the evolution of police administration chapter 1 charles r. swanson, leonard territo, and robert w....

The Evolution of Police AdministrationThe Evolution of Police Administration

Chapter 1

Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor

Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior

(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

English Influence on Early American Policing

• Improved agricultural methods– Provided significant surplus crops to support people

living in cities

• People were drawn to cities by the industrial revolution (1760-1830)– Shifted production from manual labor to machine-

made

• 1829: Parliament passed the Metropolitan Police Act



Urbanization of American Policing

• 1890 frontier closing

• By the Census of 1920, 51% of Americans lived in cities– Most full-time municipal officers now work in large

agencies

• However, more than half of all municipal police departments (55%) have 10 or fewer full-time officers

• The proliferation of agencies



Politics and Police Administration in the 19th Century

• Politics

• No way to keep politics out of police departments because:1. Police departments must be responsive to

democratic control• Supervision by elected as opposed to appointed

officials

2. Public policy is expressed in the laws, regulations, operating procedures, decisions, and actions taken or not taken by a governmental agency

3. Politics flourish in even the smallest agencies



Political Machines and Administration

• Political Machines

• Patronage

• Pendleton Act



The Reformation Period (1900-1926)

• Two immediate needs:1. Arouse the public from its apathy

2. Create a conceptual cornerstone or model for improvement

• Separate politics and patronage in the worse sense from the administration of governmental agencies



Police Professionalization

• Profession

• Public sentiments or declarations of faith

• 1541



Police Professionalization

The serious work on professions has centered on specifying what criteria must be met to constitute a profession.



August VollmerThe Father of Modern Policing

• Chief “Gus” Vollmer– Berkeley Police Department became the model for

professional policing• Mobilization of officers• Police signal system to dispatch calls• Modern records system• Crime analysis• Scientific crime laboratory• Lie detection machine



Improving the Caliber of Police Personnel

Recruit College

Students

Recruit College

Students

Intelligence & Psych testing

Intelligence & Psych testing

College ClassesCollege Classes

Police TrainingPolice

Training



The Military Model

• Resulted in more staff positions to do specialized work

• Emphasized line inspection of officers and staff inspection of functions

• Written policies and procedures

• Enhanced training

• Increased accountability

• Adoption of the bureaucratic form of organization



Prohibition to 1930s

• National Prohibition Act /Volstead Act

• Resulted in large, illicit market for alcohol– Speakeasies– Bootleggers

• Law of unintended consequences!– Did more to damage the image and reputation of

policing than any other single event



Early Professionalism in the 1930s

• Police began to move away from its tarnished image

• National Commission on Law Observance and Law Enforcement (1929)/Wickersham Commission– Civil service protection– Enhanced training and education

• Formation of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)



The KKK, Black Codes, and Law Enforcement

• The Ku Klux Klan– Formed in 1930s by Confederate Army veterans

who were bored– Slave patrols

Black CodesBlack Codes

Jim Crow laws

Jim Crow laws

Forces Act (1870)

Forces Act (1870)



Policing in WWII and the 1950s

• The 1940s and 1950s were dominated by WWII and the Korean War

• The mobilization of all able-bodied men created opportunities for women in policing and the defense industry

• Police duties during WWII expanded to civil defense tasks

• Preference given to military veterans in hiring



The Professional Model in the 1950s

• O.W. Wilson’s Police Administration (1950)– Validated the military model

• Respond to incidents

– Quickly became the “Bible” for law enforcement executives



Turbulent 1960s and the Police

• Riots– High rates of minority

unemployment

– Poor housing

– White store owners took money from the minority communities but showed no reciprocity

– Segregated, unequal society

– Police officers were viewed as hostile and repressive

• Hippies

• Drugs

• War protests

• Civil rights

• Women's rights

• Supreme Court decisions

• Assassinations



Turbulent 1960s and the Police

• The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (1967)

• The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968)



Education and Policing

• Police professionalism took on new urgency following the events in the 1960s

• “Professional” became synonymous with “education”

• Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP)



The Police Research Trilogy

• During the 1970s, there was a torrent of research.

• An early trilogy of major experiments rocked policing:1. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study

2. Rand Criminal Investigation Study

3. Team Policing Experiment



Police Support Organizations Formed in the 1960s and 1970s

• National Association of Women Law Enforcement Executives

• National Criminal Justice Reference Service

• Hispanic American Police Command Officers Association

• Police Executive Research Forum

• National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives

• Commission on Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies

• National Association of Asian American Law Enforcement Commanders



Beyond the 1970s: Policing Strategies

• Community Oriented Policing

• Zero Tolerance Policing

• CompStat

• Evidence-Based Policing

the evolution of police administration chapter 1 charles r. swanson, leonard territo, and robert w....

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