European Conquest and Colonization

European Conquest

• Columbus Tainos = agric. Community– Tainos failed to pay respect to Christian

symbols– Columbus claims land and takes Indians

as Prisoners

• First settlements are in Hispaniola (Cuba, Puerto Rico)– Forced Christianity– Took Gold

Advantages of the Conquistadors

• Conquistador – conqueror• Spanish

– Guns, Canons– Metal Armor– Horses– Disease

• Aztecs– Arrows, spears– Leather, cloth armor– Lack immunity

Aztec Conquest

• Hernan Cortes – landowner in Cuba

– 600 men, 16 horses, some cannons

– Attack Tenochtitlan

– Malinche – translator

• Helped arrange alliances

Aztec Conquest cont.

• Moctezuma – Aztec Emperor– Thought Cortes to be Quetzalcoatl– Sent presents

• Spain tries to force Christianity

• Imprison Moctezuma

Massive War

• Spanish fighting each other

• Aztecs involved

• Spanish forced out of the city

• Moctezuma is killed

• 1521-Cortes captures and demolishes Tenochtitlan

Conquest of Peru

• Francisco Pizarro – conquistador of Peru (Incas)

• Incan Ruler = Atahualpa– Won civil with against brother– Pizarro captures Atahualpa after refusal to

convert to Christianity– Demand Ransom– Incas pay and Spanish kill Atahualpa– Pizarro is killed by other Spanish group

Results of Spanish conquest

• Massive Spanish empire– Gold & silver mines created

• Lots of wealth making Spain the greatest power in Europe

– Many Native Americans convert to Christianity

15-2 Spanish/Portuguese Colonization

• Council of the Indies– Pass laws for the colonies– Provinces are governed by viceroys-

appointed governors

• Missionaries push Christianity

• Close monitoring of Trade– Goods only to and from Spain

Economy

• Encomiendas – right to demand tribute from Native Americans– Mines and plantations

• Bartolome de Las Casas – spoke out against the encomienda system– Asked the royal court to end

• New Laws of the Indies (1542)– Forbade the enslavement and abuse of Native

Americans

• Peon – workers forced to labor to pay off debts

Class System

• Peninsulares – Spaniards

• Creoles – Spanish Americans– Own most of the plantations

• Mestizos – Native American/ Europeans

• Mulattoes – African/Europeans

Other Europeans

• Privateers – Pirates

• Northwest Passage

North American Conquest

• New France– exploration through fishing– claim half of North America

New France

• French land claimed in Canada

• Jacques Cartier discovers St. Lawrence R.

• furs, trapping, and fishing spread claimed territory from Quebec to Great Lakes and down to Louisiana

• Revenues - income for a country

English

• John Cabot - Fishing in Newfoundland colonies

• 1607- Jamestown - first permanent settlement

• 1620 - Pilgrims at Plymouth• Compact - agreement among people• living is harsh for all colonies at first• then agriculture, fishing, furs, and lumber

become rich resources

French and Indian War

• war in the Americas aka: Seven Years' War

• Brit. Capture Quebec after multiple losses to the French Early

Treaty of Paris

• France gives up Canada and everything east of the Mississippi to Britain

• Louisiana is given to Spain

• France retains Caribbean and African colonies