the estrous cycle physiology and endocrinology. terminology estrus is a noun. –the cow is...

The Estrous Cycle

Physiology and Endocrinology

Terminology• Estrus is a noun.

– The cow is displaying estrus.• Estrous is an adjective.

– The length of the estrous cycle is 21 days. • Oestrus and Oestrous

– British and European spellings• Estrus and Heat are synonymous

Terminology (cont.)• Anestrus

– When the female is not having repeated estrous cycles.

• Polyestrus– repeated estrous cycles

• Seasonally Polyestrus– repeated estrous cycles only certain times

of the year• Monoestrus

– only one cycle per year

Average Reproductive CyclesSpecies Length of Length of Ovulation Length of

Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy

cow 21 days 18 hr 11 hr after 282 days polyestrus end estrus

ewe 17 days 29 hr near end148 daysseasonal (fall) estrus

sow 21 days 48-72 hr 35-45 hr 115 days polyestrus after start

estrus

mare 21 days 4-8 days 3-6 day of 335 daysseasonal (spring) estrus polyestrus (1-2 days

before end ofestrus)

Variation in Cycle Types

Example Type of Follicular Ovulation & CL Cycle Development CL Formation Function

Cow, ewe, Long Spontaneous Spontaneous Spontaneoussow, mare

rats, mice, Short Spontaneous Spontaneous Inducedhamsters (4 days) (prolactin)

rabbit, cat, Induced Spontaneous Induced Inducedmink, ferret, (LH surge)otter, alpaca

Estrous Cycle

Length of the estrous cycle Average 21 days (range 18 to 24 days)

Estrus (standing heat) 12 to 18 hours (range 8 to 30 hours)

Ovulation Approximately 30 hours after the beginning of

standing heat (or 12 to 18 hours after the end of standing heat)

2

Estrous Cycle

Major structures on the ovary are …

Follicle … a blister-like structure containing the egg (referred to as oocyte); produces hormone “estrogen” High amount of estrogen causes “standing heat”

and “ovulation”

Corpus luteum (referred to as “CL”) … looks like a hard yellow structure and produces hormone “progesterone” that is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy

3

Phases in oestrous cycle

1. Proestrus

2. Estrus

3. Metestrus

4. Diestrus

Atresia

CL

CA

Ovulation

CL

Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7

LH

FSH

PGF2

Estradiol

Progesterone

Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus

Follicular Phase

Proestrus• follicle enlarges• estrogen increases• vascularity of the

female reproductive tract increases

• endometrial glands begin to grow

• estrogen levels peak

Estrus• allows male to mount• estrogen decreases• LH surge occurs • ovulation 24-48 hr after

surge of LH• uterine motility high with

contractions moving toward oviduct

• sperm transport is optimal

• cervical mucus volume increases

Atresia

CL

CA

Ovulation

CL


LH

FSH

PGF2

Estradiol

Progesterone


Follicular Phase

Atresia

CL

CA

Ovulation

CL


LH

FSH

PGF2

Estradiol

Progesterone


Luteal PhaseLuteal Phase

Metestrus

• estrogen low

• ovulation in cow

• corpus hemorrhagicum present

• uteruscontractions subsideendometrial glands

continue to grow and become coiled

in cattle bleeding occurs

• FSH increasestriggering growth of

follicles

Atresia

CL

CA

Ovulation

CL


LH

FSH

PGF2

Estradiol

Progesterone


Luteal PhaseLuteal Phase

Diestrus• progesterone high• FSH

Increases at some point to cause growth of ovulatory follicle

• Uterus secrets fluid but

volume gradually decreases

contraction stop CL regresses at the

end of this period if female is not pregnant due to PGF release

Characteristics of Estrous CyclesCharacteristics of Estrous Cycles

Cow Ewe Sow Mare

Estrous cycle (days) 21 17 21 21

Proestrus (days) 3-4 2-3 3-4 2-3

Estrus 12-18 hr 24-36 hr 48-72 hr 4-8 days

Metestrus (days) 3-4 2-3 2-3 2-3

Diestrus (days) 10-14 10-12 11-13 10-12

Estrus phase is the shortest phase in the estrous cycle, but

the most important one….!!Why….?

Follicular Development During Estous Cycle

Ovarian Structure

Follicle DevelopmentFollicular Wave

Recruitment

Growth

Selection

Dominance

Regression

Next Recruitment

Follicle development occurs as a wave-like pattern consisting of “Recruitment”, “Selection”, “Growth”, “Dominance”, and “Regression” phases

Usually 2 to 4 follicular waves occur during the estrous cycle in cattle

4

Follicle DevelopmentFollicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Recruitment

Next Recruitment

FSH precedes recruitment of follicles (causes follicles to start growing)

FSH is the same hormone used for superovulation and embryo transfer in cattle

5

Regression

FSH FSH

Follicle DevelopmentLuteinizing Hormone (LH)

Growth

Selection

Dominance

LH promotes further follicle growth and maturation of egg

6

Regression

LH pulses

Follicle Development and OvulationLuteinizing Hormone (LH) and Estrogen

Growth

Selection

Dominance

Estrus

LH Surge

Ovulation

Estrogen

LH stimulates follicle growth and a growing follicle produces high levels of estrogen

High levels of estrogen, in turn, cause estrus and surge release of LH that triggers ovulation

7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus

Day of the Estrous Cycle

Length of the estrous cycle in cattle with 3 follicular waves is typically 20 to 24 days

Follicle Development During the Estrous Cycle

Example for 3 Follicular Waves

8

Ovulation

Ovulation


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus

Length of the estrous cycle in cattle with 2 follicular waves is typically 18 to 20 days, slightly shorter than the estrous cycle with 3 follicular waves

9

Ovulation

Ovulation

Follicle Development During the Estrous Cycle

Example for 2 Follicular Waves

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus


10

Ovulation

Ovulation

Endocrinology During the Estrous CycleFollicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Example shown for cattle having 3 follicular waves during a 21-day estrous cycle

FSH

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus



11Endocrinology During the Estrous CycleLuteinizing Hormone (LH)

LH Surge

Ovulation

Ovulation

LH Surge

LH pulses LH pulses

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus


12


Endocrinology During the Estrous CycleEstrogen

Ovulation

Ovulation

Estrogen

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus


Growth

Regression

13Corpus Luteum (CL)Growth and Regression

Corpus luteum develops from the ovulated follicle and takes approximately 10 days to reach mature size

Ovulation

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus


Corpus luteum produces progesterone

Progesterone is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy after conception occurs

14Corpus Luteum (CL)Progesterone

Growth

Regression

Progesterone

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus

Corpus Luteum (CL) RegressionProstaglandin F2 (PG)

Day of the Estrous Cycle Late in the estrous cycle, uterus produces PG which causes

regression of corpus luteum

PG is the same or similar hormone in “Lutalyse®”, “Estrumate®”, “ProstaMate®”, and “In Synch®”

Growth

Regression

15

PG

Est

rus

Corpus Luteum (CL) MaintenanceWhen cow becomes pregnant …


Presence of embryo blocks uterus to produce PG late in the estrous cycle which causes maintenance of corpus luteum and production of progesterone for pregnancy

PG

Maintenance

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Embryo

Growth

16

Progesterone regulates LH PulsesLuteinizing Hormone (LH)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus


LH Surge

Progesterone regulates secretion pattern of LH pulses and hence, follicular development

17

Progesterone

LH pulses LH pulses

Endocrinology of the Estrous Cycle

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus


Estrogen

Progesterone PG

Relationships among estrogen, progesterone, and PG during the 21-day estrous cycle

18

Physiology and Endocrinologyof the Estrous Cycle

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0

Est

rus

Est

rus


19

Relationships among structural and hormonal changes during the 21-day estrous cycle (example shown for cattle having 3 follicular waves)

35

Time to breed

LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Causes of Anestrus

Pregnancy Presence of Offspring

Season

Stress

Pathology

Nutrition

Gestational Anestrus

• Progesterone during pregnancy– negative feedback

• After parturition anestrus continues– progesterone exposure during pregnancy– hypothalamus

• Lacks estradiol positive feedback

• allows time for uterine involution

Seasonal Anestrus

• just like entering puberty• silent ovulation

Silent Ovulation

Anestrus Estrus

Lactational AnestrusLactational Anestrus

Lactational Anestrus

• Suckling• Other offspring factors

– visual encounter– olfactory encounter– auditory encounter

• Prolactin– inhibits GnRH release– major infertility problem in women who are not

lactating

Nutritional Anestrus

Terima kasih…

Estrus Synchronization

20

Effective Estrus Synchronization Programs

Shorten the AI breeding season Cows or heifers are in estrus during a

predictable interval that facilitates AI

Reduce time and labor required to detect estrus

Result in more cows and heifers becoming pregnant early during the breeding season Progestin-based programs can induce estrous

cyclicity in anestrous cows and prepubertal heifers (For example: MGA, or CIDR)*

21

* Progestins are progesterone-like compounds that act like progesterone


Result in older and heavier calves at weaning

Will have beneficial effects on the next breeding season

More cows and heifers calve early More days postpartum at the next breeding

season Replacement heifers will be older

22


Consider what happens during a restricted breeding season, based on the average 21-day estrous cycle:

If cows or heifers are cycling when an estrus synchronization treatment is implemented and they exhibit estrus during the synchronized period, they would have 3 opportunities to conceive during a 45-day period or 4 opportunities during a 65-day period

If cows or heifers are cycling but no estrus synchronization treatment is implemented, then they have only 2 (45-day) or 3 (65-day) opportunities to conceive

If cows or heifers are not cycling at the beginning of the breeding season, they have even less opportunity to conceive

23

Points to Consider When UsingEstrus Synchronization

Estrus synchronization is never a substitute for:

Nutrition Herd health Proper management

Estrus synchronization should not be used as a crutch for poor management

When administered appropriately, estrus synchronization is an effective reproductive management tool that can be used to facilitate AI

24

Determine which females would make the best candidates before beginning estrus synchronization

Successful application of estrus synchronization is easier to accomplish with heifers (no calves to work with)

Points to Consider When Using Estrus Synchronization

25

Selecting Heifers for Estrus Synchronization

Heifers should be of adequate age (cycling or close to reaching puberty)

Heifers should be of adequate weight Developed to 65 % of projected mature

weight Do you know the mature weight of your

cows?

Utilize reproductive tract score (RTS) to assess reproductive maturity

37

Timing of Puberty in Heifers

Target weight: Heifers reach puberty at approximately 65% of their mature body weight

Determine your desired weight at breeding, calculate the gain needed to meet that weight, and feed to meet it

38

Management Considerations for Heifers

DO NOT use growth promoting implants in replacement heifers

Implants may disrupt or impair normal development of reproductive organs Developing uterus is especially sensitive to

growth promoting implants

39

Management Considerations for Heifers

Reproductive Tract Scores (RTS) are determined by rectal palpation of the ovaries and uterus

The RTS should be performed approximately 6 to 8 weeks prior to breeding season and/or approximately 2 weeks prior to beginning an estrus synchronization treatment

40

Reproductive Tract Scores (RTS)

RTS

1

2

3

4

5

Uterine horns

Immature < 20 mm diameter

No tone

20-25 mm diameterNo tone

20-25 mm diameterSlight tone

30 mm diameterGood tone

> 30 mm diameter

Length

15

18

22

30

> 32

Height

10

12

15

16

20

Width

8

10

10

12

15

Ovarian Structures

No palpable follicles

8 mmfollicles

8-10 mmfollicles

> 10 mm follicles

CL possible

CL present

Ovarian Measurement (mm)

Adapted from Anderson et al., 1991

Description

Infantile

Prepubertal(more than 30

days to puberty)

Peripubertal(within 30 days

to puberty)

Cycling(Follicular Phase)

Cycling(Luteal Phase)

41

RTS Measurements

RTS

1

2

3

4

5

No. ofHeifers

61

278

1103

494

728

Weight (lb)

594a

620b

697c

733d

755d

Pelvic Width (cm)

10.9a

11.2a

11.4b

11.7c

11.7c

Pelvic Height (cm)

13.9a

14.1a

14.5b

14.7c

14.7c

Pelvic Area (cm2)

152a

158a

166b

172c

172c

Estrous Response

54 %a

66 %b

76 %c

83 %d

86 %d

Adapted from Patterson et al., 1999a

42

Note the relationship between increasing RTS, weight, and skeletal development determined by pelvic area

Estrous response increased among heifers that were more reproductively mature at the beginning of estrus synchronization and/or breeding season

a, b, c, d = P < 0.05

Relationship Between RTS and Pregnancy

RTS

1

2

3

4

5

No. ofHeifers

53

762

3458

3398

2613

Pregnant

31

610

3014

3006

2331

Open

22

152

444

392

282

Pregnancy Rate

58 %

80 %

87 %

89 %

89 %

Randle et al., 2001

43

Higher pregnancy rates at the end of the breeding season were achieved among heifers that were more reproductively mature at the beginning of estrus synchronization and/or breeding season

Prepubertal Anestrus

Timing of puberty is controlled by …

Age Weight Breed Season

Develop heifers to approximately 65% of mature weight by the breeding season

This will help them to attain puberty at the right time

53

Many factors involved

55

Nutritional Anestrus

Nutritionally stressed cattle will experience delays in return to estrus after calving

Can be “managed” through

Improvement in BODY CONDITION Proper feeding management

56Postpartum AnestrusInduction of Estrous Cyclicity

Bull exposure Prepubertal heifers

Exposure of prepubertal heifers to sterile bulls (for example, vasectomized, epididyectomized … etc) for 60 to 80 days before the breeding season may hasten the onset of puberty (ranges from no effect to 70 days earlier)

This procedure also shortens the postpartum period in anestrous cows however my concentration is on heifers

Izard and Vandenbergh, 1982; Berardinelli et al., 1978;MacMillan et al., 1979; Roberson et al., 1991

Foote, 1974; MacMillan et al., 1979; Zalesky et al., 1984; Gifford et al., 1989

Products Currently Utilized in Protocols to Synchronize Estrus

*** Price may vary depending on suppliers ***

Prostaglandin F2 (PG) Lutalyse®, Estrumate®, ProstaMate®, In Synch®

Approximate cost is $3.00/dose (range $2.50-$4.00)

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Cystorelin®, Factrel®, Fertagyl®

Approximate cost is $5.00/dose (range $4.00-$6.00)

Melengestrol Acetate (MGA® Premix) Approximate cost ranges $0.14 - $0.40/day/head including

carrier 14 days ($2.00-$5.60/head) or 7 days ($1.00-$2.80/head)

EAZI-BREED™ CIDR® Cattle Insert (CIDR) Approximate cost is $8.00 (range $8.00-$10.00)

Syncro-Mate-B® (off the market)

28

Prostaglandin F2 (PG)

60

PG causes CL regression

No effect on anestrous cattle

No induction of estrous cyclicity … No Jump-start

Only effective during Days 6 (6 days after estrus) to 16 of the estrous cycle


61

Lauderdale, 1972

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0


PG regresses CL

NO NO

YES


Estrus Estrus

62

Modified from Stevenson et al., 2000

Hours following second PG injection

% o

f co

ws

in e

stru

s

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 < 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 > 120

PG

2 x PG

77Estrous ResponseDouble Injection PG Program

Example shown is 14-day interval for PG injections

Advantages: Cost effective ($3.00 or $ 6.00) Easy to use Good fertility

Single or Double Injection PG Programs

$3.00 or $6.00 ($3.00/one dose)

74

Disadvantages: No effect between days 0 to 4 or 16 to 21 of

the estrous cycle

Improved effectiveness after day 10 of the estrous cycle

Require heifers and cows to have CL (cycling)

Require extensive estrus detection (minimum 7 days)

No induction of estrous cyclicity (No Jump-start)

Single or Double Injection PG Programs

$3.00 or $6.00 ($3.00/one dose)

75

Estrous response: Varies depending on the degree of estrous

cyclicity in the herd and the stage of the estrous cycle of an individual animal

Single injection of PG … up to 40 to 60 % Double injection of PG … up to 50 to 80 %

Timing of estrus: Before PG injection to 7 to 10 days after PG

injection Peak response ranges from 48 to 96 hours after

PG injection

Possible OutcomesSingle or Double Injection PG

Programs

76

Melengestrol Acetate (MGA®)

98

MGA is a registered trademark of Pfizer Animal Health

Orally active progestin, administered as a feed additive

Blocks estrus and ovulation Acts similar to progesterone from CL

MGA can induce estrous cyclicity in peripubertal (within 30 days to attain puberty) heifers and postpartum anestrous cows

Currently, MGA and CIDR are the only progestins commercially available in the U.S.

Melengestrol Acetate (MGA)99

Patterson et al., 1989

Mix with grain source (example: cracked or ground corn) For example: MGA with ground corn ($0.15/day/head) Top dressing does not work well

If cattle are on lush pasture, remove salt from pasture and include salt in MGA carrier

0.5 oz. Salt per cow and MGA in carrier ($0.30/day/head)

Pellet form (very palatable) For example: MFA Cattle Charge® with MGA ($0.40/day/head)

Intake Considerations

What type of carrier to use?

100

Need to provide adequate bunk space (18 inches per heifer, and 24 inches per cow)

Make sure cattle come to bunk before start of feeding MGA If cattle are not used to bunk feeding, 1-2

weeks of warm-up bunk feeding is recommended

MGA should be fed one time per day at approximately the same time every day

Separate heifers from cows for MGA feeding Late-term pregnant cows should not be fed

MGA

Intake Considerations101

• MGA can be combined with PG to improve results

Distribution of Estrus

MGA-PG

(for AI)

MGA only(for Natural service)

% ofherd in estrus

Adding the PG injection to the MGA program results in a much tighter synchronization of estrus

3-5 days

7-10 days

106

Adapted from Patterson et al., 2000

Management ConsiderationsWhy Not Introduce Bulls Right After MGA

Withdrawal?

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Days after MGA feeding

% ofherd in estrus

If bulls were introduced to the herd right after MGA withdrawal, they may be overworked during the less fertile estrous period after MGA withdrawal, but before cows express fertile estrus

Less fertile estrus after

MGA7-10 days

107

2nd estrus for anestrous cows after

short estrous cycle (more

fertile)

2nd estrus for most of cows (more fertile)

Suggested timing of introducing bulls

(see page 104 and 105)

Advantages: Easy to use Shortens the next calving season

(ideal way to start AI program in the following year)

MGA can induce estrous cyclicity in postpartum anestrous cows (Jump-start)

Does not require cattle to be handled

Natural Service with MGA Program

$2.00–$5.60 (MGA cost)

109

Disadvantages: Must have adequate bull-power

At least 1:15 to 20 bull:female ratio for 2-year or older bulls

Yearling bulls … consider decreasing the bull:female ratio

Resulting calves may be of inferior quality and provide less genetic improvement for the herd compared to AI calves (depends on the genetic quality of the clean-up bulls)

Natural Service with MGA Program

$2.00–$5.60 (MGA cost)

110

Summation

• Lots of programs– Many combinations of programs

• Many prices• The numbers definitely show results

– Earlier calving season– More time to return to Estrus– Increased opportunity to become pregnant

• However due to expense and labor intensity this is not for everyone

Bibliography

• “Guide to Estrus Synchronization

of Beef Cattle” CDFreddie N. Kojima, Ph.D.and David J.

Patterson, Ph.D.Department of Animal Sciences University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211

the estrous cycle physiology and endocrinology. terminology estrus is a noun. –the cow is...

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