the elene of cynewulf translated into english prose

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Title: The Elene of Cynewulf

Author: Cynewulf

Release Date: January 24, 2005 [EBook #14781]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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Produced by David Starner, Linda Cantoni, and the Online DistributedProofreading Team.

YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH

ALBERT S. COOK, EDITOR

XXI

THE

ELENE OF CYNEWULF

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH PROSE

BY

LUCIUS HUDSON HOLT

PORTER FELLOW IN ENGLISH IN YALE UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY



1904

[FACSIMILE]

PREFACE

This translation was made from the edition of the _Elene_ issued byCharles W. Kent in 1889 (Ginn & Co., Boston). His text is 'that ofZupitza's second edition, carefully compared with Wülker's edition andZupitza's third edition, in which the results of Napier's collation arecontained.'

The aim of this translation is to give an accurate and readable modern

English prose rendering of the Old English poetry. The translation ofRichard Francis Weymouth, entitled _A Literal Translation of Cynewulf'sElene_, has been at hand, but I owe it practically nothing in this work.While I trust that my rendering has not departed so far from the textthat it will be valueless to the student, yet at places it will be foundthat I have to some extent expanded or contracted the literaltranslation in the hope of benefiting the modern English version.

My thanks are due to Dr. Robert K. Root and Dr. Chauncey B. Tinker ofYale University, and to Dr. Charles H. Whitman of Lehigh University, forexamining part of the work in manuscript, and to Dr. Albert S. Cook ofYale University for a careful reading of the proof.

LUCIUS HUDSON HOLT.

NEW HAVEN,January 1, 1904.

ELENE

1. THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE.

There had passed in the turn of years, as menmark the tale of time, two hundred and thirty andthree winters over the world since the Lord God,the Glory of kings and Light of the faithful, wasborn on earth in human guise; and it was the sixth 5year of the reign of Constantine since he was raisedin the realm of the Romans to lead their army, aprince of battles. He was a bulwark to his people, 10valiant with the shield, and gracious to his heroes;and the prince's realm waxed great beneath theheavens. He was a just king, a war-lord of men.God strengthened him with majesty and might till 15

he became a joy to many men throughout the world,an avenger for his people when he raised aloft hisspear against their foes.



2. THE WAR WITH THE BARBARIANS.

And battle was brought on him, the tumult ofstrife. The people of the Huns and famous Goths 20gathered a host together; and the Franks and

Hugas marched forth, men fierce in fight and ripefor war. The spears and woven mail-coats glittered,as with shouts and clash of shields theylifted up on high the standard of battle. Openly 25the fighters gathered all together, and the throngmarched forth. The wolf in the wood howled hiswar-song, and hid not his secret hopes of carnage;and at the rear of the foe the dewy-feathered eagle 30shrieked his note on high.

A mighty host hastened to war through the cities,gleaned from all the men the Hunnish king could

summon from the near-lying towns. A vast armysallied forth--bands of picked horsemen strengthened 35the force of the foot-soldiers--until within aforeign land upon the bank of the Danube thesestout-souled brandishers of the spear pitched theircamp near the water's flow, amid the tumult of thearmy. They longed to overrun the realm of the 40Romans, and lay it waste with their hordes.

Then were the dwellers in the cities aware of theHuns' coming. And the emperor straightway badesummon with the greatest speed by dispatch of thearrow his heroes to war against the foes; bade lead

out to battle the warriors beneath the heavens. 45Their hearts inspired by victory, the Roman heroeswere soon girt with weapons for the fight, thoughthey had a lesser host for battle than circled aboutthe proud king of the Huns. Then the shields 50rang, the wood of war clashed; the king with thehost, his army, marched forth to strife, and overtheir heads the raven wailed, dark, and thirsting forthe slaughter. The army was moving--trumpetersleaped, heralds shouted commands, and horsesstamped the earth. Hastily the multitude enranked 55itself for strife.

But the king was fear-smitten, awed with terror,as he looked upon the hostile host, the army of theHuns and Goths, that upon the river's bank at theboundary of the Roman realm was massing its 60strength, an uncounted multitude. The king of theRomans suffered bitter grief of soul, and hoped notfor his kingdom because of his small host; he hadtoo few warriors, trusty thanes, to encounter theovermight of brave men in battle. 65

3. THE DREAM.

The army encamped near at hand beside the river,nobles about their prince, for the space of a single



night after they first beheld the course of their foes.Then unto the emperor himself in his sleep, as he 70slumbered among his retinue, was disclosed themarvel of a dream, shown unto him with souluplifted in the hope of victory. Him thoughtthere appeared before him in the form of a mana certain warrior, radiant, resplendent, brilliant,

more glorious than he ever beheld 'neath theheavens, before or since. Then, dight with his 75boar-crested helmet, he started up from slumber,and straightway the messenger, a bright herald ofglory, spake unto him and called him by his name,while the veil of night parted asunder: 'O Constantine,the King of angels, Wielder of fates andLord of hosts, hath commanded to offer thee a 80covenant. Fear thou not, though foreign peoplesthreaten thee with terror and bitter strife. Lookto heaven, unto the Lord of glory. There shaltthou find aid and the token of victory.' 85

He was soon ready at the holy one's behest; heopened wide the secret places of his heart; he gazedon high, as the messenger, faithful weaver of peace,had bidden him. Over the roof of clouds he sawthe beauteous tree of glory, gleaming with treasureand decked with gold--and the gems shone 90brightly. The shining tree was inscribed with lettersof brilliance and light: 'By this sign thoushalt overcome the foe in the dread peril; by thisthou shalt stay the hated host.'

Then the light vanished, ascended up on high, 95

and together with it the messenger, unto the throngof the pure ones. And the king, the leader of men,was the blither and the freer from grief in his heartby reason of that fair vision.

4. THE BATTLE.

Then Constantine, bulwark of heroes and giverof gifts, battle-prince of armies and glorious king, 100bade fashion with greatest haste a token like untothat sign he had seen, which had been disclosedbefore him in the heavens, the cross of Christ.And at dawn, with the first gleam of day, he bade 105rouse the warriors and make ready for the stress offight, lift up the emblem of battle, take the holytree before them, and bear the sign of God intothe press of their foes.

The trumpets rang loud at the army's front. 110The raven rejoiced at the move; the dewy-featheredeagle scanned the march, the strife of battle-heatedmen; and the wolf, fellow of the forest, raised hissong. Rife was the dread terror of battle.

Then there was the clash of shields and the shockof men, the bitter hand-to-hand struggle and the 115slaughter of hosts, when once they had passed within



an arrow's flight. On the fated folk dire enemieshurled a shower of darts, and with might of armsent their spears, biting battle-adders, over the yellowshields into the midst of their foes. But with 120courage undaunted the other host advanced; fromtime to time they surged forward, broke the rampartof shields, thrust their swords between, and

sternly kept their way.

Then was the standard, the token, raised beforethe armies, and they chanted the victors' song.Over the field of battle gleamed spears and helmets 125of gold. The pagan host was conquered; inmerciless strife they fell. As the king of the Romans,dauntless in battle, bade raise that holy tree,the peoples of the Huns straight fled away, andtheir warriors were scattered far and wide. Some 130perished in the fight, some saved themselves hardlyon the march, some, with life half-ebbed, fled to

fastnesses and nursed their strength behind barrenrocks, some seized the land near the Danube, and 135some were finally drowned in the river's current.Then was the army of valiant heroes rejoiced, andfrom break of day until eve they followed hardupon the foreign foe, while the spears flew, biting 140battle-adders. The horde of hated shield-bearerswas lessened; but few of the army of Huns returnedthence home again.

Then was manifest from that day's deed thatthe King Almighty gave unto Constantine victory, 145glorious honor, and a realm beneath the heavens,

through his holy rood. And he, renowned in battle,a bulwark of armies, returned thence homeagain when the war was decided, exulting in hisspoil. Famed in the fight, a defense for heroes, the 150king came with a throng of thanes to visit hiscities and stud his shield with jewels.

5. THE ASSEMBLY.

Then the Lord of men straight summoned thewisest to council, those who had pondered the craftof wisdom in writings of old and held nobly to 155the rede of scholars. And the prince of the people,victory-inspired king, asked through the vast assemblyif there were any man there could tell and declareunto him truly who the god was, giver of good 160gifts, 'whose sign this was which appeared untome so bright, the most gleaming of tokens, savedmy people, and gave unto me glory and war-speedagainst my foes through the holy tree.' 165

But no one of them could give him any answerin return, nor knew they full well what to say aboutthe victor-tree. Then spake the wisest before the

multitudes, and said that it was a sign from the King 170of heaven, and of that there could be no doubt.



6. THE CONVERSION OF CONSTANTINE.

But they who had learned the truth, who weretaught through baptism, were joyful in soul, andtheir hearts were light that they might declare before 175the emperor the grace of the gospel: how the

Saviour of souls, revered in threefold majesty, wasborn; how God's own Son was hung upon the crossin bitter agony before the multitudes; how He freed 180the children of men and souls of the careworn fromthe snares of devils, and gave unto them gracethrough the very thing that had been disclosed tohis own sight as a sign of victory against the onrushof foes; and how on the third day the Glory 185of men and Lord of all mankind rose from thetomb and from death, and ascended into heaven.Men wise in the mystic things of the Spirit thus saidunto the victory-inspired monarch as they had 190

learned from Silvester. And at their hands theprince of the people received baptism, and held tothe faith according to the will of the Lord from thattime forth throughout the length of his days.

Then was the giver of gifts content, the kingstern in battle; a new joy was come into his heart. 195The Lord of the kingdom of heaven was his greatestsolace and his highest hope. Through the graceof the Spirit he began zealously to show forth thelaw of the Lord both day and night, and this rulerof men devoted himself, far-famed and weariless, 200unto the service of God. Then the prince, bulwark

of peoples, brave in battle and bold with the spear,found in the books of God with the aid of histeachers that country where, amid the shouts of multitudes,the Ruler of the heavens was crucified upon 205the cross through sinful hate; even as the ancientenemy with lying craft led astray the people, deceivedthe race of the Jews, until they crucified Godhimself, the Lord of hosts; wherefore they shall 210suffer a direful curse in misery through a long-enduringlife.

7. THE JOURNEY OF ELENE.

Then was the laud of Christ in the heart of theemperor, and he was ever mindful of that glorioustree. And he bade his mother fare unto the Jewsupon a journey with a throng of people, and zealously 215with her band of heroes to seek where theholy tree of glory, the rood of the King, was hidbeneath the earth.

Nor would Elene slight such a journey, nor be 220heedless of the word of the prince her son; butthe woman was soon ready for the welcome way,

as the bulwark of heroes and mail-clad warriorshad bidden her. And thereupon throngs of nobles 225made ready for the voyage over the ocean. The



They were in number three thousand men, chosen 285for teaching.

Then the well-beloved woman spake unto themen of the Hebrews in these words:--'This have Ilearned well by the mystic sayings of prophets inthe books of God, that in days of yore ye were 290

dear unto the King of glory, loved of the Lordand strong in his service. And lo! ye of thisknowledge unwisely and perversely cast Him forthwhen ye cursed Him who thought to loose you fromyour curse, your torture of fire, your servile bondage, 295through the might of His glory. Foully yespat upon the face of Him who by his noble spittlewrought anew the light of your eyes, the cure of 300your blindness, and saved you oft from the uncleanspirits of devils. Ye doomed Him to death whoamong a multitude of men roused from death itselfunto their former life a number of your own race. 305

Ye blind of soul, thus have ye confounded falsewith sooth, light with darkness, hate with reverence,and have woven a crime from your evil thoughts.Therefore doth this curse weigh you down in yoursin--ye judged that pure Power, and until this day 310ye have lived with clouded thoughts in heresy. Goye now quickly, and think upon the men most sagein wisdom and skilled in speech, who, versed in theknowledge of your law, hold it foremost in their 315hearts, and who may declare unto me truly anddevise an answer for each token whereof I mayask them.'

Then, sorely grieved and saddened, and burdened 320with fear, the men wise in law went apart, and earnestlysought the deepest mystic words wherewiththey might answer the queen whatsoever she askedof them, whether of good or of bad. And they 325found among their number a thousand of exceedingwisdom, who most fully knew the traditions of oldamong the Jews. In a great crowd they hastenedto where, upon a royal throne in majesty, the kinswoman 330of the emperor waited, a stately queen ofbattle adorned with gold. And Elene spake beforethe folk:--'Hearken, ye wise of soul, unto a holymystery, the word and the wisdom. Lo! ye had theteaching of prophets how the Prince of life and Lord 335of might should be born in the likeness of a child.Of him sang Moses, leader of the Israelites, andspake this word:--"Unto you is born a child ofwondrous might in mystery, for his mother conceived 340him not through the love of man." Of himking David, father of Solomon, ruler of men, aprophet with the wisdom of age, chanted a psalmand spake this word:--"In times afore I beheld the 345God of creation, the Lord of victories. He wasbefore my sight upon my right hand, the King ofmight and Prince of majesty. Thence will I never

turn my eyes more unto life." Likewise again 350Isaiah the prophet, deeply moved by the Spirit ofGod, spake concerning you before the multitudes in



these words: "I raised up sons and I begat children,and unto them I gave possessions, and holy balmfor their souls; but they scorned me, loathed me 355with their hate, and they had no forethought, noskill of wisdom. Even the wretched oxen, whichman doth each day drive and beat, know their well-wisher,and in their revenge for wrong hate not

their friend who giveth them fodder. But never 360would the men of the Israelites take knowledge ofme, though I wrought many wonders for themthroughout my life in the world." Lo! this havewe learned in holy books, that God the Creatorgave unto you spotless glory and wealth of power, 365and said unto Moses how ye should hearken untothe King of heaven, and follow His teaching. Butye soon became weary of this, and withstood thatrighteous one; ye scorned the pure Maker of all,the Lord of lords, and pursued error against the 370law of God. Now go ye quickly and find once

more those who know best by wisdom's craft theancient scriptures, your righteous law, that with 375depth of soul they may give me answer.'

Then a throng of the proud leaders, saddened inheart, went forth as the queen had bidden them,and found five hundred wise men of their own racewho held learning in their memory, most wisdom 380in their mind. And again within a little space thelords of the city were summoned unto the hall. Andthe queen, looking upon them all, spake unto them 385in these words:--'Oft have ye wrought foolishdeeds, ye wretched in misfortune, and scorned the

Scriptures, the lore of your fathers, but never worsethan now when ye have refused the cure of yourblindness, and withstood the truth and the right--that 390the Son of the Mighty One, the only-begottenRuler and King of kings, was born in Bethlehem.Though ye knew the law, the words of the prophets,yet because of your sin ye have not been willing toconfess the truth.' 395

And with one accord they answered:--'Lo! wehave learned the Hebrew law that from the arkof God our fathers knew in days of yore; but weknow not in sooth wherefore, O lady, thou hastbecome thus angry with us. We know not the sin 400that we have wrought in this province, the wrongwe have ever done to thee.'

Then Elene spake before the people openly, beforethe multitudes this woman spake aloud:--'Go ye 405now quickly, and seek far and near those who havethe power of wisdom and the most skill of thoughtamong you, that they may show forth to me withoutreserve whatsoever I ask of them.' 410

And they went forth from the council as the

mighty queen, strong in her cities, had bidden them,and earnestly pondered, sad of heart, and soughtshrewdly what that sin might be that they had 415



wrought in the province against the emperor, wherewiththe queen reproached them.

9. THE SPEECH OF JUDAS.

And there spake before the people one learned in

ancient writings and wise of speech (his name wasJudas):--'I know well that she wishes to ask concerning 420that victor-tree whereon suffered the Lordof hosts, God's own Son, guiltless of all evil, Himwhom, unspotted with any sin, our fathers in days 425of yore hung upon the high cross through hate--fearfulwas that thought! Now is there great needthat we steadfastly fortify our minds not to betraythat murder, nor declare where the holy tree washid after the stress of strife, lest thereby the wise 430writings of old be cast aside, and the lore of ourfathers forsaken. For if this shall be known, it will

not be long that the race of the Israelites and thefaith of the Jews shall hold sway over the world. 435Thus once my father's father, prophet with the wisdomof age and far-famed in victory--his name wasZaccheus--gave like counsel unto my father andspake this word, which in after times he himself toldto his son, as he turned him from the world:--"If in 440the days of thy life it happen that thou hear sagemen ask of the holy tree and stir up strife concerningthe rood of victory whereon the true Kingwas crucified, Lord of heaven and Child of all 445peace, then do thou, my dear son, ere death snatchthee off, quickly declare that never shall the people

of the Hebrews, taking wise counsel together, holdsway and rule over men, but the glory and kingdom 450shall endure of those who, filled with gladness fromage to age, revere and love the crucified King."'

'Then I boldly gave answer unto my father, the 455aged counselor:--"How came it to pass in thekingdom of the world that with wrathful intentour fathers laid hands on the Holy One to put himto death, if they had knowledge that he was Christ, 460the King upon the cross, true Son of the Creator,and Saviour of souls?"'

'And my parent gave answer unto me, wisely myfather spake:--"Recognize, O youth, the surpassingpower of God, the name of the Saviour whichmay not be expressed by any man. No man on 465earth can search it out. Never would I visit thecouncil which this people held, but I ever keptmyself aloof from their sin, nor wrought shame 470unto my soul in any way. Many times I earnestlywithstood the unrighteous act when the wise mensat in council, and sought in their heart how theymight crucify the Son of the Creator, the Bulwark 475of men and Lord of all, of angels and of mortals,

the most noble of heroes."

'"But these foolish and wretched men could not



Then words increased: men thought, reflected,and pondered on either side, some this way andsome that. And there came a band of thanes tothe assembly; and heralds, messengers of Cæsar, 550trumpeted:--'O ye counselors, the queen doth summonyou unto the royal hall, that ye may show

forth rightly the judgments of your synod. Yehave need of prudence in the council, of wisdom inmind.' And they, the leaders of the people, grieved 555in soul, were ready as they were summoned by thebitter edict, and went unto the palace to show forththe power of craft.

Then the queen spake unto the Hebrews and askedthem, their hearts sorely burdened, how once the 560prophets, holy men, sang in the world concerningthe Son of God; and where the Lord suffered, trueSon of the Creator, for the love of souls. But they

were obdurate and mute as stones, nor would they 565show forth the true secret, nor in the hardness oftheir hearts would they give any answer to whatshe sought of them, but, set in purpose, they withstoodeach word that she asked, and said that never 570in their lives had they heard, before nor since, onewhit of any such thing.

Then Elene spake and answered them in anger:--'Ishall say unto you truly, and never in your lifewill this be false, that if ye who stand before me 575persist long in this falsehood with lying craft, yeshall be burned upon the hill in the hottest fury of

fire, and leaping flames shall consume your flesh, sothat for you this lie shall be changed into utter destruction. 580Nor can ye prove those words which nowin your guile ye cover up under the cloak of evil.Ye cannot hide the deed, nor conceal its mysticpower.'

10. ELENE AND JUDAS.

Then were they in the fear of death, of thefuneral-pyre, and the end of life; and there they 585thrust forth one of exceeding wisdom in the loreof old, whose name was Judas, sprung from noblelineage; and they gave him up unto the queen,and called him a man of wondrous learning: 'Hecan show forth to thee the truth, unlock the secretof the fates, expound the just law from the beginning 590even to the end, according as thou dost askhim. He is of noble race in the world, wise inspeech, the son of a prophet, outspoken in council.And it is his nature to have sage answers and wisdomof soul. He shall show forth to thee before 595the multitude with his great power the gift of wisdom,even as thy heart desireth.'

Then she let each man seek his own home in peace,and took Judas alone as hostage. And she earnestly 600



bade him tell the truth concerning the cross,which had been long buried in a secret place. ThenElene, the glorious queen, drew him aside by himself,and thus spake to the lonely man:--'Two ways 650are ready for thee, either life or death, whichsoeverthou shalt please to choose. Declare quicklynow which one thou wilt accept.'

And Judas made answer unto her--nor could herid himself of sorrow and turn away the wrath ofhis ruler, but he was in the power of the queen--: 610'How shall it be with him who treadeth the moorin a desert, weary, without food, and torturedwith hunger, if before his eyes a loaf and a stonetogether seem hard and soft, and he knoweth themnot apart, but taketh the stone to ward off his 615hunger, and marketh not the loaf, turneth to wantand forsaketh the food, refuseth the better whenhe hath the choice of both?'

Then openly before the people the blessed Elenegave him answer:--'If thou wouldst have thy life 620in the world and a home with the angels in thekingdom of heaven, the reward of victory in thesky, tell me straightway where the holy rood ofthe King of glory lieth under the earth, which ye 625have hid now for a while from men because of theunrighteous murder.'

Judas answered, and his heart was heavy withinhim; there was grief in his soul, and woe eitherway, whether thus he forsook the joy of the 630

heavenly realm and this present kingdom beneaththe skies, or disclosed the rood:--'How can Ireveal that which came to pass so long ago in thecourse of years? Two hundred or more in numberare now vanished away--I know not the sum of 635them, and I cannot declare the event. Many ofwisdom, of virtue, and of learning, who were beforeour time, are told among the dead. In days longafter was I born, and in my childhood, and in myyouth. I may not discover in my heart that which 640I know not, and which came to pass so long ago.'

Then Elene bespake him in answer:--'Whencecometh it that ye bear in mind so many things,every wondrous deed, such as those which the Trojans 645wrought in battle? That far-famed war ofold was further in the course of years than thisholy event, and yet ye know that fully, how todeclare at once the number of all that were slain 650there, and of the spearmen who fell in death beneaththeir shields. Ye set forth in writing thetombs beneath the rocky cliffs, and likewise theplaces and the tale of years.'

Then Judas answered--he suffered bitter grief:--'We 655

are mindful of that war from very need, mydear lady, and we set forth in writing the fiercestrife and the deeds of the nations, but never have



we heard this declared unto men from the mouth 660of any save here and now.'

And the noble queen gave him answer:--'Toomightily dost thou withstand the truth and the rightconcerning the tree of life, insomuch as thou spakest 665verily of the rood of victory before thine own

people but a little time ago, and now dost turnto falsehood.'

Judas again spake unto her, and said that heuttered those words in sorrow and exceeding doubt,that he had weened bitter hardship for himself.

Quickly the kinswoman of Cæsar answered him:--'Lo!we have heard it declared unto men from 670the holy book that the noble Child of the King, theSon of God, was crucified on Calvary. Thou shaltreveal thy knowledge perfectly concerning the field

where this place Calvary is, according to the teaching 675of the Scriptures, ere death and utter destructionsnatch thee away for thy sins, that I may thereaftercleanse the cross to be a solace for men, accordingto the will of Christ. Thus shall the Holy God,the Lord Almighty, Glory-giver of hosts and Helper 680of souls, fulfill for me my desire and my inmostlonging.'

But with stubborn heart Judas answered her:--'Iknow not the place, nor aught of the field, norknow I the event.'

Then Elene spake with wrath in her heart:--'I 685swear by the Son of the Creator, by the crucifiedGod, that thou shalt be starved to death before thepeople of thine own race, save thou forsake thisfalsehood and fully declare unto me the truth.' 690

Then she bade men take him alive, and throwhim, guilty as he was, into a dried-up well--nor didher subjects hesitate. And there, joyless and famished,weighed down with chains, was he to abidein his grief for the space of seven nights. Andupon the seventh day, weakened by sorrow, weary, 695and without food--his strength was broken--hebegan to call aloud:--'I beseech you by the Godof the heavens that ye release me from this misery, 700for I am brought low by the pangs of starvation.Joyfully will I show forth the holy tree--no longercan I hide it now by reason of my hunger. Thisdurance is too fearful, this need too great, and thistorture too bitter day by day. No longer can I 705endure to suffer, and conceal my knowledge concerningthe tree of life, though before I was filledwith folly, and confess the truth too late.'

11. THE FINDING OF THE CROSSES.

When she who there held sway over the heroes



understood the changed bearing of the man, she 710straightway bade release him from his prison,his dungeon, his narrow cell. Then quickly theydid so, and took him out of the pit with care, asthe queen had bidden them. And they resolutely 715took their way to that place upon the hill wherethe Lord was crucified on the cross, the Son of

God and Prince of the heavenly realm. Weakenedby hunger, he knew not yet clearly where through 720the wiles of the devil the holy rood lay hid beneaththe earth, nor where it rested in its tomb, safe in asecret place, long hidden from men.

After a little while he lifted up his voice withunwonted power and spake in Hebrew:--'O Lord 725Jesus, thou who dost possess the power of judgment,thou who didst form the heaven and the earth andthe sea, the broad expanse of waters, and all createdthings, by the might of thy glory; thou who didst

measure out with thine own hands all the sphere of 730this earth and of the firmament above; thou whodost sit in person, the King of victories, over themost glorious angel-kind; thou who in a mantleof light dost fare through space in surpassingmajesty, the nature of man cannot rise in the flesh 735from the earth-tainted ways unto the bright throngof the pure, the heralds of glory. Thou didst formthat host, holy and heavenly, and didst ordain itunto thy service. Six of their number are called 740by name in joy without end, and they are clothedabout with six wings; they are adorned, and gleambrightly. And there are four of their number

ever in flight that perform the service of glory 745before the sight of the eternal Judge, and they continuallysing in holiness with clear voices the laudof the King of heaven, fairest of songs, and theychant these words in pure tones--their name is 750cherubim:--"Holy is the holy God of the archangels,the Lord of hosts. Heaven and earth arefull of His majesty, and all His exceeding might ismarked with His glory." And there are two amongtheir number in the heavens, the victorious race, 755whereon man bestoweth the name of seraphim.With flaming sword they are to keep sacred the fieldof Paradise and the tree of life. And fast intheir grasp the drawn sword, sharp of edge, quivers,trembles, and changes its hue. For thou dost rule, 760O Lord God, eternally, and thou didst hurl thy sin-stainedfoes, the workers of iniquity, from theheavens, and the unhappy host fell to the darkabodes, into the pains of hell. There now they suffer 765the agony of death in a sea of fire, encompassedabout with darkness, in the embrace of the dragon.He withstood thy kingly rule, and therefore inmisery, abhorred, the vilest of the vile, shall hesuffer and endure the servile yoke. He cannot there 770neglect thy commandment; he is fettered in torture,

bound in agony, the author of all sin. If it be thywill, O King of angels, that He who was on thecross, and was born of Mary into the world in the 775



form of a child, the Lord of the heavenly host, shallrule--and were He not thy Son, free from guile,never could He have wrought such a multitudeof true miracles day after day in the world; 780nor wouldst thou, O Lord of the peoples, so gloriouslyhave raised Him from the dead before thenations, were He not thy Son in glory by that holy

maid--then do thou, O Father of angels, now showforth thy sign. Even as thou didst hearken unto 785the words of that holy seer, Moses, in prayer, whenthou, O God of power, didst reveal unto the nobleman in due time the bones of Joseph beneath themountain-side, so would I, O God of hosts, if it bethy will, beseech thee in the name of that fair being 790that thou, Creator of souls, wilt disclose unto methis treasure-house that long has been hidden frommen. Do thou now, O Prince of life, let rise upbeneath the span of the heavens from this smiling 795field a misty smoke. Then shall I trust in thee

better, and the more firmly establish my soul inundoubting joy upon the crucified Christ, that Heis truly the Saviour of souls, eternal, omnipotent,and King of the Israelites, and that He shall rule 800for ever in glory without end the everlasting dwellingsin the heavens.'

Then from that place a mist rose up beneath theskies, like unto smoke. Thereupon was the soulof the man exalted, and he clapped his hands unto 805the heavens, wise and blessed. And Judas spake,sage in thought:--'Now have I truly perceived inthe hardness of my heart that thou art the Saviour

of the world. Thanksgiving without end be thine, 810O God of might, who sittest in majesty, that untome in my misery and my sin thou dost uncover thesecrets of the fates by thy glory. Now I wouldpray thee, O Son of God, Giver of gifts to men,inasmuch as I know thou art revealed and born the 815Glory of all kings, that thou never more be mindfulof my guilt, O my Creator, which I have wroughtnot a few times against thee. Let me, O God ofpower, dwell with holy joy among the number of 820the kingdom in that fair city where my brother isexalted in glory, for he, Stephen, held covenant withthee, even though he was stoned. He hath thereward of the fight, joy unceasing, and the wonders 825that he wrought are set forth in books.'

Then, glad and zealous, he digged in the earthunder the sod for the tree of glory until he uncoveredand came upon three crosses together in amournful home, hid twenty feet below, concealed 830in their dark grave beneath the steep cliff, and coveredover with sand, even as in days of yore the 835host of the sinful, the race of the Jews, had clothedthem over with earth. They stirred up hatredagainst the Son of God, as they would not have

done had they not hearkened to the teachings ofthe prince of evil.



the Lord of hosts, Giver of life, had wrought forthe salvation of mankind, impressed upon the mindsof the people. But there the fiend, the devil fromhell, dire monster mindful of evil, sinning with his 900lies, rose up into the air, flying, and spake thus:--'Lo!what man is this who doth again in theancient enmity destroy my following, swell the

olden hatred, and waste my possessions? Continual 905strife is this. No longer may the souls of themthat work evil dwell among my possessions, sincenow a stranger hath come, whom I counted fastin his sins, and hath robbed me of my every right 910and of all my wealth. This is not a just deed.The Saviour, who was raised up in Nazareth, hathdone me many an evil, acts of deep hatred. As hegrew up from childhood, he ever turned to himself 915my possessions, nor now can any justice succeed[against him]. His kingdom is broad over theworld, while my teaching is weakened beneath the

heavens. I dare not despise this cross with scoffinglaugh. Lo! the Saviour hath again shut me into 920my narrow home, smitten with woe. Once I wasfilled with joy by a Judas: but now, again by aJudas, am I humbled, bereft of possessions, abhorred,and friendless. But I know how to discover 925again by my sin a way of return hereafter fromthe home of the damned. I shall incite against theeanother king who shall persecute thee, and shallforsake thy teaching and follow my ways of 930evil; then will he cast thee into the darkest andworst of terrors, that thou, racked with pain, maystvehemently renounce the crucified King, whom thou

didst formerly obey.'

Then the wise Judas, daring hero in strife, 935answered him (the Holy Spirit was granted untohim with strength, a love hot as fire, a knowledgewelling up through the learning of a warrior); andhe spake this word, filled with wisdom:--'Thouneedst not so mightily, ever mindful of evil, renew 940sorrow and enkindle strife, O sinful prince of murder,inasmuch as the mighty King, who hath awakenedwith His word many of the dead, doth thrustthee into the nether depths, thou worker of iniquity, 945into the abyss of torture, bereft of joy. Know thoufull clearly that thou in folly didst forsake thebrightest of lights and the love of the Lord and thatglorious faith, and that thou hast since dwelt in a 950bath of fire, burdened with tortures and seared withflame, and that there, with hatred in thy soul, thoushalt ever suffer woe and misery without end.'

Elene heard how the foe and the friend struggledtogether, the glorious and the foul on opposite sides, 955the sinful and the blessed. And she was the gladderin heart as she heard that the hellish enemy, thePrince of evil, was vanquished; she marveled at

the wisdom of the man, how in so little timehe was so filled with faith, and how he who had 960ever been so ignorant was imbued with knowledge.



And she thanked God, the King of glory, thatthrough the Son of God the joy of both these thingswas come unto her--on the one hand at the sight 965of the tree of victory, and on the other at thisfaith which she so clearly understood as a gloriousgift in the breast of this man.

14. THE EMBASSY TO CONSTANTINE.

Then was the fair news of the morning manifestamong the nation, spread far throughout the people,to the vexation of many who would keep secret the 970law of the Lord. It was heralded through the cities,as far as the sea embosoms the land, through everytown, that the rood of Christ, buried of yore in theearth, had been found, best emblem of victory ofthem that were raised aloft before or since, holy 975beneath the heavens. Unto the Jews, men of misfortune,

it was a most bitter grief and most hatedof fates that they could change neither it nor thejoy of the Christians in the world. Then the queen 980bade messengers from her noble company makethem ready with haste, for they were to seek thelord of the Romans over the deep sea, and declareunto that warrior in person the best of glad tidings--howthe tree of victory, that had been hidden a long 985time before to grieve the holy ones, the Christianpeople, had been discovered and found in the earththrough the grace of the Creator.

Then was the soul of the king rejoiced at that 990

fair news, and his heart filled with gladness. Andin the city there was no want of richly-clad questionersconcerning what was come from afar. Thegreatest comfort in the world, a joyful soul, was 995come unto him at those glad tidings which the messengers,leaders of the army, brought to him overthe eastern ways, how the warriors with the gloriousqueen had made a prosperous voyage over the seainto the land of the Greeks. The emperor badethem prepare themselves again for the journey with 1000the greatest haste. The warriors made no delaywhen once they heard the answer, the message ofthe prince. He bade them, heroes hardy of soul,give greeting to Elene, renowned in war, if theyshould survive the sea and make a prosperous 1005voyage unto the holy city. And Constantine furthermorebade the messengers charge her to builda church there on the mountain-slope for the wealof them both, a temple of the Lord on Calvary for 1010the joy of Christ and the solace of men, therewhere the holy rood was found, fairest of all treesthe dwellers on earth have ever known. 1015

15. THE BUILDING OF THE TEMPLE.

And thus she did when her friends brought manya kind greeting over the fastness of waters from the



the wondrous mystery, and that he unlock the secretby his holy grace. And she spake this word untothe bishop--boldly she addressed him:--'O bulwarkof heroes, thou didst rightly show forth unto me 1075that noble tree, the cross of the heavenly King,whereon by heathen hands was crucified God's ownSon, the Helper of souls, the Saviour of men. Now

further the longing for knowledge doth make memindful of the nails. I would thou shouldst find 1080those that are hidden, buried deep in the earth andshrouded in darkness. Ever doth my heart mourn,sorrow in sadness, and rest not, until the FatherAlmighty, the Lord of hosts and Saviour of men,the Holy One from on high, shall fulfill unto me my 1085desire through the finding of these nails. Nowwith all reverence do thou forthwith, O best ofmediators, send up thy petition unto that gloriousBeing, unto the King of majesty. Do thou pray 1090the Glory of men that He, Almighty King, show

forth unto thee the treasure beneath the earth thatstill lieth hidden, secret and concealed from men.'Then the holy man, inspired in heart, the bishopof the people, made steadfast his soul, and joyfully 1095went forth with a throng of men singing praisesunto God. Zealously Cyriacus bowed his head uponCalvary, nor made he any secret of his thoughts, butthrough the might of the Holy Spirit he called upon 1100God with all reverence, and prayed the Lord ofangels to reveal the unknown mystery in his newtrouble, where in that field he might earnestly seekout the nails.

Then the Father, the Spirit of comfort, there as 1105they were watching, caused a sign in the form offire to rise up where the precious nails were cunninglyhid in the earth by the devices of men.

Forthwith there came a leaping flame brighter than 1110the sun. The people beheld a miracle shown forthunto their queen, where, like unto the stars of heavenor gems set in gold, out of the darkness glitteredthe nails brightly, gleaming from their burial-place 1115beneath the surface of the earth. The people rejoiced,the throng were glad of heart; and they saidwith one accord that the miracle was of God,although hitherto they had been long in heresy andturned from Christ, through the death-wieldingpower of the devil. Thus they spake:--'Now do 1120we ourselves behold the sign of victory, the truemiracle of God, whom we formerly withstood withfalsehood. Now is the course of the mystery comeinto light and revealed. Wherefore may the God ofthe heavenly kingdom have glory in the highest.' 1125

Then was the bishop of the people rejoiced anew,he who had turned with repentance through theSon of God. Awe-struck he took the nails, and

bore them unto the revered queen. Cyriacus had 1130fulfilled all the woman's wish, even as his noblemistress bade him. Then was there the sound of



lamentation, and hot tears welling over their faces--yetnot at all for sorrow; her tears fell over thenails. Wondrously was the desire of the queen fulfilled. 1135With joyous faith she laid them upon herknees, and, rejoicing in her happiness, revered thegift that was brought unto her as a solace for hersadness. She gave thanks unto God, the Lord of

victories, that now she knew the truth which had oft 1140been foretold long before from the beginning of theworld as a comfort for the nations. She was filledwith the grace of wisdom, and the Holy Spirit of 1145heaven held the dwelling of her body, and guardedher both heart and soul. Thus the almighty, victoriousSon of God had care for her thereafter.

18. ELENE'S DISPOSAL OF THE NAILS.

Then she began zealously through the mysteries

of the Holy Spirit to search out the truth and theway to glory. Verily the Lord of hosts, King 1150Almighty, gave aid that the queen might win herwish in the world. From the beginning all theprophecy was chanted in times before by the seersof old, and thus it happened in every respect. 1155Through the grace of the Holy Spirit the queenzealously began to search out with great care whereforshe might best and most fitly for the solace ofmen use the nails, and what was the will of the 1160Lord. Then bade she bring at once unto a secretcouncil an exceeding wise man, who, learned inmind, by his wise power knew fully the rede of

sages; and she began to inquire of him what he 1165deemed best to be done about this. And obedientlyshe chose his advice.

Earnestly he answered her:--'It is fitting thatthou hold in thy heart the word of the Lord,His holy mystery, O best of queens, and zealously 1170fulfil the bidding of the king, now that God, Redeemerof men, hath given unto thee good speedfor thy soul, and the skill of wisdom. Do thoubid that these nails be set upon the bridle, as a bit 1175for the horse of the most noble among castle-rulingkings. It shall become famed to many throughoutthe world when he shall overcome each of hisenemies thereby in the contest, as with brave heartsand brandished swords they seek the battle on either 1180side, and strive for the mastery there, foe againstfoe. He shall have good speed in war, victory inbattle, and peace everywhere, the calm following thestrife, who holds the bridle before him upon a white 1185steed when his trusty heroes, far-famed in the fight,bear shield and spear into the press of weapons.For any man shall this be a guard invincibleagainst stress in war. Concerning it sang theprophet, wise in thought, his mind saw deeply 1190

the understanding of wisdom. These words hespake:--"It shall be known that the horse of a kingis to be in the midst of brave heroes, decked with



bit and bridle-rings. It shall be called a holy sign 1195of God, and he shall be hardy and honored in warwho guides the horse."'

19. CONCLUSION.

Then straightway in the presence of the noblesElene accomplished all. She bade deck the bridleof the prince, gift-giver of men, and unto her ownson she sent the glorious present over the stream 1200of the ocean as an offering. Then she bade assembletogether in the town, in that holy city, thosewhom she knew as the best among the Jews, thatrace of heroes. And the queen began to teach the 1205throng of her dear subjects that they should steadfastlyhold to the love of the Lord, and maintainpeace one with another, and that they should hearken 1210unto the lore of the teacher, and the customs of the

Christians, which Cyriacus, wise in the knowledgeof books, should declare unto them. The bishopricwas well established. Often there came tohim from afar the lame, the halt, the weak, the 1215maimed, the bleeding, the leprous, the blind, thepoor, the sad in heart, and ever found they healthand relief there at the hands of their bishop duringall of their life. And again Elene gave unto himgifts of great worth when she was ready for thejourney back to her own land, and when she bade 1220all those who glorified God in that kingdom, bothmen and women, to honor in their thought withheart and strength that great day on which the holy

rood was found, most wondrous tree of them that 1225have grown up from the earth, laden with leaves.And, save for six nights ere the coming of summeron the kalends of May, the spring was gone. Mayhell's portal be closed and heaven's opened, may the 1230eternal kingdom of the angels be revealed with joyunceasing, and may their part be assigned withMary, to each man who keepeth in memory themost sacred festival of the cross beneath the heavens, 1235which the almighty King over all protected withhis arm! Finit.

20. EPILOGUE.

Old and ready for death by reason of this failinghouse, I thus have woven a web of words andwondrously have gathered it up; time and againhave I pondered and sifted my thought in the prisonof the night. I knew not fully the truth concerning 1240the cross[1] until wisdom revealed a broaderknowledge through its marvelous power o'er thethought of my heart. I was stained with deeds ofevil, fettered in sins, torn by doubts, girt round with 1245bitter needs, until the King of might wondrously

granted learning unto me as a comfort for my oldage; until he gave unto me his spotless grace, andimbued my heart with it, revealed it as glorious, in



time broadened it, set free my body, unlocked my 1250heart, and loosed the power of song, which joyfullyand gladly I have used in the world. Not one timealone, but often had I thought upon the tree ofglory, before I had the miracle revealed regardingthe glorious tree, as in the course of events I found 1255related in books and in writings concerning the sign

of victory. Ever until that time was the man buffetedin the surge of sorrow, was he a weakly flaringtorch (C)[2], although he had received treasuresand appled gold in the mead-hall; wroth in heart 1260(Y), he mourned; a companion to need (N), hesuffered crushing grief and anxious care, althoughbefore him his horse (E) measured the miles andproudly ran, decked with gold. Hope (W) iswaned, and joy through the course of years; youth 1265is fled, and the pride of old. Once (U) was thesplendor of youth(?); now after that alloted timeare the days departed, are the pleasures of life

dwindled away, as water (L) glideth, or the rushingfloods. Wealth (F) is but a loan to each beneath 1270the heavens; the beauties of the field vanishaway beneath the clouds, most like unto the windwhen it riseth loud before men, roameth amid theclouds, courseth along in wrath, and then on a sudden 1275becometh still, close shut in its narrow prison,crushed by force.

[Footnote 1: Supplying _r[=o]de_.]

[Footnote 2: These letters are the runes which spell out Cynewulf'sname.]

Thus shall all this world pass away, and in likemanner devouring flame shall seize upon whoeverwas born into it, at that time when theLord himself 'with a host of angels shall come 1280unto judgment. There shall each man hear thedoom on all his deeds from the mouth of the judge,and likewise shall pay the penalty for all thefoolish words ever spoken by him, and all his overbold 1285thoughts. Then shall the people divide intothree parts for the embrace of the flame, every manwho hath ever lived throughout the broad earth.Those who have clung fast to the truth shall behighest in the flame, the throng of the blessed, the 1290host of them that yearn for glory, the multitude ofthe righteous, and thus may they endure and suffermore lightly without distress. He tempers forthem all the glare of the flame as shall be most easyfor them and most mild. The sinful men, those 1295stained with evil, heroes sad of heart, shall be in themiddle place, shrouded with smoke amid the hotsurge of fire. The third part, accursed sinful foes,false haters of men, the host of the wicked, shall bein the depth of the surge, bound fast in flame by 1300reason of their former deeds, in the gripe of the

glowing coals. Nor shall they come thereafterfrom the place of punishment to the memory of God,King of glory, but they shall be cast forth, His



wrath-stirring foes, from that fierce flame into the 1305depths of hell. Unlike this shall it be with theother two parts: they may look upon the Prince ofangels, the God of victories. They shall be refinedand freed from their sins, like pure gold that is all 1310cleansed from every alloy, refined and melted in thesurge of the furnace's fire. Thus shall each of those

men be separated and purified from all their guilt,their deep transgressions, by the fire of the judgment.And thereafter they may enjoy peace and 1315eternal well-being. The Lord of angels shall bemerciful and gracious unto them, inasmuch as theyabhorred each sin, each work of guile, and calledupon the Son of the Creator in their prayers.Wherefore now their forms shall shine like unto theangels, and they shall enjoy the heritage of the King 1320of glory for ever and ever. Amen.

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the elene of cynewulf translated into english prose

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