual percept, 634–635detection of light, 632ocular optics, 631–632

perception of color, 632–633perception of depth, 634perception of form, 633–634perception of motion, 634visual consciousness, 635

humectant, 86Humphrey’s Journal, 31Hunt, Robert, 60Hurter, Ferdinand, 128, 671Hurvich, L.M., 390hyalotypes, 73, 86Hyatt, Isaiah, 77Hyatt, John, 77Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodine

(HMI) lamps, 762–763hydrazine, 657hydrazo compound, 703hydrochloric acid, 86hydrogen nuclei, 567hydrometer, 86hydronalium, 755hydroquinone, 86, 657, 661hyperfocal distances, 522hypering, 554hyperlinks, 479hypermedia, 479hyperopia, 632hypersensitization, 554–555, 649hyperspectral imaging, 575hypertext, 479hypo, 28, 86hypo-alum toners, 687hypo-clearing agents, 663hypo eliminators, 688–689hypo-fixing process, 663hyposulfite of soda (hypo), 683

IIbuka, Masaru, 319ICC-absolute colorimetric intent, 399ICC workflows, 400icons, 431ID cards, 332identification photography, 330–332identity theft, 332ideological photography, 505Ilfochrome, 701, 702, 709Ilford, 309–310, 651, 683, 707Ilford Manual of Photography, 309illuminance, 736illuminants, 382–385illuminating ray path, 599illumination, 387, 749illumination conjugate pathway, 598illumination systems, 793, 794Illustrated London News, 192


826 Index

illustration photography, 324illustrations, 322illustrative imagery, 451illustrative photography, 322I Love Fast Cars, 204Imacon 468 cameras, 542image analysis, 321, 403, 422image archives, 506image area, 364, 366, 368, 369, 631, 649image-capture products, 306Image computer algorithm family, 403image content recognition (ICR), 401image converter cameras, 539image converters, 539, 546image data, 305, 396, 401–403, 414, 422,

428, 434, 456–458, 487, 639, 671image editing software, 401, 520image elongation, 717image files, 456, 556image formation, 382–388

illuminants and light, 382–385photometry, 383–384physical image formation, 386–388radiometry, 383reflectance, 385sensors, 385–388

image-forming coupler, 699image intensifiers, 546image interpretation, 667

image manipulation, 555–556image networks, 568

image permanence, 456Image Permanence Institute (IPI), 692Imageprint, 487image processing, 433, 520

algorithms, 378defined, 431software for, 520

image-relevant detail, 674imageRUNNER (iR), 304imagery, 535image sensor, 370–371image size, 730–731image stabilization, archival processing,

689image-storage technology, 300image systems, moving, 539Image Technology Standards Board

(ITSB), 373image tiles, 369image tonality, 657image transmissions, 555image-wise silver distribution, 655Imageworks Center and School, 220Imaging

electron, 529

photographic, 714–719spectral, 418–422technical committees, 374

imaging computer systems, 473imaging materials, and standards,

372–376American National Standards

Institute, 372–373importance of standards, 372International Standards Organization,

373–376Imaging Materials—Optical Disc

Media—Storage Practices (IOS), 458imaging sensors, 370–371, 557imaging systems, 364–370

IR imaging systems, 370macroscan area array systems, 369microscan area array systems,

368–369multi-channel imaging systems, 370multi-shot area array systems, 367–368one-shot area array systems, 365–367scanner systems, 364–365

imaging techniques, 506imaging technologies (IT) committees,

373Imai, F., 419Immediate Family, 197, 202, 270imperial, 86Imperial Chemical Industries (I.C.I.),

309impressionism, 184Impressions, 224Improved Process of Taking Photographic

Pictures upon Glass, 40Inamori, Dr. Kazuo, 313incident intensity (Ii), 722incident light meters, 736, 739incident radiation, 721incorporated coupler processes, 698indexed color, 431index of refraction, 719Indian red, 86indicator stop bath, 662indium tin oxide electrodes, 371Indocyanine Green (ICG) dye, 582industrial photography, 332–333Inferno, 277inferotemporal cortex, 634Infinity Stylus camera, 316information channels, 453infrared (IR), 467, 533

cameras, 560films, 533, 558, 650filters, 557, 727imaging systems, 370

photographs, 556–562wavelengths, 602

inhibitors, 699in-house photographers, 332initialize, defined, 431inkjet printers, 304, 431inplant photographers, 332input fiber-optic windows, 546Input/Output (I/O), 431“input” profile, 398input-referred image state, 397input scanner, 431input surface intensity (Iin), 722insects, 519insoluble silver halide, 683Instamatic cameras, 210, 485Instamatic concept, 781instantaneous exposure, 58, 71, 86–87instant-readout detectors, 510instrumental metamerism, 420instrument geometry, 753instrument selection, 753Instrument Systems Division (ISD),

Konica Minolta, 313insurance policies, for studios, 474integral color masking, 699integral holograms, 553integral tri-pack, 698intellectual copyright law, 483–484intellectual property, 483“intelligent” CMM, 400intense negative, 87intensification, 87interaction, 612interactive, defined, 431interference filters, 722interference fringes, 551interference patterns, 575interferometry, 514, 738inter-instrument agreement, 753interiors, 87interior views, 326interlace, defined, 431Interline Transfer CCD image sensor,

371intermittent workshops, 217inter-model agreement, 753internal reflection, 337, 662International Center of Photography

(ICP), 209International Color Consortium (ICC),

399, 414International Council on Monuments

and Sites (ICOMOS), 584International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC), 373, 374


Index 827

International Imaging Industry Association, 373

International Museum of Photography (IMP), 208–209

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 373, 374, 385

International Press Telecommunications Council, 414

International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) fields, 415

International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC)-NAA standard, 414

International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), 584

International Standard ISO 6, 651International Standards Organization,

373–374Internet, eff ects on photojournalism, 340interpolation, 431interpretative art, 184“Interpreted Real,” 467intervals, 463Interview magazine, 292intraocular lens, 632intraoral photography, 527In Tune with Tomorrow, 316inverse centimeters, 734Inverse Square Law, 384, 737inverse square law of illumination, 589inverted images, 631invisible evidence, 603invisible radiation, 661Invitational Teaching Conference, 213iodide, 706iodine, 87–88iodine fumes, 67iodine vapors, 760iodobromide emulsion, 641ionization, 567ionization constant, 660ionization paths, 547ionization sweet spot, 660ionizing currents, 766Iraq conflict, censorship of war pictures,

194–195iron, 88iron oxalate, 75iron salt process, 88iron sulfate, 77irradiance, 383, 384, 734irrationality, 182Is Anyone Taking Any Notice?, 272isinglass, 83isochromatic photography, 88

isochromatic plates, 35isoing, 82isotope, 569isotropic filters, 409ISO Working Group, 692Iturbide, Graciela, 260Ives, Frederic Eugene, 35, 64, 89,

128–129ivorytype, 88

JJaaskelainen, Timo, 419Jablochkoff , Paul, 758Jablochkoff Candle, 758Jackson, William Henry, 42, 70, 77Jameson, D., 390Janson, H.W., 347Japanese camera industry (JCII), 780Japanese Society of Scientific

Photography, 494Japan varnish/japanning, 88japonisme, 228Java VR, 479Jay, Bill, 225Jeff ery, Ian, 226Jena, Carl Zeiss, 773Jet, 236Jim Crow laws, 234“job” jacket systems, 474Jobo processor, 486Johnson, J., 34Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 235Johnston, William J., 619Joint Photographers Experts Group

(JPEG), 411, 431joint technical committees (JTCs), 374Joly, John, 35, 88–89, 93Joly plate, 88–89Jones, Daniel, 76Jones, Grace, 201Jones, Quincy, 481Jones Griffiths, Philip, 261Josephson, Ken, 261Jostens pictures, 344joule, 734Jourdan, Charles, 202journalistic/editorial photography, 187,

192Journal of the Royal Institution, 27Judd, D.B., 389Judd, D.L., 384Julien Levy Collection, 206Jung, Carl, 462Jupiter Images, 351Juster, Norton, 742juxtaposes images, 238

Kkallitype, 89Kalmus, Herbert, 695Kansas State University Geology

Department, 216kaolin, 89Kaplan, Daile, 440Kaplan, John, 439Karsh, Yousuf, 261Käsebier, Gertrude, 36, 248, 261–262Keats, John, 481Keita, Seydou, 262Kelly, Earl, 216Kelly, Mary, 186Kelvin scale, 741, 760Kemp, Dr. Lynne Bentley, 179Kendall developer, 657, 661Kendall-Pelz rule, 657Kennett, Richard, 34Kepes, Gyorgy, 262, 463Kern, Richard, 203kernels, 407, 409, 431kerning, 431Kerouac, Jack, 210–211Kerr, John, 545Kerr cells, 542Kertész, André, 229, 244, 262, 347keyhole surgery, 532keying, 431Keystone eff ect, 727Kids, 247Killian, James, 764kilobit (kb), 431kilobyte (kB), 431Kind of History, A, 220Kinemacolor, 693King, Coretta Scott, 236King, Martin Luther Jr., 236Kinnear, C. G. H., 56Kinnear cameras, 46Kino Flo, 761Kinsey, Alfred C., 268Kircher, Athanasius, 803kirilian photography, 562–563Kiss, Th e, 250kitchen, in professional studio, 476kite aerial photography, 506kits, 89Kleeblat, 264Klein, Rudolph, 773Klein, Steven, 204Klein, William, 201, 262–263Klett, Mark, 263Kloen, William, 32, 76Knave of Hearts, 268knife, 89


828 Index

“known” values, 753Koch, Carl, 778Kodachrome, 696Kodachrome cameras, 773, 777Kodachrome film, 195, 311, 312, 322,

805Kodacolor film, 189, 312, 698Kodak, 35, 58, 308, 310–313, 348, 441,

554, 695Kodak aerial film, 594Kodak cameras, 188–189, 310, 772Kodak Carousel Projectors, 312Kodak Carousel system, 805Kodak Cavalcade Projector, 312Kodak Developer DK-50, 657Kodak Ektachrome Transparency Sheet

film, 312Kodak Girl, 188, 311Kodak Instamatic Cameras, 311, 312Kodak International Newspaper

Snapshot Awards (KINSA), 348Kodak Model 3 Folding Pocket camera,

772Kodak Photo CD system, 312Kodak Photomicrography Color Film,

594Kodak Pocket Instamatic cameras, 311Kodak Print Siphon, 689Kodak Rapid Selenium toner, 688Kodak Research Laboratories, 420, 645Kodak Retina Reflex Camera, 312Kodak Stereo Camera, 779Kodak Vest Pocket camera, 773Kodascope Projector, 312Kodaslide Projector, 805Köhler, August, 598Köhler illumination, 598Koilos shutter, 772Konica Minolta, 313Konica Minolta 5D cameras, 319Konica Minolta Colorimeters, 313Konica Minolta meters, 313Konica Minolta’s Color Analyzers, 313Koni-Omega Rapid, 780Korn, Dr. Arthur, 772Kosuth, Joseph, 238Kotera, H., 419Koudelka, Josef, 263Krims, Les, 187, 263–264Krinov, E. L., 419Kriss, Michael, 358Kristof, Emory, 623kromscop, 89Kromskop, Ives, 64Kruger, Barbara, 183, 187, 238, 264Krull, Germaine, 264

Kuhn, Heinrich, 264Kula, Vlastimil, 203Kyocera, 313Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, 313

LLabPQR, 420labs, 299La Chapelle, David, 204Lambertian diff user, 735Lambertian surfaces, 387Lambert’s law, 722lamps, early filament, 758–760Lanchester, F. W., 63Land, Edwin, 189land cameras, 317, 507Landsat, 615landscape lenses, 56, 158–159, 175landscape photography, 333–334Lange, Dorothea, 223, 236, 265Langenheim, Frederick, 30, 31, 38, 83,

86, 90Langenheim, William, 30, 31, 38, 83, 86,

89–90Langmuir, Irving, 758language, 218lantern, magic, 92lantern slide, 89Laplace filters, 409large format cameras (LFCs), 325, 467,

616large-scaled digital printing presses, 454Larmor frequency, 567, 569Lartigue, Jacques-Henri, 265, 348laser beam printers (LBPs), 304laser discs, 479laser printers, 459laser pulses, 547laser technology, 304Last Days of Summer, Th e, 202late-century fashion, 202–203latent images, 26, 30, 74, 649, 666lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 630Laughlin, Clarence John, 265Laurent, Jean, 62, 90lavender oil, 90Lavendula spica, 90law enforcement, 245L-cones, 385, 743Lea, M. C., 77lead, 90lead acetate, 90lead chromate, 90lead nitrate, 90leaf shutters, 544LeBlon, Jakob Christoff el, 64

LeCoultre Compass cameras, 777Lee, Russell, 265–266Lee, Spike, 237Leeuwenhoek, 499Lefkowitz, Lester, 587Le Gray, Gustave, 30, 31, 61Leibovitz, Annie, 266, 328Leica ADS40 Digital Sensors, 504Leica cameras, 189, 314, 315, 347, 775Leicaflex SL cameras, 314Leica/Leitz, 313–315Leith, Emmett, 551Leith-Upatnieks halograms, 552Leitz, Ernst, 314, 772Leitz lenses, 189Lemagny, Jean-Claude, 233lens boards, 588lens diaphragm rings, 588lenses, 175, 298, 719–721

of 19th century, 160–167combination, 175design, 157–158, 167experimentation and alternatives,

159–160eyepiece, 593first modern, 168–174Gauss-type, 175landscape, 158–159, 175portrait, 159, 175–176rectilinear, 176types, 724–727

lens eyepiece, 593leptographic paper, 33, 50, 90le Secq, Henri, 30Lester, Paul, 448lettertypes, 76Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, 252leucotypes, 70leveling, 90Levine, Sherrie, 187, 266Levinthal, David, 267Levitt, Helen, 267Levy, Julien, 206Lewin, Kurt, 463Lewis, W. H., 56Leyden jars, 763–764Lhote, Andre, 200Liberman, Alexander, 200, 201, 282library, defined, 431Library of Photography, 211Libsohn, Sol, 256Lichtenberg figures, 563Lieberkuhn mirror, 589Life is Good for You in New York —

William Klein Trance Witness Revels, 262–263


Index 829

Lifelike Portraiture, 756Life magazine, 192–194, 222, 225, 230,

236, 251, 279, 335Life Touch pictures, 344ligands, 708Light, David, 615light detection, human visual system, 632light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 431, 542,

547, 781lighting, 91, 471

architectural photography, 326chemical flash, 754–757continuous electric lighting systems,

757–763defined, 728electronic flash lighting, 763methods, 506overview, 753–754and perspective, 728rembrandt, 109renting, 471window, 122

Lighting By Design: A Technical Guide, 758

light pollution, 578light rays, 599, 629light scatter, 657light-sensitive receptors, 771light-sensitive silver halides, 666light trap, 90light wavelengths, 743Lightwork, 224Linked ring, 91Lincoln portrait, 342–343Lindbergh, Peter, 204linear arrays, 431linear CCD array, 427, 649linear filters, 407linearity laws, 388linearly polarizing filters, 722linear neighborhood operations, 407linear output, 431linear perspective, 728–730line-pairs per millimeter (lpm), 718line voltage, 793Linhof, Valentin, 773Link, O. Winston, 267Lion, Jules, 234Lippman, Andrew, 477Lippmann, Gabriel, 63, 72, 91, 129, 419,

552, 692Lippmann color plates, 39Lippmann emulsions, 72, 91Lippmann process, 91liquid crystal display (LCD), 431, 467,

806

liquid crystal display (LCD) projector, 431–432

liquid crystal displays, 306liquid-hydrogen bubble chambers, 580liquid-phase hypersensitizations, 554liquids, photographing, 324Lisa computer, Apple, 304Lissitsky, El, 229List, Herbert, 199, 267–268lithium, 91lithium bromide, 91lithium chloride, 92lithography, 27litmus paper, 91–92Little Boy, 268Living With the Enemy, 197load, defined, 432lobes, occipital, 636location photography, 573location studio, 476–477Locke, Alain, 235lock-up, defined, 432Lockwood, Lee, 225, 226logarithmic scales, 645log exposure range, 679logic board, 432Londe, Albert, 525, 570long exposure, 59, 203, 472, 653, 665,

674, 676, 678long-focal-length lenses, 349long-focus lenses, 725longitudinal chromatic aberrations, 717Longly, William, 623Long-Term Preservation of Complex

Processes, 363long wavelength radio waves, 711long wavelength sensitivity, 388long X-ray pulses, 517Look magazine, 193, 335Look of Th ings, Th e, 233Look-Up Table (LUT), 399, 432Lorant, Stephan, 270Lorie, R.A., 363lossless compression, 361, 410loss less file types, 458loss of electron is an oxidization

reaction (LeO), 655lossy compression, 410–411Loveland, R.P., 570low-contrast print material (CF), 710low-contrast scene, 671low-intensity reciprocity failures (LIRF),

509, 554, 578, 644–645low-level aerial archaeology platforms,

506lubricant, 92

Luce, Henry, 192Luchford, Glen, 204Lucky Film, 313luma-chroma color spaces, 395lumens, 735Lumiére, Auguste and Louis, 93, 129, 693Lumiere, La , 31luminance, 390, 735luminance channel (L*), 746luminance values, 395luminescence, 534luminosity function, 383luminous effiency function, 388, 389luminous flux, 547, 735luminous intensity, 735luminous power, 383lunar surface photographs, 615Lunn, Harry, 207lwer hardening level, 654Lyman, David, 220Lynes, George Platt, 268Lyon, Danny, 268Lyons, Joan, 268–269Lyons, Nathan, 213, 214, 217, 218, 220,

231, 268–269

MM3 cameras, 314M5 cameras, 315MacAdam, D., 746Macbeth color checker rendition chart,

385Mach, Ernst, 513, 548machine code, 432Macintosh computers, 304, 441, 442macro-flash units, 522macro lenses, 507, 585, 625, 720, 725macro parameters, 378macroscan area array systems, 369macroscanning, 369macro-zoom lenses, 725Maddox, Richard Leach, 33, 71, 129, 664magazine cameras, 58, 92magazines, 192, 211, 351magic lanterns, 92, 803–805magic numbers, 362Magicube systems, 757magnesium, 92magnesium burners, 754magnesium fluoride, 713magnesium powder, 80magnesium ribbons, 756magnetically recorded video tape, 460magnetic media tapes, 362magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy,

567


830 Index

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 613magneto-optical shutters, 545magnification calculations, 589Magnum Photos, 336Magritte, Rene, 461Mahn film, 559Maholy-Nagy, 182mail-order catalogs, 322Maine Photographic Workshops, 220Making Malcolm: Th e Myth and

Meaning of Malcolm X, 237Malcolm X, 237Malerei, Fotografie, Film (Painting,

Photography, Film), 276Malraux, Andrea, 183Mamiya Elca cameras, 779Mamiyaflex C cameras, 779mammography, 566, 569Mammoth camera, 772mammoth plate, 92Man, Felix (Hans Baumann), 270Manchee, Doug, 440Manet, Edouard, 180Manhattan gallery “291,” 229Manly, Th omas, 59Mann, Sally, 197, 202, 270Mannes, Leopold, 697Mansfield, George, 34Many Voices, 283mapmakers, 504mapped, defined, 479mapping, 428, 432Mapplethorpe, Robert, 203, 237,

270–271Marcus, Carl, 491Marey, Etienne-Jules, 550, 570Marey, J., 524–525Margulies, Simon, 358Marien, Mary Warner, 233Marine Hospital Services (MHS), 591Mark, Mary Ellen, 197, 271marker beads, 517marketplace, photo, 469–471Martha Stewart Living, 194Martin, Adolphe Alexandre, 32Martin, Charles, 623Martinez-Sanchez, José, 33, 62, 90Martinez-Sanchez, Laurent, 33mask, 92masking negative, 92mass culture, 182, 183, 187mass media, 185, 187, 199, 202, 222,

226, 258, 292master film (CMM), 709mastic, 92mat, 92–93

materialsblack and white films, 649–652

anti-halation protection, 651chromogenic films, 651–652film design, 651film sensitivity, 651overview, 649–650push-processing, 651spectral sensitivity, 650support, 650

black and white papers, 652–654chromogenic papers, 654contrast grades, 653image stability of resin coated

papers, 654overview, 652spectral sensitivity, 654support, 652–653surface, 653tone and tint, 653variable contrast papers, 653–654

cameras, 770–771enlargers, 788–803

automatic enlarging systems, 801–803

basics, 788color, 796–799construction of, 789–796design of, 788–789digital enlarging systems, 803future of enlarging, 803specialized application enlarging

systems, 799–801filter types

barrier filters, 727colloidal silver filters, 727Davis Gibson Filters, 727dichroic filters, 727exciter filters, 727fog filters, 727graduated filters, 727haze filters, 727heat filters, 727infrared filters, 727neutral-density filters, 727–728spatial filters, 728spatial frequency filters, 728star filters, 728status filters, 728

lens types, 724–727afocal lens, 724anamorphic lens, 724aspheric lens, 724catadioptric lens, 724–725condenser lens, 725convertible lens, 725

enlarger lens, 725field lens, 725fisheye lens, 725flat-field lens, 725fluorite lens, 725fresnel lens, 725long-focus lens, 725macro lens, 725macro-zoom lens, 725meniscus lens, 725micro-imaging lens, 725mirror lens, 725negative lens, 725–726orthoscopic lens, 726perspective-control/PC lens, 726portrait lens, 726positive lens, 726process lens, 726projector lens, 726reduction lens, 726relay lens, 726soft-focus lens, 726split-diopter lens, 726supplementary lens, 726teleconverter lens, 726telephoto lens, 726variable focal length lens, 726wide angle lens, 726–727zoom lens, 727

photographic lighting, 753chemical flash lighting, 754–757continuous electric lighting

systems, 757–763electronic flash lighting, 763–770overview, 753–754

photographic optics, 711–724photographic filters, 721–724photographic imaging, 714–719photographic lenses, 719–721

projection, 803–806silver halide materials, 641–649

emulsion coating, 647the future of silver halide, 649modulation transfer function, 649silver halide emulsions, 641–646silver halide grain properties,

643–645silver image quality attributes,

647–649Mathematics and the Imagination,

591matrix mapping, 394matrix metering, 738–739mat spacers, 459matt surface, 93Mavica cameras, 191


Index 831

Maxwell, James Clerk, 64, 129, 512, 692, 743

Maynard, John Parker, 61McBean, Angus, 271–272McCausland, Elizabeth, 230McCullin, Don, 225, 272McDean, Craig, 204McDonough, James William, 93McDonough plates, 88McDonough’s process, 93McDougall, Angus, 339McKendry, John, 270McLaughlin, Clarence John, 187McLuhan, Marshall, 227, 236, 467M-cones, 385, 632, 744Mead, Margaret, 505measles, 93measured color, 747measurement devices, 738–741Meatyard, Ralph Eugene, 187, 272mechanical reproduction, 184mechanical shutters, 58Meckes, Oliver, 495media convergence, 360Medianet project, 486median filters, 409media-relative colorimetric intent, 399medical diagnostic imaging (MRI),

563–569medical photography, 469, 560, 569–572medium peaks, 756mediums, physical damage to, 362Medium Source Rare-Earth (MSR)

lamps, 762–763medium wavelength sensitivity, 388Mees, C.E. Kenneth, 420, 554, 697, 774megabit (Mb), 432megabyte (MB), 432megabytes per second/megabits per

second (MBPS), 432megapixal digital imaging camera

systems, 595megapixals, 504Meggaflash, 757Meisel, Steven, 204Meiselas, Susan, 194, 272–273, 335melainotypes, 62, 76, 93melt, 93Memo cameras, 774memory, 432

buff er, 427defined, 432extended, 430static, 434

memory cards, 432memory cells, 403

memory chips, 488–489memory stick technology, 319Menard, Louis, 61Men at Work, 259meniscus, 175meniscus lenses, 725Men of Mark, 247mental images, 629mercaptanes, 707mercaptide ion, 708Mercer, Kobena, 237Mercuric chloride, 93mercury, 93mercury toning, 664Merifield, P.M., 614Mermelstein, Jeff , 335mesopic vision, 385, 743metadata and digital photography,

411–417, 454categories, 412defined, 411–412and retrieval, 413–414standards, 414storage and technologies, 414–415terminology, 412–413use and requirements, 412

metal ion sources, 655Metall series, 264metal reduction, 655metal vapor lasers, 517metamerism, 400, 418metamorphoser, 805metastases, 569methyl alcohol, 39methylated spirit, 93Metol, 93, 661Metric Guide Numbers, 767Metropolitan Museum of Art, 209Metzger, Ray, 273Meyerowitz, Joel, 273–274, 348Meyer Tele-Megor lenses, 308mezzotint painting, 66mica, 94Michals, Duane, 186, 274microcomputer, 432micro-autoradiography, 649microbolometers, 621micro-computers, 432, 485microdensitometer, 647microdispersion method, 63microfilm, 373, 710microfossils, 538micro-imaging lenses, 725micrometers, 608microphones, 501micro-photography, 94

microscan area array systems, 368–369microscanning technology, 368microscopes, 495microscopic patterns, 552microscopy, 318, 492, 493middle temporal (MT) visual cortex,

634Midget #5 flashbulbs, 755Mieche, Adolf, 754Migrant Mother, 236migrations, 364Mili, Gjon, 328military photography, 573–575milk-glass positives, 32, 62Miller, Lee, 199, 274Miller principle, 540Minamata, 287“mind’s eye’s” compositions, 422minerals, 25, 50, 51, 61, 205, 319, 661miniature cameras, 189minicomputers, 432minims, 71, 94minimum density, 678, 679Minolta, 313Minolta Flex cameras, 777Minolta SR-2 cameras, 779Minority Photographers Inc., 224mirroring, 691mirror lenses, 725mirror-likenesses, 341mirror/pentaprism, 189mirror/prism cameras, 518mirrors, 47, 94, 528Mirrors and Windows: American

Photography Since 1960, 232Misrach, Richard, 274–275Miss Girl, 238Miyake, Yoichi, 419mobile telephones, image quality,

339–340Model, Lisette, 275Model 95 cameras, 317Model 200A, 309Model A Leica cameras, 314Model C Leica cameras, 314Model IIIa cameras, 314Model IIIf cameras, 314model releases, 352modern abstraction, 229modern flashbulbs, 757Modernism, 185Modernist movement, 205Modern Photojournalism: Origin and

Evolution, 1910–1933, 232Modern Postcard printers, 341Modotti, Tina, 240, 293


832 Index

modulation transfer function (MTF), 378, 649, 719

Moholy, Lucia Schultz, 275Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 212, 229, 262,

275–276, 286“moment of serving” appearance, 324“moments of awakening” images, 202Monckhoven, Desire Charles Emanuel

Van, 129Monet, Claude, 180monochromatic aberrations, 716monochromatic illumination, 749monochrome area array sensor, 367monochrome channels, 605monochrome information channels, 533monopods, 298monosize emulsions, 645montage, 183, 229, 244, 264Moon, Sarah, 202Morgan, Barbara Brooks, 223, 276, 328,

347Morgan, Willard, 276, 347Morimura, Yasumasa, 276–277Morizov, Nikolai, 419Morse, Samuel F. B., 86, 216Mortensen, William, 277, 758Moscow, 263Moss, Kate, 202motherboard, 432motion detection, 634motion parallax, 730motion perspective, 729Motion Picture Experts Group, (MPEG),

432motion-picture projectors, 805motion-pictures, standards for, 373Mott, F.L., 339mounting, 94–95mouse, defined, 432‘mouse traps,” 56Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne, 237Moviemaps, 477moving objects, 59, 365, 367, 368, 634,

643, 664, 665MQ developer, 95“Mrs. John Leslie as Truth,” 40Muary, F.F., 570mucilage, 95mucilage glues, 83Mueller, Robby, 761Müller, Lillian, 202multi-channel imaging systems, 370Multigrade, Ilford, 653multi-layer assembly films, 652multimedia, 480multiphoton microscopy, 602

multiple exposures, 800multiple-format enlargers, 792multiple-lens cameras, 57–59multiple tiles with one-area array sensor,

369multiplying cameras, 57–59, 95multi-shot area array systems, 367–368multi-slot vertical print washers, 689multispectral digital cameras, 504multispectral imaging, 421, 422multispectral scanner, 419Mumler, William, 82, 337Munchner Illustrierte Presse (MIP), 270Museum of Modern Art, 209Museum Without Walls, 183Mussolini, 270Muybridge, Eadweard James, 130, 253,

439, 524, 550, 570, 623, 764myopia, 632mythological imagery, 294

NNachtwey, James, 277Nadar, Félix, 341–342Nadar, Gaspar Felix Tournachon, 32Nadir, 480Nagel, Dr. August, 774Nagel Vollenda cameras, 775Nagy, Moholy, 212Naked City, 292nanobots, 481nanoseconds, 518, 547narrative, 181narrative, documentary, and editorial

work (NDE), 334narrow-band filters, 370National Archives and Records

Administration (NARA), 363National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 235

National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), 211

National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), 211

National Geographic magazine, 195national influence on photographic

education, 211–212National Institutes of Health (NIH), 591National Press Photographers

Association (NPPA), 339National Science Foundation’s (NSF),

612National Television Standards

Committee (NTSC), 432Native Americans, 248, 268

natural energy, 563natural lighting, 522nature photography, 576–577nautical twilight, 579near-infrared light, 711near-infrared radiation (NIR), 556, 606near points, 632near-ultraviolet light, 711Neblette, C. B., 213Neff , Peter, 32, 76Neff , William, 76Negativenegative cloud, 61negative contrast, 667, 669negative density, 665, 667negative development, 666–670negative envelope, 95negative exposure durations, 674negative holder, 95negative intense, 87negative lenses, 719, 725–726negative masking, 92negative number, 95negative paper, 100–101negative printers, 460negative sky, 113negative varnish, 95–96negatives, 648, 788negative sensitivity, 745negatives on glass, 31Negro Pavilion, Exposition Universelle

in Paris, 235Neo-Dada, 283Nepera Chemical Company, 81Nettles, Bea, 278network, 432neutral-density filters, 722, 727–728neutrons, 569Newbert, Chris, 625New Deal program, 230Newhall, Beaumont, 208–209, 217, 223,

230–231, 277Newhall, Nancy, 223, 277New History of Photography, 233New Journalism, 249Newman, Arnold, 278–279Newman, James, 591New Negro: An Interpretation, 235New Negro for a New Century, A, 235New Negro movement, 235Newton, Helmut, 201, 202, 279Newton’s rings, 792–793New Topographics outlook, 240“New West” photographs, 240New York, New York, 201New York Art Directors’ Club, 191


Index 833

New York City Beat scene, 254New York Review of Books, 211Nichol, W. J., 89Nicholson, Chris, 623Niépce, Isidore, 29Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 27–28, 44,

55, 60, 74, 83, 85, 86, 130–131, 641Niépce de St. Victor, Claude Felix Abel,

31, 35, 38, 70, 73, 83, 85, 130–131Niépceotypes, 31, 38, 96Niepce process, 96night photography, 96, 577–580Nikon, 315–316Nikon cameras, 189, 315Nikonos I cameras, 780Nikonos underwater lenses, 625Nikon Small World photomicrography

competition, 494Nikorette camera, 315Nilsson, Lennart, 279, 571nine-shot/one area-array sensor with

Bayer pattern, 369ninth plate, 96Nitke, Barbara, 203nitrate film, 96nitric acid, 96–97nitrocellulose, 43, 97, 650nitrogen oxides, 459Nixon, Bebe, 280Nixon, Nicholas, 279–280, 348“noble” metal, 656nodal points, 338, 477, 480noise level, 367nomenclature, 372non-linear filters, 409non-linear sRGB values, 396non-linear sYCC values, 396non-linear transfer function, 395non-pictorial data, 412non-recoverable read errors, 361non-silver process, 97–99“normal” contrast scene, 671normal development, 667–669normalization factor, 387, 391North American Indian, Th e, 505Nostalgia, 253Notations in Passing, 269Nothing Personal, 201Nova magazine, 222Nubus, 432nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 567nuclear track recording, 580numbering system, 465numerical aperture (NA), 595numerical f-stop timing table, 676Nyquist frequency, 359

Nyquist theorem, 432nystagmus, 636

OObernetter, Johann Baptist, 62, 76, 131object beams, 552object distance, 730–731objectification, 182objectivity, 71, 181, 185, 229, 243, 247,

252, 264, 283, 286, 289, 443, 448, 492

observer (O) members, 374obsolescence, 362–363, 456obtuse perspectives, 181occipital lobes, 636October, 232ocular optics, 631–632ocular sensors, 633odorless toners, 687OECF2 (opto electronic conversion

function), 377Oehmichen, Etienne, 764off -axis lighting, 523of-the-film (OTF) plane, 781oil

coloring, 99lavender, 90olive, 99spike, 115

O’Keeff e, Georgia, 289Old Character Series, 235Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow, Th e,

71, 335Old Master paintings, 245olive oil, 99Olympus, 316one-shot area array systems, 365–367OneStep Land camera, 318one-step photography, 317on line, defined, 432online journals, 454On Photography, 211, 232on-site editing, 340On the Road, 210ontology, 413opalotypes, 39, 62, 99opaltypes, 62opaque, 99operating rooms, 571operating system (OS), 432ophthalmic photography, 321opponency channels (a* and b*), 746opponent color modulations, 390Opportunities in the Dance, 329Optex AuraSoft, 759Ophthalmic photography, 580–582

External, 581Fundus, 581–582Slit lamp biomicrography, 581Specular biomicrography, 581

optical aberrations, 632optical blurs, 590optical character reader/recognition

(OCR), 432optical disc file storage medias, 458optical fiber technology, 507optical filter, 78optical glass, 83, 650optical holography, 673optical microscopy, 526, 601optical pathways, 598optical radiation, 733optical sensitization, 115optic disc, 629Opticolor systems, 694optics, 711–724

filters, 721–724imaging, 714–719lenses, 719–721

optimize, defined, 432optimum print fixing, 685opto-electronic conversion function

(OECF) measurements, 378orb photography, 337–338ordinary emulsion, 99organic restrainers, 38, 660original file storage media, 457Orion Nebula, 508OR operator, 426orthochromatic, 99orthochromatic emulsions, 35orthochromatic films, 650, 696orthogonal photographic stations,

516–517orthoscopic lenses, 726osmium filaments, 758Osterman, Mark, 36Ostermeyer, Johannes, 755Ostrow, Saul, 179Ostwald, Wilhelm, 131Ostwald ripening, 649O’Sullivan, Timothy H., 70, 350, 537Ottawa, Nicole, 495Outerbridge, Paul, Jr., 280output amplifier, 371output device coordinates, 398output fiber-optic windows, 546“output” profile, 398outputreferred color encodings, 396output-referred image state, 397–398outputs, 444overcast, 333


834 Index

overdevelopment/overexposure, 99–100overexposure, 665–666overflow drains, 371overhead projected images, 805overlap, and perspective, 728overlapping images, 583Overview of Technological Approaches to

Digital Preservation and Challenges in Coming Years, 363

Owens, Bill, 197oxalic acid, 100oxgall, 100oxidation, 654, 683, 691oxidized developers, 69oxidizing agents, 655, 691, 704oxymel process, 100ozotype, 100

PPadeste, Romano, 357Page, Larry, 591paint, 432Painter and the Photograph, Th e, 222painters, 180Painting, Photography, Film, 229painting with light technique, 602paleontological photography, 538palladium, 100Palmquist, Peter, 209Palo Alto Research Center (PARC),

Xerox, 302panchromatically sensitization of

films, 650panchromatic collodion emulsion

plates, 72panchromatic films, 696panchromatic papers, 654, 795panchromatic plates, 35pannotype, 100panorama, 477panorama cameras, 338, 618–619panoramic comic strip slides, 803panoramic nodes, 479panoramic objects, 479panoramic photography, 100, 338–339,

477panoramic tripod heads, 477pan range, 478, 480paper, 100

baryta, 45blotting, 47–48bromide, 49chloride, 60contrast measurements, 678gaslight, 81–82leptographic, 90

litmus, 92plain, 104porcelain, 105self-toning, 111tracing, 118

paper black density test, 673paper negative, 100–101paper photography, 28–29paper roll films, 34parabolic aluminum reflector lamp, 759parallax, 314, 634, 638, 664, 680para-phenylenediamine color developer,

698paraxial optics, 714Paris de nuit, 229Parke-Bernet, 207–208Parker, Olivia, 280–281Parkes, Alexander, 77Parkkinen, Jussi, 419Parks, Gordon, 200, 236, 281Parr, Martin, 281–282participating (P) members, 374passé-partout, 92, 101paste, 101pastel portrait, 101patent plate, 101Pathfinder cameras, 317Pavlova, Anna, 329PC electronic publishing lab, 442pellet process, 101pellicle beam splitters, 713pellicles, 34, 647Pellix amera, 780Peltier cooling, 595Pelz developer, 657pencil, 101Pencil of Nature, 30, 493Penn, Irving, 200, 207, 282, 476–477Penrose, Roland, 274Pensacola Naval Air Station, 485Pentax Electro Spotmatic (ES), 781perception, 460

figure-ground, 461–463Gestalt, 463–465

perceptual intent, 399Perfect Moment, Th e, 270performance artists, 185peripheral cameras, 619peripherals, 432permanency concerns, 33permanent mediums, 364personal documentary, 197personal liability coverage, 474personal vision, 226perspective, 728–733

aerial, 38

defined, 728types of, 728–733

perspective-control (PC) lens, 325, 726perspective distortions, 717pet, 650Petruck, Peninah R., 232–233Petzval, Josef Max, 29, 132Petzval curvature, 716–717Petzval lens, 29Pfahl, John, 186pH, 660phantasmagoria, 803Phantom Tollbooth, Th e, 742phase contrast microscopy, 599phase objects, 599phenomenology and design, 750–752

bidirectional spectrophotometers, 750–751

hemispherical spectrophotometers, 751–752

spectrofluorimeter design, 752Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA), 206phosphate salts, 660phosphorescent intensifying screens, 564phosphoresces, 761phosphors, 430, 661, 669photic entrainment, 636photo calls, 330photocathode, 545, 617photo collage, 181, 182photoconductive detector materials, 738photo-derived reproduction processes,

185photo-diode, 371Photo District News, 471photoelectric absorption, 563photoelectric detectors, 542, 738photoelectric eff ect, 569photoelectrons, 371photoemissive detector materials, 738Photo Fakery, 468photofinish cameras, 618photofinishing, 101, 349photofinish photography, 621Photo Gallery & Workshop Handbook,

Th e, 221photogene, 101photogenic drawings, 101, 494Photogenic Manipulation, 61photogens, 62photoglyphy, 101photogram, 101photogrammetric measurements, 536photogrammetrists, 504photogrammetry, 307, 321, 403,

583–584, 676


Index 835

photograms, 182photograph, defined, 27photographer, 415Photographers Association of

America, 34“photographer’s eye,” 251Photographer’s Eye, Th e, 232Photographers’ Place in Derbyshire, 220Photographic Activity Test (PAT), 692Photographic and Fine Art Journal, 31photographic booms, 506photographic calling cards, 329photographic camera, 298, 629photographic color film, 307photographic combining process,

511–512photographic companies and

applicationsadvertising photography applications,

321application overviews, 320–321architectural photography, 325–326catalog photography, 322commercial photography, 323corporate photography, 326–327dance and theater photography,

327–329food photography, 323–324freelance photography, 330identification photography, 330–332illustration photography, 324industrial photography, 332–333landscape photography, 333–334narrative, documentary, and editorial

photography, 334–336orb photography, 337–338panoramic photography, 338–339photographic film and digital

company profiles, 301–3203M, 319Adobe, 302–303Agfa, 303Apple, 303–304Canon, 304–305Du Pont, 305–306Efke, 306Epson, 306–307Forte, 307Fujifilm, 307Hasselblad, 307–308HP Invent, 308–309Ilford, 309–310Kodak, 310–313Konica Minolta, 313Kyocera, 313Leica/Leitz, 313–315

Lucky Film, 313Nikon, 315–316Olympus, 316Polaroid, 316–319Sony, 319Svema, 319Zeiss, 319–320

photography’s dependence on equipment, 297–300

photojournalism, 339–341portrait photography, 341–343postcard photography, 341school photography, 344–346snapshot photography, 346–349sports photography, 349–350still-life photography, 324–325stock photography, 350–353theatrical photography, 329–330wedding photography, 353–354

photographic development, mechanism of, 660–661

photographic emulsions, 82, 648, 761photographic exposure, 736Photographic Flash, Th e, 763photographic gun, 102photographic illustration, 324photographic images, 35photographic journal, 102photographic lamps, 759photographic masks, 800Photographic News, 31photographic papers, 652–653

cold tone, 653density range, 653glossy, 653matt, 653neutral tone, 653resin coated, 652, 653semi-matt, 653warm tone, 653

photographic plates, 310photographic prints, 468Photographic Review of Medicine and

Surgery, 570photographic “seeing,” 439Photographie Medicale, La, 570Photographie Moderne, La, 570Photographing the Famous, 243Photography, A Short Critical History,

230Photography: A Crisis of History, 233Photography: A Cultural History, 233Photography and Society, 232, 254Photography and the American Scene,

231Photography In Color, 280

Photography in Print: Writings from 1816 to the Present, 233

Photography Instruction in Higher Education, 210

Photography Until Now, 233photogravure, 102photo IDs, 332photo interpretations, 501photojournalism, 339–341, 439, 443,

446–453, 469Photojournalism: An Ethical Approach,

448Photo League classes, 217Photolith film, 305photomacrography, 537photomechanical process, 102Photo-Me International, 710photometer, 102photometric source measurement, 737photometric units, 383, 384photometry, 383–384, 733–736photomicrography, 507, 521, 537, 571,

584–590, 592–602Photo Miniature magazine, 341photomontages, 181, 182, 800photomultiplier tube (PMT) measuring

systems, 801photomultiplier tubes, 569photon energy, 385photonic energy, 743photon mapping, 613photon microscopy, 602Photo Notes, 217photons, 382, 636photopic observer, 736photopic vision, 385photopolymers, 641, 649Photo Portfolio Success, 448Photo-Realism, 183photorealistic rendering systems, 613photoreceptors, 385, 629, 632photoresists, 649Photo Secession movement, 184, 212,

228, 244, 773photosensitive enlarging paper, 790photosensitive printing media, 803Photoshop, 423, 486, 491, 782Photoshop Artistry, 439photo silk screens, 185photo sites, 385PhotoSmart digital cameras, 309photospace coverage, 699photovoltaic detector materials, 738photovoltaic eff ect, 26Phuc, Kim, 449physautotype, 102–103


836 Index

physical development, 68, 103, 656–657physical fields, 463physical image formation, 386–388physical optics, 713physiology of color theory, 743–745Picasso, Pablo, 181, 183Picker, Fred, 220pictorial documentary representation, 70pictorialism, 103–104, 277Pictorialist photographers, 188Pictorial Photographers of America,

262, 293pictorial strategies, 181Picture Archive Council of America

(PACA), 353Picture Archiving and Communication

Systems (PACS), 565, 569picture magazines, 192–194Picture Post, 223Pictures from Home, 197, 204pictures per second (PPS), 433picture story, 229piezo drives, 368piezo-electric transducers, 568pigeon post, 104pigment molecules, 632pigment process, 104pinhole photography, 104, 175, 583pinhole spy cameras, 583Pinney, Christopher, 233pin registration carriers, 793Piper, Adrian, 238Pistacia lentiscus, 92pistolgraphs, 58pitch, 480pixelated, 480pixelation, 433pixel elements, 595pixel pitch, 365pixels, 385, 433, 480, 739, 803pixel sizes, 368pixel values, 404, 407pixilated arrays, 607pKa, 660Place de l’Europe, 465plain paper, 104“plain” prints, 39Planckian radiator, 385Planck’s Formula, 382plane polarized light, 711plant morphology, 521plasma display, 433plastic diff usion lens, 795plate, 104–105Plateau, Joseph, 764plate glass, 83

platinum process, 105Plaubeltype cameras, 775Playboy, 201player, defined, 480Plow that Broke the Plains, Th e, 288plumbicon, 433pneumatic holder, 105pneumatic shutter, 105point-and-shoot cameras, 771, 779pointing device, 433point light sources, 384point operations, 404–405point processing, 433point spread function, 597Poirson, A.B., 390poisons, 106–107Poitevin, Alphonse Louis, 33, 59, 60, 84,

99, 132PolaBlue 35 mm instant slide film, 318Polachrome, 695Polacolor, 317Polacolor 2 film, 318Polaform Process, 318Polaroid, 316–319polarization colors, 539polarized light microscopy, 599polarizers, 316, 649polarizing filters, 538, 722Polaroid camera system, 189–191Polaroid Corporation, 695Polaroid Land Model 95 camera, 778Polaroid Model ED-10 Land Instrument

cameras, 317Polaroid Sun System, 318Polaroid Type 611 video image

recording film, 318police photographers, 536, 602–604Polk, Herman, 235Polk, Prentice H., 235pollutants, 459polychromatic aberrations, 717polychromatic illumination, 749polyethylene laminated paper, 652polyethylene layer, 654polyethylene naphthalene (PEN), 700polyethylene terephthalate, 650polysulfide toners, 687polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 642polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 458Ponton, Mungo, 29, 132Pop Art, 183Pop Culture portraits, 292porcelain paper, 45, 105pornography, 198–204

World War II impact, 199–200post-World War II, 201–202

1960s, 200–2021980s, 202–2031990s, 203–204

port, serial, 434portable darkroom tent, 68Portable Document Format (PDF), 302portable equipment, 353portable studios, 477Porter, Eliot Furness, 282portfolios, 327portrait lenses, 56, 159, 175–176, 726portrait photography, 101, 105–106,

329, 341–343portrait pictures, 330portraits, 447positive, 107“positive documentation,” 259positive images, 788positive lenses, 719, 726positive photogenic drawings, 28positive processes, and collodion

variants, 32positron, 569postcard photography, 341post-development processes, 662–664

fixation, 662–663stop bath, 662toning, 663–664washing, 663

post-fixation physical development, 656post-impressionist painters, 180position and orientation systems (POS),

502Post-it® Notes, 319Post-Modern era, 207post-modernism, 183, 187post-mortem photography, 107post-wash treatments, 686potassium, 107potassium alum, 663potassium bichromate, 107potassium bromide, 107, 660potassium cyanide, 107potassium chloropatinate, 107potassium iodide, 107potassium ferricyanide, 107potassium nitrate, 108potassium oxalate, 108potlatch, 480–484Pouncy, J., 59Poupee Project, 182Powell, R.J., 238power, 734PowerBook laptop computers, 304pragnanz, law of, 465Praxinoscope, 805


Index 837

precision astrometry, 510pre-coated dry plates, 188pre-coated photographic papers, 188pre-fixation physical development, 68,

656, 657pre-flashing, 555pre-focused cameras, 327preservation of images, 507Pressman, Roger, 482“pre-visualization” notion, 229primary color filters, 798primary data, 411Prince, Richard, 187Principal Components Analysis (PCA),

420print, 108print backing cards, 343print bleaching, 687print coaters, 317print drying and flattening, archival

processing, 690–691printed-out images, 86print exposure, 674print films, 709printing, 680–682

changes in, 454contact, 65digital, 429directing viewer’s eye, 681–682exposing for highlights, 680tuning shadows with contrast, 680–681

printing frame, 108printing maps, 676printing-out/printing-out papers, 108printing press, 439Printletter magazine, 223print life expectancy, 459print on demand (POD), 454print portfolios, 474Print Quality Information, 700prints, 456

displaying, 459preserving, 457, 459quality of, 674–678storage of, 691–692

prismatic images, 181Prizmacolor, 696pro-am sex photography, 203Procedures and Standard Practices, 372Proceedings of the Entomological Society

of London, 518processes

development, 655–660direct, or chemical, development,

657–660physical development, 656–657

post-development, 662fixation, 662–663stop bath, 662toning, 663–664washing, 663

processing equipment, 298, 299process lenses, 726processor, array, 427Pro-Digital SLR cameras, 466Professional Photographers of American

(PPofA), 353professional three-bath process (P-3X),

710profile architecture, 399profile connection space (PCS), 398, 399projected area, 734projectile arming mechanisms, 517Projecting Phenakistoscope, 805projection, 803–806projection enlarging, 73projection printing, 788projector lenses, 726Prokudin-Gorski, Sergei, 693proliferation of photography, 35–36promenade, 108Prontor shutter, 772proofreading, 364ProPhoto RGB output-referred

encoding, 398Proportionality Law, 388props, 323, 352, 474Prosch Duplex shutters, 58prosumer, 727protons, 567, 569protosulfate of iron, 77proximal remote sensing, 604pseudo-coloring, 433pseudo-stochastic pattern, 366Public Bath House, 202Public Relations, 293publishing, future of, 453–455

changes in printing, 454defined, 453digital divide, 454electronic publications, 455e-paper, 455Extensible Markup Language (XML),

455Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP),

455lessons learned, 454–455more democratic publishing network,

454overview, 453and photography, 453–454rich content creation, 455

pulsed-xenon flash tubes, 793“pure” aesthetics, 289“pure photography,” 257Puritanism, 203push-processing, 651p-Well region, 371pyrogallic acid, 108pyroxylin, 108

Qqualitatively, 186qualitative microscopy, 599quantitative microscopy, 599quantity sufficient (QS), 108quantization, 359–360quantum efficiency, 371, 385quantum mechanical photon theories,

711quantum physics, 360Quantum Th eory, 382quarter plate, 108quarter-wave coating, 713quartz-iodide, 760quartz watch, 306quasars, 509quasi-mystical material, 231QuickSnap cameras, 782QuickTime Player, 477QuickTime virtual reality (QTVR), 480quinonediamine, 661quinone formation, 660quinoxaline, 703QV-10 cameras, 782

Rrack-work slide projection, 803radar, 382, 646radian, 734radiance, 383, 384, 735, 737radiance map, 480radiant excitance, 383radiant exitance, 384, 734radiant flux, 734Radiant Identities, 202radiant intensity, 383, 384, 735radiant power, 384radiate photonic energies, 418radiation, 26, 28, 32, 37, 39, 43, 51, 64,

76, 317, 382, 383, 385, 389, 396, 459, 467, 636, 638, 639, 641, 642, 649, 658, 660, 661, 663, 664, 671, 672, 683–686

radiation-emitting parts, 513radiation laws, 382radical art, 229radioactivity, 566


838 Index

radiographs, 305radiology, 319radiometric quantities, 383radiometric source measurement, 737radiometric units, 383, 384radiometry, 383, 733–735radiopharmaceutical, defined, 569radio radiation, 607radiosity, 403radiation weighting factor, 567Rand, Michael, 225Randall, Suze, 202Random Access Memory (RAM), 427,

433rangefinder cameras, 779rapid fixers, 663, 683raster, 433raster graphics, 433raster image file format (RIFF), 433raster image processor (RIP), 433rasterization, 359raster unit, 433Rau, William H., 184Rauschenberg, Robert, 183, 207, 282–283raw device coordinates, 397RAW files, 458, 468, 507raw imagery, 449raw sensor response coordinates, 397Ray, Man (Emmanuel Rudnitsky), 182,

183, 239, 244, 274, 283, 286, 470Ray-Jones, Tony, 197, 225Rayleigh criterion, 714Rayographs, 182, 283ray tracing, 612RC papers, 652Rea, Douglas Ford, 441Reade, Joseph Bancroft, 81, 132reading devices, 362read-only memory (ROM), 433Reage, Pauline, 201realism, 183, 191, 195, 239, 244, 248,

283, 293, 340, 647, 680rear-projection cameras, 345reception area, of studios, 476receptive field, 636reciprocity failure, 644–645Reciprocity Law, 644, 665Recordak Reliant 500 Microfilmer, 312recording of digital codes, 360recrystallization, 69rectilinear, defined, 480rectilinear lens, 176redevelopment, 109“red eye” removal, 400red/green filters, 401redheads, 760

redox, 655redox catalyst, 703red-sensitive emulsion layer, 705reducing agents, 68, 655, 657reducing/reduction, 109reductionists, 229reduction lenses, 726redundancy, 361, 364red visible light, 557Reeb, Otto, 753Reed, Martin, 689reference beams, 552refixing, 688reflectance, 748reflectance factor, 385reflected-light meters, 735reflecting screen, 109reflection holograms, 552reflections, 519reflective light meters, 738, 739reflectors, 508, 509reflex mirrors, 726reformist photography, 195–197refract, 176refraction, 712refractive dispersion, 712, 717refractive index, 624, 712refractive lenses, 719Regester, Gary, 761Regnault, Henry Victor, 132re-halogenating bleach, 664Reichenbach, Henry, 78Rejlander, Oscar Gustave, 40relay lenses, 726relievo, 109remap, 480Rembrandt lighting, 109remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 623remote sensing, 501, 560, 604–609Rencontres d’Arles, 220RenderMan, 614Renger-Patzsch, Albert, 283rental studios, 471re-orientate art, 182repeating back, 109reproduction ratio, 587resin coated image oxidation, 691resin coated paper (CCO), 709, 710resin coated prints, 690resolution, 378–382, 426, 427, 433, 480,

598, 648–649resolution equation, 598resolving power (RP), 714, 718resorcinol, 657Resource Description Framework

(RDF), 415

restrainers, 109, 660retardates, 241retina, 385, 581, 629retinal architecture, 629retinal ganglion cells, 632, 633retinal periphery, 631re-touching, 109–110retrofocus, 726retrofocus lenses, 720retro-reflective screens, 514reverse osmosis, 646reverse telephoto lenses, 720revolving back, 110revolving background, 110RF digital cameras, 466RGB, defined, 433RGB color image encodings, 397, 398RGB filters, 365Rheinberg, Julius, 599Rheinberg illumination, 599ribbons, 92Rice, John Andrew, 217Richard Avedon Studio, 242Richards, Eugene, 197, 283Richardson, Bob, 200Richter, Gerhard, 183rights-managed (RM) business model,

352Riis, Jacob, 71, 196, 335Rijlander, Oscar, 468RIMM RGB input-referred color image

encoding, 397ring flash lighting, 528ring-illumination, 527ripeners, 687ripening, 34, 110

Ostwald ripening, 649of silver halide emulsions, 645

ripple firing, 547rising-falling fronts, 325Riston dry film photopolymer, 305Ritts, Herb, 202Roberts, H. Armstrong, 350Roberts, Richard S., 235Robertson, James, 31, 39Robinson, Henry Peach, 40, 340, 468robotic observatories, 512robustness, and instrument selection,

753Roccella tintoria, 92Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT),

213, 692rock ammonia, 41rocking dish, 110Rodchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich,

229, 283, 347


Index 839

rod photoreceptors, 635rods, 385rod system, 632Roh, 229Rollei 35 cameras, 780Rolleidoscope, 774Rolleiflex twin lens cameras, 775Rolleiflex, 189, 199, 775Rolleiflex SL 66 cameras, 780Rolleiflex SLX cameras, 781roller squeegee, 110roll holder, 110rolling press, 110Rolling Stone, 266Roll Jordan Roll, 237Rome, 263room illumination, 326Roosevelt, Franklin, 196Root, Marcus Aurelius, 40Roots, 237Rosen, Michael, 203Rosen, M.R., 419, 420Rosenblum, Naomi, 233Rosenthal, Joe, 447Rosenthaler, Lukas, 357, 358Rosetta stone, 360Rosler, Martha, 186rotating drum systems, 540rotating mirror cameras, 540rotating mirror systems, 518rotating prism compensation, 540Rothko, Mark, 213Rothstein, Arthur, 284rotogravure, 192, 642rottenstone, 110rouge, 110Rouillé, André, 233Roux Color systems, 694Roversi, Paolo, 204Royal Armament Research and

Development Establishment (RARDE), 515

Royal Microscopical Society (RMS), 588Royal Photographic Society, 216royalties, 352royalty-free (RF) business model, 353royalty-free imagery, 350rubber cement, 110Rubin, Edgar, 461ruby glass, 62, 110ruby light, 110Ruff , Th omas, 187RUN, defined, 433run-time error, 433Ruscha, Edward, 185, 284Russell, Major, 40

Russian Constructivists, 181Russotti, Patti, 358Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris, 508

SSabattier, Aramand, 132Sabattier eff ect, 182Sachlichkeit, Neue, 283, 286safe edge, 110–111safelights, 68, 111safety base, 650sagittal focus, 716sal ammoniac, 41Salgado, Sebastião, 197, 284Salomon, Erich, 284–285, 774salt, 111salted paper prints, 73, 75saltpetre, 111salt producer, 85Samaras, Lucas, 187, 285sampling, 359Sampson, Dr. Gary, 179sandarac, 111Sander, August, 182, 196–197, 225,

285–286, 464Sanders, Scott, 335Sarah Lawrence University, 216Sashalite flashbulbs, 755saturation, 465Savile, Jenny, 204Sayce, B. J., 33scalar law, 743scaling, 433scan coils, 530scanners, 299, 364–365

defined, 433–434light seepage, 523

scanning, defined, 480scanning cameras, 338scanning electron microscopy (SEM),

507, 529, 530, 534scanning/slit camera, 480scanning tunneling microscopy (STM),

531scan-o-grams, 422–425scattered light, 29, 63, 651, 679scene-referred color encodings, 396Schad, Christian, 181, 286Schadographs, 286Schatz, Howard, 329Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 27, 132Schiempflug, Th eodor, 795Schinzel, K., 701Schisler, 440Schlessinger, Peter, 220schlieren, 514

Schlieren photography, 547, 610–612, 621

Schmidt cameras, 509Schneider, Wilhelm, 698Schonbien, Christian Fredrich, 60, 85School of Photographic Arts and

Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 441

school photography, 344–346Schorr, Collier, 204Schulze, Johann Heinrich, 27, 132, 641Schweitzer, Albert, 335science as art, 492–496scientific imaging, 500scientific photography, 469scientific visualization, 612–614Scitex computer systems, 486S-cones, 385, 632, 743Scotch® Cellophane Tape, 319Scotchlite™ Reflective Sheeting, 319scotopic vision, 385, 643Scott, Chuck, 446–447scratch disk, 434screen, reflecting, 109screen display, 434Scurlock, Addison, 235Sebert, General, 525security and insurance, for studio space,

474security systems, 474Seebeck, Th omas Johann, 63, 133seeing digitally, 465–466Seguin, Augustin, 764Seguin, Laurent, 764Seidel aberrations, 716Seiko Epson Corporation, 306Sekula, Alan, 232sel d’or, 29, 39, 67, 111selective absorption, 37selenium cells, 739selenium-polysulfide toners, 688selenium toning, 664, 688self-censoring, 448self-luminous specimens, 500self-masking, 111, 705, 709self-portrait, 111self-processing films, 771self-publishing, 454self-toning paper, 111semiconductor production equipment,

304semi-silvered mirrors, 800Senebier, Jean, 27sensing, wavefront, 636sensitivity function, 385sensitivity parameters, 378


840 Index

sensitizationchemical, 649optical, 115spectral, 115

sensitizer, 111sensitizing dyes, 695sensitometry, 35, 111, 645sensor chips, 504sensor plane, 385sensors, 365, 387, 391, 504sensory system, 629sentences, 360separations, 434sepia toning, 664Serchuk, Michele, 203serial port, 434Serios, Ted, 468“set up” pictures, 447Seurat, George, 180shadow bands, 610shadow density, 665, 667shadowgraphs, 514, 563, 610–612shadows, 671, 680–681Shahn, Ben, 236Shannon, Claude, 361sharpening filters, 407sharpening parameters, 378Sharp Focus Realism, 183sharpness, 648–649shatter shutters, 541Shawcross, H., 49ShawGuide, 221Sheeler, Charles, 225, 286shellac, 111Sheridan, Sonia Landy, 286Sherman, Cindy, 203, 277, 286–287shipping area, professional studio, 476Shonziet, Ben, 183shooting area, professional studio,

475–476short stop, 662short wavelength radio waves, 711short wavelength sensitivity, 388short X-ray pulses, 517shot cameras, 541“shotgun” pictures, 251shrinking photographs, 468shutters, 112, 771

cloud, 61pneumatic, 105

shutter speeds, 80, 328, 349, 401, 665, 674

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), 609

Siembab, Carl, 206sievert (Sv), 569

silicon, 371, 385silicon intensified tube (SIT), 594silicon photocells, 740silver, 112silver bath/silver solution, 112silver behenate, 641silver bromide, 112, 644, 660silver bromide emulsions, 72silver bromide gelatin dry tintypes, 70silver chloride, 112, 644silver chloride printing-out processes, 68silver dye-bleach, 700–710silver estimators, 685silver ferricyanide complex, 664silver halide, 112

emulsions, 641–646future of, 649grains, 641–645use of, 641

silver-halide photography, 301, 664–670archival processing, 682–688

fixing, 683–686image deterioration, 691image permanence, 692image stabilization, 689print drying and flattening,

690–691print storage, 691–692toning, 686–688washing, 688–689

film exposure, 665–666film speed and development

customizing, 671–674image quality, 664negative development and contrast

control, 666–670negative quality, 664–665paper contrast, 678–680photographic printing, 680–682print quality, 674–678Zone System, 670–671

silver iodide, 113, 644, 704, 706silver ions, 691silver-laden fixers, 683silver mercapto, 708silver nitrate, 113, 645silver nuclei, 69silver-plated copper plates, 66silver speck, 656silver stains, 113silver sulfide, 113, 646silver thiosulfate levels, 685Silvy, Camille, 40Simon, Else, 279Simpson, Coreen, 237Simpson, George Warton, 33, 133

Simpson, Lorna, 238simpsontype process, 113simulacra, 183sine waves, 621single-candle japanned tin lanterns, 805single lenses, 585single-lens-reflex (SLR) cameras, 340,

519, 593, 602, 725singlet oxygen, 654single transfer, 113siphons, 68, 113Sirotta, Milton, 591Siskind, Aaron, 217, 287Sistan, 689Sistan silver stabilizers, 686SI units, 735sixteen-shot/one-area array sensor with

Bayer pattern, 368sixth plate, 113Skaife, T., 513Skaife method, 58sky filters, 723skylight, 113skylight filters, 723sky negative, 113sky surveys, 509slide films, 625slip-in mount, 113–114slit cameras, 480slot die, 647, 649slotted plate boxes, 49slow emulsion, 651slow peaks, 756slow scan, 434Small Computer Systems Interface

(SCSI), 434“smart” CMM, 400smigration models, 364Smith, Eugene W., 335Smith, Hamilton, 32, 76, 93Smith, Henry Holmes, 212, 213, 218,

224, 253Smith, W. Eugene, 193, 194, 225, 226,

283, 287, 340Smithson, Robert, 185smoothing filters, 434snapshot aesthetic, 347, 348snapshot photography, 346–349Snow, Michael, 186Sobel filters, 409social documentary photography,

448–449social landscape, 231social values, 449Society for Photographic Education

(SPE), 213–215, 222


Index 841

Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), 373

sodium, 114sodium acetate, 114sodium carbonate, 114, 660sodium chloride, 114sodium citrate, 114sodium sulfide, 114sodium sulfide toners, 687sodium sulfite, 114sodium tetraborate, 660sodium thiosulfate, 114, 662, 705, 707softboxes, 766soft-copy workstations, 504softfocus, 348soft focus lenses, 720, 726soft light, 333SoftSun light, 763software bugs, 481–482Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s

Approach, 482software interface, 753software packages for imaging, 299solar enlargements, 32, 65, 73, 114–115solarization, 182solid state imaging sensors, 370–371solubilization, 683soluble silver thiosulfate, 683solution physical development, 69solvents, 657Sommer, Frederick, 287–288Somnambulist, Th e, 255Sonneman, Eve, 186Sonstadt, Edward, 754Sontag, Susan, 211, 227, 232, 266Sony, 319Sony Mavica camera, 319Sony radios, 319Sorrenti, Mario, 204Souls of Black Folk, Th e, 234sound tape/slide synchronizer, 805source material, 478, 480Southworth, Albert Sands, 30, 216space photography, 321, 614–616Space Shuttle Earth Observations

Program, 615spark chambers, 580spark gaps, 546–547spatial filters, 728spatial frequencies, 649, 718, 728spatial resolution, 598specialized application enlarging

systems, 799–801specific gravity, 115Spectral Colorimetry, 420spectral color reproductions, 418, 419

spectral energy distributions, 382spectral gamut mapping, 420spectral imaging, 418–422spectral irradiance distribution, 383spectral locus, 391spectrally non-opponent processes, 390spectrally opponent processes, 390spectral power distribution, 383spectral radiance measurements, 741spectral radiant energy, 738spectral reflectance calibration, 749spectral reproduction, 419spectral response function, 738, 741spectral sensitivity, 26, 34, 35, 42, 49,

55, 66, 370, 393, 644, 650, 654, 665, 668, 686

spectral sensitization, 115, 644spectral spaces, 419spectrofluorimeters, 313, 489, 750, 752spectrophotometers, 747–751

bidirectional, 750–751components, 748–749hemispherical, 751–752

spectroradiometers, 749–750spectroscopic plates, 509spectroscopy, 650specular component excluded (SCE),

752specular component included (SCI), 752specular component included (SPIN),

752specular highlights, 664specular port, 752specular reflection, 712Speed Graphic cameras, 773Speed Graphics, 195speed-increasing developer, 651Speed Midget flashbulbs, 755speed point, 678speleological photographers, 523Speranskaya, N.I., 389spherical, defined, 176spherical aberration (SA), 55, 176, 716spherical projection, 478, 480spike oil, 115Spill, Daniel, 77spirit lamps, 74spirit photography, 115, 337, 468spirits of hartshorn, 41split-diopter lenses, 726split toned, 46split-tone eff ects, 688sports photography, 349–350spot metering, 738spots, black, 47“spot-tone” ink, 447

spurious triggering, 515square-law detectors, 711sRGB output-referred encoding, 398sRGB sensors, 396S-shaped plot, 645stabilizers, 646stable images, 27stained glass, 83Staite, William, 758Stampfer, Simon, 764Standard Colorimetric Observer, 745Standard Photopic Observer, 748standards and imaging materials,

372–376American National Standards

Institute, 372–373importance of standards, 372International Standards Organization,

373Stanford, Leland, 764stanhope, 115–116Stanhope lenses, 62star filters, 728Starn Twins, 183star trail photography, 578State of Digital Preservation: An

International Perspective, 363static memory, 434static random access memory (SRAM),

434status filters, 728Stebbing, Professor E., 58Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law, 382, 383Steichen, Edward Jean, 184, 191, 197,

198–199, 205, 209, 210, 229, 232, 288, 343

Stein, Gertrude, 268Stein, Th eodor, 532Steiner, Ralph, 288Steinert, Otto, 288steradian, 383stereo chronocyclegraph, 255stereo microscopes, 587stereo-optic photography, 477stereo-pairs, 583stereo photography, 116, 729stereoposis, 636stereopsis, 634stereoscope, 116stereoscopic Sonne cameras, 620Stern, Bert, 201Stieglitz, Alfred, 181, 184, 188, 191, 205,

208, 209, 226, 228, 229, 232, 235, 251, 287–289, 470, 772

Stiles, W.S., 389Still, Clyff ord, 212–213


842 Index

still-life photography, 324–325, 338still video, 434stink, 87stitching, 339, 478, 480stochastic eff ect, 569stock image libraries, 350Stock Photographs: Fort Worth Fat Stock

Show and Rodeo, 293stock photography, 330, 350–353Stolze numbers, 588Stone Country, 335stop-action dance photographs, 328stop bath, 662stoppers, 71stops

cloud, 61Waterhouse, 121

storage, 414–415, 458–459Story of O, Th e, 201“straight” photography, 229, 277Strand, Paul, 229, 235, 289, 505stray light, 660, 662streak cameras, 540streak photography, 616–620street fashion, 203Street Life in London, 71, 335street photography, 231, 273Streetwise, 197stretching photographs, 468strip-chart recorders, 617strip photography, 616–620stripping, 34, 77strobe lights, 625stroboscope, 251, 664, 668, 669stroboscopic eff ects, 766stroboscopic flash, 526, 550stroboscopic light, 525strontium, 116strontium bromide, 116strontium chloride, 116strontium iodide, 116structural metadata, 412structured information, 455Strum, Johann, 51Struth, Th omas, 289Struthe, Th omas, 187Stryker, Roy Emerson, 196, 230, 236,

244, 266, 281, 284, 289, 294Stuart, Roy, 203studio lighting, 471studio portraiture, 50studios, 116–117

amateur, 476artist, 476counters for, 476location, 476–477

professional, 475–476safe environments, 475space considerations, 472–474

Sturges, Jock, 202style sheets, 455subbing, 117subcortical centers, 636subcortical nuclei, 630subject brightness range (SBR), 665sub-sampled images, 371subscription business model, 353substage condenser, 675substantive portfolios, 327subtractive color, 117, 695–700subtractive dyeformers, 697subtractive filtration systems, 799subtractive primary dyes, 699Suburbia, 197Sudek, Josef, 289–290suff ering, pictures of, 335Sugimoto, Hiroshi, 290sulfide toners, 688sulfites, 660, 707sulfite salts, 660sulfuric acid, 117sulfuric ether, 74sulfur toning, 117Sultan, Larry, 197, 204Super 8 sound movie cameras, 312superconducting magnet, 569Super Kodak Six-20 camera, 777SuperMac Proof Positive Dye

Sublimation printers, 487supersonic projectiles, 548supplementary lenses, 585, 726suprachiasmatic nucleus, 630supreme wide angle (SWA), 779surface measurements, 737surface reflectance, 385surface transmittance (Ts), 722surfactant, 117Surgery Th rough the Ages, 259surrealism, 182, 186, 229surveillance photography, 604Survey of Photographic Instruction, 210Surviving Torture, 449Süsstrunk, Sabine, 358Sutton, Th omas, 33, 35, 133, 693Svema, 319Swan, Joseph Wilson, 33, 34, 59, 133, 757Sweet Flypaper of Life, Th e, 236, 250Swift, Jonathan, 282swing lens panoramic Widelux 140, 779SX-70 cameras, 189SX70 SLR cameras, 781symbolic associations, 464

symmetrical, defined, 176symmetrical lens configurations, 719Symmetry Law, 388sympathetic triggering, 550synapse, 636synchroballistic cameras, 515, 619synchronization, 515, 541system alignment, enlarger

construction, 796System Probatoire pour l’Observation

de la Terre (SPOT), 615Szarkowski, John Th addeus, 207, 209,

222, 224, 225, 226, 232, 233, 265, 290, 348

TT80 35mm SLR cameras, 782tableaux vivants, 184table top photography, 461Tachyscope, 805Taft, Robert, 231Tagg, John, 233tagged image file format (TIFF), 434tailboard, 57, 117Talbot, William Henry Fox, 28, 38, 51,

55–57, 60, 74, 77, 79, 81, 86, 87, 133–134, 181, 188, 494, 518, 546, 592, 641, 664, 763

Talbot imaging, 714Talbotypes, 51, 117tangential focus, 716tannic acid, 117Taupenot’s process, 39, 117tautomerization reactions, 704Taylor, J. Traill, 754technical committees (TC), 374technical evolution of photography in

19th century, 27art of photography, 31–32Bayard, Hyppolyte, 29business of photography, 30–31calotype, 29–30collodion variants, 32–33concepts of photography, 27daguerreotypes, 28–29Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé, 28first attempts at photography, 27flexible films, 34–35gelatin emulsions and modern era,

33–34glimpses of color, 35Herschel, Sir John, 29negatives on glass, 31Nicéphore Niépce, Joseph, 27–28paper photography, 28–29permanency concerns, 33


Index 843

Ponton, Mungo, 29proliferation of photography, 35–36race for acknowledgement, 1839, 29sensitometry, 35wet plate process, 31

technical photography, 321, 620–622Technicolor Corporation, 695, 696Technika cameras, 777technological obsolescence, 456Teenage Lust, 247teleconverter lenses, 726teleconverters, 586, 719telephoto lenses, 314, 522, 586, 719, 726telescopes, 508, 509television, 26, 56, 192, 193, 211, 236,

306, 307, 311, 312, 319, 336, 340, 349, 373, 422, 429, 430, 432, 447, 451, 481, 642, 647, 648, 659, 661, 669, 674, 679–681

Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS-1), 605

Teller, Jurgen, 204temperature, 117–118temporal domains, 500Tenant, John, 229tents, 118–119terabyte, 434Tesla, Nikola, 761testimony, 229testing gear, 489–491Testino, Mario, 204test-measurement instruments, 308test strips, 680textbooks, 351textured highlights, 671textured shadows, 671T-grains, 699thalamus, 636Th aumatrope, 805theatrical photography, 329–330thermal imaging, 560–561

astronomy, 561–562medical, 562night vision/remote surveillance, 562

thermal vibrations, 561thermometer, 118Th ibodeau, Kennith, 363thin film transistors, 569thiosulfate, 688thiosulfate salts, 662thiourea, 687Th irteen Seconds in Chennai, 336Th irty-Four Parking Lots in Los Angeles,

284Th omas, Ann, 493, 494Th omas, John, 335, 505

Th omas, Lew, 253Th ompson, William, 623Th omson, John, 71Th oreau, Henry David, 282Th ornley, Joe, 758three-axis positioning control, 795three-dimensional laser scanning

cameras, 507three-shot/one monochrome area

array sensor with RGB filter wheel, 367–368

three-stop push, 651through-the-lens (TTL) metering, 298,

587, 738Th yristor light-measuring circuitry, 195tide pools, 520TIFF files, 360, 434, 458Till, Emmett, 236Tillmans, Wolgang, 204tilt range, 480time-dependent image decomposition,

655time-lapse, 292, 622–623timing

arithmetic, 674–675geometric, 675–678

tint, 653tinting, 118tintypes, 32, 57, 62, 76, 118“tipping” point, 360titanium dioxide pigments, 654, 691Toepler, August, 610Tokyo, 263Tomatsu, Shomei, 290tomography, 565, 569tonalist, 188tone, 653tone mapping, 402toner, blue, 48toner stop baths, 687toning, 118, 663–664, 686–688Torero, Ruven Afanador, 204total internal reflection, 712total internal reflection fluorescence

microscopy (TIRFM), 602Totnes, George, 255Tournachon, Gaspard Felix, 501“tousle-haired” Lincoln, 343Towell, Larry, 335Trachtenberg, Alan, 233tracing paper, 118trackball, 434trademarks, 352trade organizations, and stock

photography, 353trade-school photography programs, 321

tradition, 26, 70, 182–184, 186, 197, 207, 216, 228, 230, 231, 235, 250, 283, 286, 287, 306, 325, 329, 330, 441

traditional photography, 444tragedy, pictures of, 335trajectory tracking, 517transaction photography, 218transfers, 118transitioning to digital imaging,

445–446Transitivity Law, 388transmission electron microscopes

(TEM), 529, 530transmittance, 748transmittance calibration, 749transmitted intensity (It), 722transmitted light, 467transparency, 118–119, 709transparent material (CCT), 709, 710transparent nitrocellulose roll film, 311transverse chromatic aberrations, 717transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave,

711Treatise on Painting, 468trichromacy, 743trichromatic systems, 387, 744trichromatic theory of color vision,

388–393CIE colorimetry, 390–393color matching functions, 388–389cone fundamentals, 389–390opponent color modulations, 390

trick perspective, 733tricolor exposures, 798–799trigger electrode, 549trigger pulse, 549triggers, 666trigger systems, 550tri-linear arrays, 364–365trimmers, 119tripods, 26, 30, 58, 69, 119, 298, 447,

477, 480, 640, 674tripoli, 119tristimulus values, 388, 391, 392Troili, Jean Paul, 202true colors, 434truth, 452Tuberville, Deborah, 202Tulsa, 247tungsten-filament illuminants, 385tungsten-halide gas molecules, 759tungsten-halogen lamps, 547, 759–760tungsten illuminance, 741tungsten-light photography, 757Turtle, 415Tuskegee University, 234


844 Index

Tuttle, F.J., 540Twen magazine, 222Twenty-Six Gasoline Stations, 284Twiggy, 201twilight photography, 577–580twin lens reflex (TLR), 770, 775two-bath processes, 707“Two Ways of Life,” 40

UUCSD Pascal project, 485Uelsmann, Jerry N., 187, 253, 278,

290–291Ulmann, Doris, 237, 291Ultrachrome inks, 487Ultrasonic Ranging Systems, 318Ultrasound, 568ultraviolet (UV) absorbing barrier

filters, 533ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence, 533ultraviolet (UV) photography, 538ultraviolet (UV) rays, 119ultraviolet (UV) regions, 533ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, 602umbrella tent, 119underdevelopment, 119underexposure, 119, 665–666undersampling, 434underscanning, 434Under the Looking Glass, 280under water cameras, 507underwater photography, 321Unicode Consortium, 415Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), 412uniform resource locator (URL), 412, 480Uniform Standard (US) system, 119Union Case, 120United Negro Improvement Association

(UNIA), 235Universal Serial Bus (USB), 434universal three-dimensional format

(U3D), 455unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 507unsharp masking filter, 434Upatnieks, Juris, 551uranium, 119–120uranyl chloride, 120uranyl nitrate, 120Urbac, Raoul, 183Urformen der Kunst (Archetypes of Art,

1928), 243USA Today, 192user interface, 480U.S. News & World Reports, 339U.S. syndication agencies, 330Utrillo, Maurice, 180

Vvacuum back, 650Valiant Knights of Daguerre, Th e, 232Valley, Th e, 204Van Bogart, John W.C., 362Van de Capelle, Jean-Pierre, 358Van Der Zee, James, 235, 291Van Dyck, Anthony, 49Van Dyke, Willard, 288Vanity cameras, 775Vanity Fair, 266van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni, 592vantage points, 349Van Vechten, Carl, 235variable contrast (VC) filter numbers,

679–680variable contrast filtration, 723, 795variable contrast papers, 653–654, 795variable focal length lenses, 726varnish, 120

black, 47negative, 96

vascular layer, 636vascular plexuses, 629Vectograph 3-D pictures, 316vector graphics, 434Vegetable Locomotion series, 253veiling light, 81, 632, 636velocity recording cameras, 617Velox, 81ventilation, 120veracity, 184Verichrome film, 189Verne, Jules, 623verreotypes, 41, 62vertical baths, 46vertical blanking interval (VBI), 434vertical CCD shift register, 371vertical strip holograms, 553very high frequency (VHF), 434Vest Pocket cameras, 775, 777Victoria card, 120video

digital, 429still, 434

video cameras, 253, 299, 301, 319, 423, 430, 477, 488, 650, 680

videocassette recorder (VCR), 372, 434video color negative analyzer (VCNA),

434video display terminal/visual display

terminal (VDT), 434video display unit (VDU), 434video floppy system (VFS), 434video graphics array (VGA), 434videography, 320, 333

Video Home System (VHS), 434video random-access memory (VRAM),

434–435video systems, for ballistics research,

518videotape recorder (VTR), 434Vierkotter, Paul, 754–755Vierkotter/Ostermeyer flashbulbs, 755Vietnam Inc., 261view camera perspective controls,

732–733view cameras, 323viewer, 480viewer’s eye, directing, 681–682viewfinders, 770“View from the Window at Le Gras,” 28viewing angle, 732viewing distance, 731–732, 737viewing filters, 723view states, 480vignette, 120–121vignetting, 715Village Voice, Th e, 203vinegar syndrome, 650vintage photograph, 187virtual images, 121, 715virtual objects, 403virtual reality (VR), 477–480Virtual Reality Modeling Language

(VRML), 480viruses, 435Visa Pour L’image, 449Vishniac, Roman, 292visible light, 492visible radiation, 382, 499visible spectrums, 386Vision cameras, 318visual adaptation, 634–635visual anthropologists, 505visual axis, 631visual consciousness, 635visual cortex (V1), 630visual cortical neurons, 633–634visualization, 403, 467, 612, 671visual language, 505visual lethargy, 226“Visual Literacy” movement, 349visual metaphors, 443visual similes, 443visual spectrum, 26Visual Studies Workshop (VSW), 220,

268Vitrona cameras, 780Viviscope, 805Vivitar, 195VIVO cooperative agency, 290


Index 845

Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm, 35, 64, 72, 88, 134, 693, 695

Vogue, 198, 199, 200, 201Voigtländer, Peter Wilhelm Friedrich,

134Voigtländer Bessa roll camera, 775voltage regulators, 793voltage stabilizers, 793von Goethe, J.W., 390von Steinheil, Carl August, 133von Wangenheim, Chris, 202Vortographs, 181, 247Vos, J.J., 389voyeurism, 198vulcanologists, 562Vu magazine, 192, 229

WW3C markup language, 415Wagstaff , Sam, 208, 270, 470Wainwright, 71Waldack, Charles, 92Walker, William H., 58, 78Walkup, Liberty, 38Walski, Brian, 451Wandell, B.A., 390war coverage, 194–195Warhol, Andy, 183, 207, 292Warnerke, Leon (Vladislav

Malakhovskil), 35, 134Warnock, John, 302washed emulsion, 121Washington, Booker T., 234Waterhouse, J., 72Waterhouse stop, 121waterproof cameras, 519Watkins, Carleton, 70Watson, Ella, 281Watzek, Hans, 264waveforms, 711wavefronts, 711wavefront sensing, 632, 636wavelength sampling interval, 753wavelength-tunable lasers, 534wavelength ultraviolet radiation, 795wave theory, 121, 711wax, 121waxed paper process, 121weather satellites, 614web coaters, 647Weber, Bruce, 202–203Webertype contrast function, 390Wedding Day, 235wedding photography, 353–354Wedgwood, Th omas, 27, 55, 60, 73, 79,

134, 592, 641

WeeGee (Arthur Fellig), 207, 292Weems, Carrie Mae, 237, 238, 292–293Weigert, Dedo, 760Wein’s Law, 556Welch, Hugh, 569Welpott, Jack, 227Wenderoth, Frederick, 88Werkbund, Deutscher, 229Werner, Otto, 63Wernerke, Leon, 58Wertheimer, Dr. Max, 463Wescott, W. Burton, 695Wester, Rick, 208Western arts, 180Westfall, Chuck, 301Westminster Scales, 572Weston, Charis, 464Weston, Edward, 229, 230, 240, 243,

266, 287, 293, 462, 464wet-collodion method, 83wet collodion plates, 508wet collodion process, 62, 121wet-mate accessory lenses, 624wet plate process, 31wet plate technique, 31wetting agents, 646Wheatstone, Charles, 134, 763whey process, 122Whipple, John, 31, 38–39, 66whirlers, 122Whistler, 188White, Clarence Hudson, 36, 212, 244,

291, 293White, E. Ken, 265White, Minor, 212, 217, 218, 220,

223–224, 231, 246, 272, 293white balancing, 377, 402whitened camera, 122white-points, 399Whitman, Walt, 225whole plates, 85, 122wide angle (WA) lenses, 791wide-angle eff ect, 732wide-angle lenses, 522, 726–727widescreens, 338width-to-height aspect ratio, 338Wien’s Displacement Law, 382Wilhelm, Carl, 79William Mortensen School of

Photography, 277Williams, Pat Ward, 238Williamson, Jack, 623Willis, Deborah, 234Willis, William, 33, 77, 134Willis’ process, 122Wilmanns, Gustav, 698

Wilson, Andrew, 456Wilson, Charis, 293Wilson cloud chambers, 580windows (computers), 435windows, in studio, 473Wing, Simon, 57Wing camera, 122Winger, Debra, 201Winogrand, Garry, 231–232, 293–294,

348wire photos, 192Withers, Earnest C., 236Witkin, Joel Peter, 294Witkin, Lee, 207, 211Witkin Gallery, 207Wolcott, Alexander, 56, 134Wolcott, Marion Post, 236, 294Wolcott cameras, 56Wolin, Jeff , 335Wollaston, William Hyde, 55Wollaston prism, 600Women, 266Women Are Beautiful, 293Women in Photography International

Archive, 209Wood, Grant, 236Wood, Robert Williams, 557Woodbury, Walter Bentley, 59, 134–135Woodburytypes, 59, 122Wood Eff ect, 557Woodman, Frencesca, 186Woods glass, 533, 534Woods glass filters, 534word processing, 435Workers: An Archaeology of the

Industrial Age, 197work flow delineation, 221workshops, 215–221, 476

current trends and future directions, 221–222

modern workshops, 217–221origins of, 216–217

World History of Photography, A, 233, 325World War II, impact on photography,

199–200World Wide Web, 480Worth, Charles, 198Wothlytype, 122wrapped, defined, 480Wratten, Frederick Charles Luther, 71,

135Wratten 90 orange filter, 465Wratten filters, 741–742write, defined, 435write once read many (WORM), 435write-protected, 435


846 Index

writing speeds, 543“writing with light,” 453Wüller, Dietmar, 358Wundt illusion, 461

XX-chromosome visual pigment genes,

633Xenon arc lamps, 542Xenon gas lamps, 547X-rays, 188, 305, 382, 499, 563, 622, 641,

650, 661xylonite, 77XYZ tristimulus values, 745

Yyaw, 480YCbCr spaces, 395YCC spaces, 395

yellow filter layers, 704yellow glass, 122YIQ, 435Yosemite Workshop, 220Young, Th omas, 692, 742Young, William, 696Young-Helmholtz, 388, 633Young theory, 122–123Yule-Nielsen Spectral Neugebauer

model, 420

ZZagara, Frank A., 210Zakia, Richard, 439Zapruder, Abraham, 340Zee, Van Der, 235Zeiss, Carl, 135, 313, 319–320, 592, 772Zeiss Biotessar lenses, 308Zeiss Contax I, 775

Zeiss lenses, 779Zeiss Luminar lenses, 320Zenith, 480Zenker, Wilhelm, 63Zernike, Frits, 599zero lumens, 753zero perspective, 590zinc, 123zinc bromide, 123zincslotted plate boxes, 49zodiacal light, 527Zoetrope, 805Zoller, Charles C., 694zone focusing, 349Zone System, 229, 239, 465, 466,

670–671zonule fibers, 636zoom lenses, 536, 585, 720, 727zoom range, 479, 480


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