the establishment, monitoring and valuation of ecosystem ... · 28. evaluate the impact of wetland...

The

establishment,

monitoring and

valuation of

ecosystem

services of

stormwater

wetlands: a

case study from

Finland

Life+11 ENV/FI/911 Keidas – Urban Oases

1

2017

Outi Wahlroos et al.

University of Helsinki

Forest Sciences,

Vihti, VHVSY, UUDELY

COSTING THE EARTH?

Tallinna

May 11th, 2017

Challenge Choice

Challenge: Urban runoff Employ plants and microbes

Creating Urban Oases


Watershed and land-use matter

Design and implement Monitor and improve Share the joy of neighborhood wetlands

2

2017

Case sites Viikki, Nummela and Korkeasaari

Graph: Elina Inkiläinen, Left 2015 photograph: Antti Nykänen


3

2017

Ecosystem services created at stormwater

wetland parks

Ecosystem services by The

Economics of Ecosystems &

Biodiversity (TEEB)

1) Provisioning services (source

of materials or energy)

2) Regulating services (state of

the environment and natural processes)

3) Cultural services (interactive)

4) Habitat- or supporting

services (maintaining diversity)

1) Biomass production; hunting, fishing and

crayfish catching; berry picking; irrigation

water

2) Impacts on microclimate; carbon binding;

nutrient uptake; flow&flood control, water

quality treatment; erosion control; reducing

pathogens

3) Recreation and nature experiences,

environmental education, view; source of

artistic inspiration and scientific

knowledge; builder and enhancer of sense

of place

4) Increasing diversity of flora and fauna;

increased resilience of environmental

change such as flow extremes in urban

streams; diverse flora is functional and

beautiful every year and season

regardless of weather and pest extremes;

supporting pollinators


4

2016

19.5.2017

Pasi Valkama

Four seasons

Precipitation 660 mm

Winter -3.5 °C

Summer: +16 °C

Monitor: vegetation, water quality&flow,

greenhouse gases, fauna, ES valuation

Photos: Pasi Valkama


6

2016

Graph: Emmi Mäkinen

0,1%

2010

0,2%

2013-15

2008

Nummela: Kilsoi Stream wetlands and endangered clay

stream habitat: Connected -> impact on ES downstream

Vegetation

diversity

- Fast establishment,

patches0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Bio

mass g

/m2

1 Lawn

2 Cirsium

3 Poa-Calamagrostis

4 Filipendula-Lysimachia-Lythrum5 Juncus

6 Carex

7 Iris

8 Typha

9 Mix shore

10 Elodea

11 Impatiens

Above ground biomass at Gateway in 2014(1 and 11 ref sites upstream)

July 2010 July 2011 July 2012


Graph: Emmi Mäkinen 7

2016

Herbaceous

species

2010 2016

Total 50 143

Non-native 2 4

Non-native


Quantitative assessment requires

Continuous monitoring (water)

Sample every 10 minutes

Graph: Joose Mykkänen 8

2017

Sample once a day

Sample once a week

Water quality, example:Nummela Gateway wetland, 0,1% area of watershed: TP

- Calculated monthly averages from 10 min interval continuous monitoring

- Monthly relative (%, white bars) and absolute (kg/month, grey bars) reduction rates of

TotalPhosphorus (annual 10% 2013; 13% 2014; 16% 2015; 21% 2016)

Feb-March

snow and ice,

high April

snowmelt

flows

Rainy

October

and

November

Unusual

snow

Melting

early

January

Graph: Pasi Valkama

2013, ”Normal weather” 2014, ”Climate change weather”

Modest

rain

in growing

season

Mild winter,

little snow,

little

snowmelt

Rainy

August

Snow

melting

and rain in

December


9

2016

Fauna example: AmphibiansCreated wetlands,

flood meadows and

clay stream habitat.

Concerns: Creating

sink habitats, water

quality, overwintering.

Site Construction year

Inundated area (ha)

Number of frogspawn clusters in

spring

2014 2015 2016

Gatew ay w etland (E) 2010 0.4 27 36 36

Niittu pocket w etland (B) 2011 0.1 > 115 129 91

Niittu f lood meadow (D) 2013 0.4 0 44 230

Niittu w etland main pool (C) 2013–2014 0.9 0 6 2

Niittu braided w etland (A) 2013–2014 0.1 6 57 75


10

2017

Fauna has been invited -> making safe passages


11

2017

Photo: Anna Halonen

Chambers

Concentration

in water

Graphs: Maria Tolppanen, Xuefei Liu,

Pasi Valkama, and Emmi MäkinenLife+11 ENV/FI/911 Keidas – Urban Oases

Greenhouse gases, e.g. methane

Continuous and discrete

2013 Balance

(g m-2)

Carbon

balance

(g C m-2)

CO2 + 32.6 + 8.9

Methane + 5.0 + 3.8

Eddy covariance


Environmental educationand

recreation

13

2016

Evaluating ecosystem services> Survey

1000 Vihti municipality residents

?: Wetland parks Niittu and Gateway

Responses: 27%


14

2016

9,3 %

10,3 %

6,5 %

15,0 %

22,4 %

7,5 %

6,5 %

10,3 %

18,7 %

12,1 %

42,1 %

33,6 %

50,5 %

29,0 %

17,8 %

36,4 %

43,9 %

39,3 %

31,8 %

37,4 %

24,3 %

23,4 %

35,5 %

13,1 %

9,3 %

48,6 %

34,6 %

34,6 %

15,0 %

38,3 %

20,6 %

29,0 %

4,7 %

39,3 %

43,9 %

4,7 %

13,1 %

14,0 %

30,8 %

9,3 %

2,8 %

2,8 %

1,9 %

2,8 %

1,9 %

2,8 %

1,9 %

1,9 %

1,9 %

1,9 %

0,0 % 10,0 % 20,0 % 30,0 % 40,0 % 50,0 % 60,0 % 70,0 % 80,0 % 90,0 % 100,0 %

Enäjärvi: water quality ()

Kilsoinoja: water quality ()

Recreational opportunities ()

Flood protection during heavy rain and…

Mitigation of climate change ()

Landscape amenities (e.g. view) ()

Number of plant and animal species ()

Learning about environmental issues ()

Nearby property prices ()

Children’s outdoor activities ()

28. Evaluate the impact of wetland parks Niittu and Gateway

1= Significant harm 2 3= No impact 4 5= Significant benefit Don´t know No answer

Graph: Janne Antikainen

Evaluating ecosystem services of wetland parks


15

2017

Willingness to pay for CW parks by a

stormwater fee- Lake water quality improvement & recreation, not for

species diversity

- Increased if had previously visited a constructed wetland

- Sum min more than twice the current management cost

Interests- Pathways with trash collectors, information boards,

nature observation, nature schools

- Meadows, trees & shrubs

- Views and biodiversity


16

2017

Photo: Antti Nykänen

September 2015, after

six growing seasons. Life+11 ENV/FI/911 Keidas – Urban Oases

Viikki University Campus

Stormwater for creating urban oases?

Stream

at – 4 m

Biodiversity?

Photo: Antti Nykänen

HERBACEOUS

OPEN WATER

HERBACEOUS

Overflow

Inflow pond

Outflow 1/3

Outflow 1/3

Outflow 1/3

Life+11 ENV/FI/911 Keidas – Urban Oases, Outi Wahlroos

19

2017

Outflow

pond

Outflow

pond

Outflow

pond

Viikki Säynäslahdenpuro wetland: It cleans up, it does not, it cleans up?

Retrofitting Green Swales

There is space above ground Where does water move?

Would be nice to build… No space underground

Case Korkeasaari: Watershed as the design site

No runoff to monitor, diversity impacted by barnacle geese


21

2016

Choice!

In conclusion:

Creating meningful and

measurable ecosystem

services as stormwater

urban oases is possible.

Entire watersheds need

to be addressed.


24

2017

the establishment, monitoring and valuation of ecosystem ... · 28. evaluate the impact of wetland...

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