The Enterprise of The Enterprise of ChemistryChemistry

Chapter 1Chapter 1

The PeopleThe People•Everything that takes up Everything that takes up space is made of space is made of something.something.

•That something is called That something is called mattermatter..

•The people that study The people that study matter are called matter are called chemists.chemists.

•This includes the This includes the properties of matter and properties of matter and the structure of matter.the structure of matter.

•Silk is an expensive Silk is an expensive material.material.

•By studying the structure of By studying the structure of silk, Wallace H. Carothers silk, Wallace H. Carothers was able create a material was able create a material similar to silk.similar to silk.

•However, because Carothers However, because Carothers knew what the structure of knew what the structure of silk was, he was able to silk was, he was able to make a material that is make a material that is similar to silk but stronger.similar to silk but stronger.

•We call this material We call this material Nylon.Nylon.

•Once a chemist develops Once a chemist develops a new material, like nylon, a new material, like nylon, a chemical engineer will a chemical engineer will help plan out a good help plan out a good process to mass produce process to mass produce the new chemical.the new chemical.

•The chemical engineer The chemical engineer will then design, build will then design, build and run the chemical and run the chemical plant.plant.

•Sometimes, several Sometimes, several phenomena can be phenomena can be explained by one idea.explained by one idea.

•Scientists will take facts Scientists will take facts and information they and information they gather to develop a gather to develop a theorytheory..

•A theory is an explanation A theory is an explanation of a phenomena.of a phenomena.

•When a theory is proven to When a theory is proven to alwaysalways occur, it becomes a occur, it becomes a scientific lawscientific law..

The IngredientsThe Ingredients•Can you name Can you name something that does something that does notnot have a chemical in have a chemical in it?it?

•Everything from your desk, Everything from your desk, water, the air you breathe, water, the air you breathe, even you are made of even you are made of chemicals.chemicals.

•So what are chemicals?So what are chemicals?

•Chemicals are simply Chemicals are simply matter.matter.

•Before we said that Before we said that matter was anything that matter was anything that takes up space.takes up space.

•A better definition is A better definition is “anything that has the “anything that has the property of inertia”property of inertia”

•But what is But what is InertiaInertia??

•InertiaInertia is the tendency of is the tendency of matter to resist any matter to resist any change in velocity.change in velocity.

•This includes a change in This includes a change in direction.direction.

•Pretend that you are riding Pretend that you are riding on the Superman roller on the Superman roller coaster in Six Flags.coaster in Six Flags.

•When the roller coaster When the roller coaster turns a sharp right, your turns a sharp right, your body feels like it doesn’t body feels like it doesn’t want to go that way. This is want to go that way. This is inertia.inertia.

•Energy Energy is also a property is also a property that all matter has.that all matter has.

•This This energyenergy, under the , under the proper conditions, can be proper conditions, can be used to do work.used to do work.

•There are two basic forms of There are two basic forms of energy and object can have:energy and object can have:–KineticKinetic–PotentialPotential

•Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy is is dependent on an objects dependent on an objects motion.motion.

•The faster an object The faster an object moves, the more kinetic moves, the more kinetic energy it has.energy it has.

•Potential EnergyPotential Energy is is dependent on an objects dependent on an objects position.position.

•The further an object is The further an object is away from the center of away from the center of the earth, the more the earth, the more potential energy it has.potential energy it has.

•Energy can be transferred Energy can be transferred between two separate between two separate objects in two ways.objects in two ways.–Direct contactDirect contact–Electromagnetic wavesElectromagnetic waves

•In most cases, energy that In most cases, energy that is transferred through is transferred through electromagnetic waves is electromagnetic waves is called called radiant energyradiant energy..

•Radiant energy can travel Radiant energy can travel through a vacuum (where through a vacuum (where there is no matter)there is no matter)

The RulesThe Rules•All matter and energy All matter and energy follow scientific laws.follow scientific laws.

•Here are three laws to Here are three laws to start out with.start out with.

•The The Law of Conservation of Law of Conservation of MassMass states that matter is states that matter is always conserved.always conserved.

•This means that any change This means that any change that is done to matter that is done to matter (crumpling up paper or burning (crumpling up paper or burning it for example) the object will it for example) the object will still weigh the same.still weigh the same.

•Matter cannot be created or Matter cannot be created or destroyed.destroyed.

•The The Law of Conservation Law of Conservation of Energyof Energy states that energy states that energy is always conserved.is always conserved.

•This law works in the same This law works in the same way that the law of way that the law of conservation of matter works.conservation of matter works.

•For example, energy For example, energy could change from nuclear could change from nuclear to electrical to mechanical to electrical to mechanical to thermal, but the to thermal, but the amount of energy will stay amount of energy will stay the same.the same.

•Eventually, the Eventually, the Law of Law of Conservation of Mass-Conservation of Mass-EnergyEnergy was discovered. was discovered.

•Who discovered this law?Who discovered this law?

•Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

•E=mcE=mc22

•With this equation you With this equation you can see that mass is can see that mass is equivalent to energy.equivalent to energy.

•Therefore, this law states Therefore, this law states that the sum of mass and that the sum of mass and energy is conserved.energy is conserved.

The IndustryThe Industry•Many products require Many products require

chemistry at some point in chemistry at some point in their production.their production.

•Polyester clothing, coins, Polyester clothing, coins, and anything made with and anything made with plastic are a few examples.plastic are a few examples.

•But we don’t pull plastic But we don’t pull plastic and other materials from and other materials from right out of the ground.right out of the ground.

•So how does it become So how does it become product?product?

•Raw materialsRaw materials are the are the substances found in substances found in nature.nature.

•Metal, before it becomes Metal, before it becomes clean and shiny, is usually clean and shiny, is usually found as an ore. found as an ore.

•An ore contains metal, An ore contains metal, but also has a lot of dirt but also has a lot of dirt and metal-oxides mixed and metal-oxides mixed in with it.in with it.

•This ore would be the This ore would be the raw material.raw material.

•Consumer ProductsConsumer Products are are what you buy in the store.what you buy in the store.

•They required some form of They required some form of manufacturing to become manufacturing to become what you want.what you want.

•Computers, desks, hair Computers, desks, hair clips, and medicine are all clips, and medicine are all consumer products.consumer products.

•Most of the time the Most of the time the consumer products are consumer products are not produced in the not produced in the same factory that gets same factory that gets the raw materials.the raw materials.

•One factory will receive One factory will receive the raw materials and the raw materials and then change it into then change it into something more useful.something more useful.

•For example, one company For example, one company may receive iron ore and may receive iron ore and then run it through a blast then run it through a blast furnace to create pure iron furnace to create pure iron metal.metal.

•The iron metal may then be The iron metal may then be sent to a cooking to be sent to a cooking to be processed into a pan.processed into a pan.

•Can you name the Can you name the intermediate?intermediate?

•What about the raw What about the raw material and the material and the consumer product?consumer product?

Scientific MethodScientific MethodThe ProcessThe Process

*Hint*Make sure to get the definitions for observe, hypothesis and experiment

QuestionQuestion•Ask a questionAsk a question

–The scientific method The scientific method starts with a question.starts with a question.

–The answer needs to be The answer needs to be measurable.measurable.

ResearchResearch•Be a savvy scientist. Do Be a savvy scientist. Do

research instead of starting with research instead of starting with nothing.nothing.

•Use the library or the internet to Use the library or the internet to find already known information.find already known information.

•Research will help you Research will help you avoid making mistakes avoid making mistakes that have already been that have already been made by someone else.made by someone else.

HypothesisHypothesis•Create an educated guess Create an educated guess about your question.about your question.

•““If If I do thisI do this, then , then thisthis will will happen.”happen.”

•A hypothesis needs to A hypothesis needs to be stated in a way that be stated in a way that is measurable and is measurable and answers your question.answers your question.

ExperimentExperiment•Test your hypothesis.Test your hypothesis.•Experiments need to be fair.Experiments need to be fair.

–Only change one variable Only change one variable at a time.at a time.

–There is no previous bias.There is no previous bias.

•Experiment should be Experiment should be repeated multiple times repeated multiple times to eliminate outliers to eliminate outliers (accidents)(accidents)

AnalyzeAnalyze•Collect your data and then Collect your data and then

analyze it.analyze it.•Determine if your hypothesis is Determine if your hypothesis is

true or false.true or false.–Most of the time a scientist’s Most of the time a scientist’s hypothesis is false. They will hypothesis is false. They will start over by making a new start over by making a new hypothesis.hypothesis.

CommunicateCommunicate•Report your results to the Report your results to the

community.community.•Scientists will publish their Scientists will publish their

results from a successful results from a successful experiment in a magazine, experiment in a magazine, book, on the internet, or by book, on the internet, or by other means.other means.

After the ProcessAfter the Process•Once a hypothesis is proven Once a hypothesis is proven

correct, scientist will try to correct, scientist will try to develop a develop a modelmodel for it. for it.

•A A modelmodel is an idea or is an idea or comparison that makes a comparison that makes a complex idea easier to complex idea easier to understand.understand.

•For example, some people For example, some people try to relate the structure try to relate the structure of an atom to a solar of an atom to a solar system (even though this system (even though this turns out to be false)turns out to be false)

Slides 22 to 27 were found at:Slides 22 to 27 were found at:http://www.sciencebuddies.org/mentorihttp://www.sciencebuddies.org/mentoring/project_scientific_method.shtmlng/project_scientific_method.shtml

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