Motivations for Exploration• The 3 “G”s

• GOLD-money was the great motivation

• GOD-later missionaries to convert the natives

• GLORY-personal fame and hopefully fortune

–But they still needed inventions to help them travel across the seas…

The Caravel: major transportation vessel. Allowed for huge cargoes to be moved around the world.New sails, compass, and sextant

Portugal began the era of exploration, led by Henry the Navigator. (he never went anywhere, just paid for the voyages)Why Portugal?

Led by first Dias then DaGama Portugal explored the coast of Africa.Why?DaGama was first European to round Cape Of Good Hope and travel to India by sea

Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1493 & 1494

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

Trans-Atlantic SLAVE TRADE

Slavery in the New World• There were plenty of natives in the new

world, so why did the Europeans need Africans?– Contact with Europe and Asia meant more

resistant to the diseases that killed so many American natives.

– Were not white or Christian which made it easier to treat them as “livestock” rather than people.

– Familiar with the cash crops being grown (especially sugar)

• The result was the largest forced migration in history. The estimate is 12 million arrived in the new world.

• The issue is how many left Africa?

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Sugar cane grew very well in he Caribbean. However it was a very labor intensive crop. How did this lead to the import of African slaves?

Dutch Windmill Cane Press

The sugar industry was very lucrative (made money).WHY?

Slave Trade is Not “Black and White”

Arab Slave Trade• ~11 to 18 million Black Africans were

enslaved by Arab slave traders and taken across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert between 650 and 1900

• Slavery not a “European” idea• Used as sex slaves, domestic

servants/nannies• Creates “slave economy” in Africa.

Elmina Slave Castle, Ghana

Male Slave Experience

Female Slave Experience

Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African CaptivesThrown Overboard

The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO

Peanut Tomato Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Olaudah Equiano

“…The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died… …The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable.”

Mercantilism OBJECTIVES

MAIN IDEA

1. Get as much gold and silveras you can.

2. Establish a favorable balance of trade.

3. Get colonies.

• The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation.

• Colonies exist to benefit the parent country

Impact on Africa• We cannot reckon how great the

damage is, since the merchants daily seize our subjects, sons of the land and sons of our noblemen, vassals and relatives ... and cause them to be sold; and so great, Sir, is their corruption and licentiousness that our country is being utterly depopulated. —Affonso I, in a letter to King John of Portugal, 1526

• Tribal rivalries increased• European “theft” of African resources

Dutch Expansion• Masters of the “carrying

trade” (lowest shipping rates in Europe).

• Development of Joint Stock Company– Dutch East India Company– Interested in trade not

religion / conversion!!• The Tulip bulb became a

massive source of wealth

Goods allegedly exchanged for a single bulb of the ViceroyTwo lasts of wheat 448ƒ

A last = 100lbs net weight.Four lasts of rye 558ƒ Four fat oxen 480ƒ Eight fat swine 240ƒ Twelve fat sheep 120ƒ Two hogsheads of wine 70ƒ Commonly, a hogshead = 63 galsFour tuns of beer 32ƒ Commonly, a tun = 252 gals. That's 15 kegs per tun, Two tons of butter 192ƒ 1,000 lb. of cheese 120ƒ A complete bed 100ƒ A suit of clothes 80ƒ A silver drinking cup 60ƒ

Total 2500ƒA skilled laborer might earn 150 florins a year

Downfall of Mughal India•Thriving culture in India.•Most famous Mughal landmark

•Taj Mahal•Had trade monopoly •Allowed Europeans free access.

•Lack of tolerance for Hinduism•Tried to conquer all of India. •Too big – military stretched too thin.

•European expansion into India

Xeng He Explores the World

Ming China• Chinese Porcelain was new

product in high demand along with silks and spices– Who controlled trade? Europe or

China? What support is there?• Canton was the only port open to

Europeans.• Jesuits tries to convert Asians.

Their education helped, China liked their new ideas.

Manchu / Qing Dynasty• Adopted Confucian ideals

– Strict order to society based on relationships.• Ruler/subject, Father/son, Husband/wife,

brothers, friends– As long as relationships were proper,

society thrived– Women second class / subordinate– Supported foot binding (see shoes)

• Still controlled trade with Europe– Europeans tried to control their losses

by negotiating – Lord McCartney– FAILED

• China failed to see potential of European power and suffers in the 19th century.

Korea and Japan• Korea invaded by both China and

Japan.– Culture becomes a blend.

• Korea isolates itself – Hermit Kingdom

• Japan too tried to isolate itself from European influence– Jesuits tried to converted many but were

forced out by the Tokogawa Shogun and Japanese ruling classes known as Daimyo.

– Only the Dutch were allowed in – Why?– Not religious – only interested in trade

and knowledge!

Dutch Ships in Nagasaki