The First World WarThe First World War

Do you think America should Do you think America should enter the war?enter the war?

The First World WarThe First World War

Is it right for America to intervene in Is it right for America to intervene in foreign conflicts?foreign conflicts?

When American lives are threatened, When American lives are threatened, how should the government how should the government respond?respond?

Should America go to war to make Should America go to war to make the world “safe for democracy”?the world “safe for democracy”?

World War I BeginsWorld War I Begins

Main IdeaMain Idea

As World War I intensified, the U.S. As World War I intensified, the U.S. was forced to abandon its neutralitywas forced to abandon its neutrality

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now

The U.S. remains involved in European The U.S. remains involved in European and world affairs.and world affairs.

Causes of World War ICauses of World War I

Many Americans Many Americans wanted to stay out wanted to stay out of war, but several of war, but several factors made factors made American American neutrality difficult neutrality difficult to maintain.to maintain.

AllianceSystem

Militarism

Imperialism

Nationalism

CausesOf theWar

An Assassination Leads to WarAn Assassination Leads to War

““The powder keg of Europe”-Balkan The powder keg of Europe”-Balkan PeninsulaPeninsula

Key Issues:Key Issues:• Russia wanted access to the Russia wanted access to the

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea• Germany wanted a rail link to the Germany wanted a rail link to the

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire• Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of

subverting its rule over Bosnia.subverting its rule over Bosnia.

An Assassination Leads to WarAn Assassination Leads to War

June 1914-June 1914-ArchdukeArchduke Franz Franz FerdinandFerdinand, heir to the Austrian , heir to the Austrian throne is assassinatedthrone is assassinated• Gavrilo Princip-Gavrilo Princip- member of the member of the

Black Hand; promoted Serbian Black Hand; promoted Serbian nationalism.nationalism.

The alliance system pulled one The alliance system pulled one nation after another into conflict.nation after another into conflict.

August 3, 1914- The Great War August 3, 1914- The Great War began.began.

The Fighting StartsThe Fighting Starts

August 3, 1914- August 3, 1914- Germany invaded Germany invaded Belgium (Belgium (Schlieffen Schlieffen Plan)Plan)• Plan called for a Plan called for a

holding action against holding action against Russia, combined w/a Russia, combined w/a quick drive through quick drive through Belgium to Paris. Belgium to Paris.

• Once France had Once France had fallen, German armies fallen, German armies would defeat Russia.would defeat Russia.

Fighting StartsFighting Starts Allies couldn’t save Belgium and retreated to the Marne River in Allies couldn’t save Belgium and retreated to the Marne River in

France.France. Trench Warfare: 3 Main kinds of trenchesTrench Warfare: 3 Main kinds of trenches

• Front lineFront line• SupportSupport• ReserveReserve

““No man’s land”- space between the barbed wire. No man’s land”- space between the barbed wire. Horrific BattlesHorrific Battles

• Battle of Somme(July 1, 1916)-Battle of Somme(July 1, 1916)- 60,000 British casualties on 60,000 British casualties on the 1the 1stst day alone. 1.2 million in the end. day alone. 1.2 million in the end.

European Alliances and European Alliances and Battlefronts, 1914-1917Battlefronts, 1914-1917

Americans Question NeutralityAmericans Question Neutrality

1914- Americans saw no reason to 1914- Americans saw no reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away.join a struggle 3,000 miles away.

Divided LoyaltyDivided Loyalty• Many Americans were from somewhere Many Americans were from somewhere

in Europein Europe• Some Americans felt closer to Great Some Americans felt closer to Great

Britain because of ancestry.Britain because of ancestry.• Germany- “the bully of Europe”Germany- “the bully of Europe”

Economic Ties with AlliesEconomic Ties with Allies American trade with Britain American trade with Britain

& France doubled.& France doubled. Allies flooded American Allies flooded American

manufacturers with orders manufacturers with orders for war supplies.for war supplies.

Trade with Germany Trade with Germany droppeddropped

By how much did total U.S. By how much did total U.S. exports to Europe rise or exports to Europe rise or fall between 1914 & 1917?fall between 1914 & 1917?

What trends does the What trends does the graph show before the graph show before the start of the war, and during start of the war, and during the war?the war?

U.S Exports to Europe, 1912-1917

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917

Years

Do

llars

(in

mil

lio

ns)

Great Britain Germany Other Countries France

The War Hits HomeThe War Hits Home Although the majority of Americans favored Although the majority of Americans favored

victory for the Allies rather than the Central victory for the Allies rather than the Central Powers, they did not want to join the Allies’ fight.Powers, they did not want to join the Allies’ fight.

Two reasons America joined the fighting:Two reasons America joined the fighting:• Ensure payments of debtsEnsure payments of debts• Prevent the Germans from threatening U.S. shippingPrevent the Germans from threatening U.S. shipping

War HitsHome

BritishBlockade

German U-BoatResponse

The 1916Election

American ships stopGerman couldn’t get food

May 7, 1915Lusitania

Wilson-Dem.Hughes- Rep.

The United States Declares WarThe United States Declares War After the election, Wilson tried to mediate After the election, Wilson tried to mediate

between the warring alliances.between the warring alliances. ““Peace without Victory”Peace without Victory” German ProvocationGerman Provocation

• Jan. 31, 1917- Germany ordered to sink all Jan. 31, 1917- Germany ordered to sink all ships in British watersships in British waters

• Zimmerman Telegram- Zimmerman Telegram- letter from German letter from German foreign minister to the German Ambassador to foreign minister to the German Ambassador to Mexico.Mexico.

America ActsAmerica Acts• April 2, 1917- Congress passes the resolution a April 2, 1917- Congress passes the resolution a

few day later to enter the war.few day later to enter the war.• Make the world “Safe for Democracy”Make the world “Safe for Democracy”

World War I BeginsWorld War I BeginsReviewReview

What were the main reasons for U.S. What were the main reasons for U.S. involvement in the war?involvement in the war?• Economic ties were stronger with Allies Economic ties were stronger with Allies

than they were with the Central Powers. than they were with the Central Powers. Germany’s U-boat attacks and the Germany’s U-boat attacks and the Zimmerman Telegram.Zimmerman Telegram.

Where did Germany begin its war Where did Germany begin its war offensive, and what happened there?offensive, and what happened there?• Germany invaded Belgium, creating a Germany invaded Belgium, creating a

refugee crisis.refugee crisis.

American Power Tips the BalanceAmerican Power Tips the Balance

Main IdeaMain Idea

The U.S. mobilized a large army and The U.S. mobilized a large army and navy to help the Allies achieve navy to help the Allies achieve

victory.victory.

Why it Matters TodayWhy it Matters Today

During WWI, the U.S. military evolved During WWI, the U.S. military evolved into the powerful fighting force that it into the powerful fighting force that it

remains today.remains today.

One American’s StoryOne American’s Story

Eddie Rickenbacker- famous pilot of Eddie Rickenbacker- famous pilot of WWI, was a well known racecar WWI, was a well known racecar driver before the war.driver before the war.

America MobilizesAmerica Mobilizes The U.S. wasn’t prepared for The U.S. wasn’t prepared for

war. Only 200,000 men where war. Only 200,000 men where in service when war was in service when war was declared.declared.

AmericaMobilizes

Raising anArmy

MassProduction

Selective Service ActAges 21-30 (18-25)

24 million registered2.8 million drafted

Exempted Shipyard workersEmphasized shipyard work

Prefab. TechniquesGov. controlled all ships

Selective Service Act-1917Selective Service Act-1917 No person liable to military service shall No person liable to military service shall

hereafter be permitted or allowed to hereafter be permitted or allowed to furnish a substitute for such service; nor furnish a substitute for such service; nor shall any substitute be received, enlisted, shall any substitute be received, enlisted, or enrolled in the military service of the or enrolled in the military service of the United States; and no such person shall be United States; and no such person shall be permitted to escape such service or to be permitted to escape such service or to be discharged therefrom prior to the discharged therefrom prior to the expiration of his term of service by the expiration of his term of service by the payment of money or any other valuable payment of money or any other valuable thing whatsoever as consideration his thing whatsoever as consideration his release from military service or liability release from military service or liability there to. there to.

America Turns the TideAmerica Turns the Tide U-boat attacks on merchant ships U-boat attacks on merchant ships

were a serious threat to the Allies. were a serious threat to the Allies.

American American Vice Admiral William S.Vice Admiral William S. SimsSims- convinced the British to try - convinced the British to try the the convoy system.convoy system.• A heavy guard of destroyers would A heavy guard of destroyers would

escort merchant ships across the escort merchant ships across the Atlantic.Atlantic.

U.S. helped lay a 230 mile barrier U.S. helped lay a 230 mile barrier of mines across the North Sea of mines across the North Sea from Scotland to Norway.from Scotland to Norway.

America Turns the TideAmerica Turns the Tide

Fighting in EuropeFighting in Europe• Allies were demoralizedAllies were demoralized• Americans brought freshness and Americans brought freshness and

enthusiasmenthusiasm

Fighting “Over There”Fighting “Over There” American American

Expeditionary Force Expeditionary Force (AEF)(AEF)

Gen. John J. PershingGen. John J. Pershing• ““Doughboys”- American Doughboys”- American

infantry meninfantry men Tanks

PoisonGas

AntiaircraftGun

Airships&

Airplanes

MachineGuns

New Weapons& Tactics

The War Introduces New HazardsThe War Introduces New Hazards

The new weapons and tactics of WW I led The new weapons and tactics of WW I led to horrific injuries and hazards.to horrific injuries and hazards.

Trench Foot “Shell Shock”

Filth

Hazards

Meuse-Argonne OffensiveMeuse-Argonne Offensive The The Meuse-Argonne OffensiveMeuse-Argonne Offensive, also called the , also called the

Battle of the Argonne ForestBattle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the , was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I (and known as final Allied offensive of World War I (and known as the Grand Offensive) that stretched along the the Grand Offensive) that stretched along the entire western front. entire western front.

On September 26, the Americans - the first to On September 26, the Americans - the first to move - began their strike towards Sedan in the move - began their strike towards Sedan in the south.south.

U.S. smashes the German will to continue a U.S. smashes the German will to continue a hopeless fight. The main US effort of the offensive hopeless fight. The main US effort of the offensive took place in the Verdun Sector, immediately took place in the Verdun Sector, immediately north and northwest of the town of Verdun, north and northwest of the town of Verdun, between September 26 - November 11, 1918. between September 26 - November 11, 1918.

The big September/October Allied breakthroughs The big September/October Allied breakthroughs (north, centre and south) across the length of the (north, centre and south) across the length of the Hindenburg Line - including the Battle of the Hindenburg Line - including the Battle of the Argonne Forest - are now lumped together as part Argonne Forest - are now lumped together as part of what is generally remembered as the huge of what is generally remembered as the huge Hundred Days Offensive by the Allies. Hundred Days Offensive by the Allies.

American Troops Go on the American Troops Go on the OffensiveOffensive

Russian pulls out in 1917, Germany shifted Russian pulls out in 1917, Germany shifted their armies to the western front.their armies to the western front.

Americans arrived just in time as the Americans arrived just in time as the German army was just 50 miles from Paris.German army was just 50 miles from Paris.

AmericanTroops

War HeroCollapse ofGermany

Final Toll

Sgt. Alvin YorkConscientious Objector

Nov. 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary surrenders

Armistice

22 million died20 million wounded10 million refugees

$338 billion economically

Total Cost of WWITotal Cost of WWI

Casualties and losses Military Casualties and losses Military dead:dead:5,525,0005,525,000Military wounded:Military wounded: 12,831,500 12,831,500Military missing:Military missing: 4,121,000 4,121,000[1][1]......further further detailsdetails..Military dead:Military dead:4,386,0004,386,000Military woundedMilitary wounded: 8,388,000: 8,388,000Military missing:Military missing: 3,629,000 3,629,000

Total Losses by CountryTotal Losses by Country Britain :  750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000 Britain :  750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000

woundedwoundedFrance : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 France : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 woundedwoundedBelgium : 50,000 soldiers killedBelgium : 50,000 soldiers killedItaly : 600,000 soldiers killedItaly : 600,000 soldiers killedRussia : 1,700,000 soldiers killedRussia : 1,700,000 soldiers killedAmerica : 116,000 soldiers killedAmerica : 116,000 soldiers killed

Germany : 2,000,000 soldiers killedGermany : 2,000,000 soldiers killedAustria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killedAustria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killedOttoman Empire : 325,000 soldiers killedOttoman Empire : 325,000 soldiers killedBulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killedBulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killed

American Power Tips the BalanceAmerican Power Tips the BalanceReviewReview

How did the U.S. mobilize a strong How did the U.S. mobilize a strong military during WWI?military during WWI?• The Selective Service Act allowed the The Selective Service Act allowed the

government to randomly select up to 3 government to randomly select up to 3 million men for military service.million men for military service.

What new weapons made fighting in What new weapons made fighting in WWI deadlier than fighting previous WWI deadlier than fighting previous wars?wars?• Machine guns, poison gas, airplanes, Machine guns, poison gas, airplanes,

tanks.tanks.

The War at HomeThe War at Home

Main IdeaMain Idea

WWI spurred social, political, and WWI spurred social, political, and economic change in the U.S.economic change in the U.S.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now

Such changes increased government Such changes increased government powers and expanded economic powers and expanded economic

opportunitiesopportunities

Congress Give Power to WilsonCongress Give Power to Wilson

The entire economy had to be The entire economy had to be refocused on the war effort.refocused on the war effort.

Congress gave President Wilson Congress gave President Wilson direct control over much of the direct control over much of the economy, including the power to fix economy, including the power to fix prices and to regulate war related prices and to regulate war related industries.industries.

Congress Gives Power to WilsonCongress Gives Power to Wilson

The main regulatory body was the The main regulatory body was the War Industries BoardWar Industries Board..

It was established in 1917 and It was established in 1917 and reorganized in 1918 under the reorganized in 1918 under the leadership of leadership of Bernard M. BaruchBernard M. Baruch..

WIB encouraged companies to use WIB encouraged companies to use mass-production techniquesmass-production techniques to to increase efficiency.increase efficiency.

Production in the U.S. increased by Production in the U.S. increased by 20%.20%.

People saved to contribute to the war.People saved to contribute to the war.• ““Gasless Sundays”,”Lightless Nights”Gasless Sundays”,”Lightless Nights”• Daylight saving timeDaylight saving time

War EconomyWar Economy Wages increased during the Wages increased during the

war.war. Union membership climbed Union membership climbed

during the war.during the war. National Labor Board-1918National Labor Board-1918

• ““Work or Fight”Work or Fight” Food AdministrationFood Administration

• Conserve foodConserve food• ““Gospel of the clean plate”Gospel of the clean plate”• ““Victory Gardens”Victory Gardens”

Selling the WarSelling the War

Two major task government faced Two major task government faced when they extended the economy:when they extended the economy:• Raising MoneyRaising Money• Convincing public support for the war.Convincing public support for the war.

Selling theWar

War FinancingCommittee on

Public Education

Income taxWar-profits tax

Taxes on luxury goods“Victory Bonds”

CPIGeorge Creel

“Four Minute Men”

Attacks on Civil Liberties IncreaseAttacks on Civil Liberties Increase

Wilson had fears of Wilson had fears of hysteria.hysteria.

Anti-GermanHysteria

Espionage&

Sedition Acts

The War Encourages Social The War Encourages Social ChangeChange

African American African American lives were lives were transformed.transformed.

FluEpidemic

WomenIn the War

GreatMigration

African Americans& the War

SocialChange

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 The Influenza Pandemic of 1918

The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people.between 20 and 40 million people.• 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the

pandemic pandemic It has been cited as the most devastating It has been cited as the most devastating

epidemic in recorded world history. More epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.

Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. disaster.

The War at HomeThe War at HomeReviewReview

What methods did the U.S. What methods did the U.S. government use to sell the war to the government use to sell the war to the nation?nation?• They advertised and sold war bonds; the They advertised and sold war bonds; the

CPI used propaganda.CPI used propaganda. What events during the war What events during the war

undermined civil liberties?undermined civil liberties?• Propaganda led to hatred and violations Propaganda led to hatred and violations

of civil liberties. The Espionage and of civil liberties. The Espionage and Sedition Acts also violated civil liberties.Sedition Acts also violated civil liberties.

Wilson Fights for PeaceWilson Fights for Peace

Main IdeaMain IdeaEuropean leaders opposed most of European leaders opposed most of

Wilson’s peace plan, and the U.S. Wilson’s peace plan, and the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the peace Senate failed to ratify the peace

treaty.treaty.Why it Matters TodayWhy it Matters Today

Many of the nationalist issues left Many of the nationalist issues left unresolved after WWI continue to unresolved after WWI continue to

trouble the world today.trouble the world today.

Wilson Presents His PlanWilson Presents His Plan

Wilson travels to Europe (Versailles) Wilson travels to Europe (Versailles) to work out details of lasting peace.to work out details of lasting peace.

Wilson is treated like a hero in Wilson is treated like a hero in Europe.Europe.

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points

January 18, 1918 Wilson delivers his January 18, 1918 Wilson delivers his plan for peace to Congress.plan for peace to Congress.

Point were divided into three groups:Point were divided into three groups:• 11stst five dealt with the prevention of five dealt with the prevention of

another war.another war.• Next 8 dealt with boundary changes.Next 8 dealt with boundary changes.• 1414thth point called for the creation of an point called for the creation of an

international organization. international organization. League of League of Nations.Nations.

Rejection of Wilson’s PlanRejection of Wilson’s Plan

WoodrowWilson

VittorioOrlando

DavidLloyd

George

GeorgeClemenceau

“BigFour”

Europe after The Treaty Versailles, Europe after The Treaty Versailles, 19191919

Debating the Treaty of VersaillesDebating the Treaty of Versailles On June 28, 1919, the Big Four and leaders of On June 28, 1919, the Big Four and leaders of

defeated nations gathered at the Palace of defeated nations gathered at the Palace of Versailles to sign the peace treaty.Versailles to sign the peace treaty.

Treaty ofVersailles

ProvisionsOf Treaty

Treaty’sWeakness

OppositionOf Treaty

Debate OverLeague of Nations

9 New NationsGermany to pay $33 Bil.

Germany treated lightlyWar Guilt Clause

Russia lost more landIgnored colonized people

Some thought too harshObjection to boundaries

Henry Cabot LodgeWeary of the commitment

Wilson Refuses to CompromiseWilson Refuses to Compromise

Despite his health, Wilson set out in Despite his health, Wilson set out in September 1919 on an 8,000 mile September 1919 on an 8,000 mile tour. 34 speeches in 3 weeks.tour. 34 speeches in 3 weeks.

October 2- Wilson has a strokeOctober 2- Wilson has a stroke Senate votes on the treaty.Senate votes on the treaty. Wilson refuses to compromiseWilson refuses to compromise U.S. signed a separate treaty with U.S. signed a separate treaty with

Germany in 1921, after Wilson was Germany in 1921, after Wilson was no longer president.no longer president.

The Legacy of the WarThe Legacy of the War

Warren G. Harding called for a return to Warren G. Harding called for a return to “normalcy”“normalcy”

Destruction in Europe damaged social and Destruction in Europe damaged social and political system.political system.

““The war to end all wars”The war to end all wars”

Wilson Fights for PeaceWilson Fights for PeaceReviewReview

What were the major effects of the Treaty What were the major effects of the Treaty of Versailles?of Versailles?• It created international problems that would It created international problems that would

eventually lead to WWII. It humiliated eventually lead to WWII. It humiliated Germany, provoked Russia to reclaim territory, Germany, provoked Russia to reclaim territory, and ignored claims of colonized people.and ignored claims of colonized people.

How did Wilson’s support for the League of How did Wilson’s support for the League of Nations stand in the way of Senate Nations stand in the way of Senate support for the Treaty of Versailles?support for the Treaty of Versailles?• Many senators objected to the provision calling Many senators objected to the provision calling

for the League, yet Wilson was unwilling to for the League, yet Wilson was unwilling to compromise on it.compromise on it.