the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy a comparative study of jakarta,...
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The Effectiveness ofIndustrial Air Pollution Control Policy
A Comparative Study of Jakarta, Indonesiaand New South Wales, Australia
Cecep Aminudin
Indonesian Center for Environmental Law&
Program Study of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia
University of Indonesia
Background
Air quality is very important for human, animal and plant life
Air pollution from various sources (including industry) is an acute problem in the world
Governments issued policy to solve the problem
However, the research about the effectiveness of the air pollution control policy is still rare
Research Objectives
1. To know the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta, Indonesia
2. To know the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in New South Wales, Australia
3. To compare the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta, Indonesia and New South Wales, Australia
The Framework of Industrial Air Pollution Control Policy in Jakarta, Indonesia
Indonesia 1945 ConstitutionIndonesia 1945 Constitution
Law Number 23/1997 on Environmental Management ActLaw Number 23/1997 on Environmental Management Act
Government Regulation 41/1999 on Air Pollution ControlGovernment Regulation 41/1999 on Air Pollution Control
Air Pollution Emitters IndustryAir Pollution Emitters Industry
Governor Decree on Ambient Air StandardGovernor Decree on
Ambient Air Standard
Air Emission LicenseAir Emission License
Governor Decree on Emission Standard
Governor Decree on Emission Standard
MoE Decrees on Emission Standard
MoE Decrees on Emission Standard
PROPER ProgramPROPER Program
Clean Air ProgramClean Air Program
NationalNationalNationalNational
Local(Jakarta)Local(Jakarta)
Blue Sky ProgramBlue Sky Program
Local Regulation 2/2005 on Air Pollution Control
Local Regulation 2/2005 on Air Pollution Control
The Framework of Industrial Air Pollution Control Policy in NSW, Australia
Australian Constitution and Legal System, Common LawAustralian Constitution and Legal System, Common Law
IGAEIGAE
Protection of the Environment Operation Act 1997 (POEO)Protection of the Environment Operation Act 1997 (POEO)
Protection of the Environment Operation (Clean Air) Regulation
Protection of the Environment Operation (Clean Air) Regulation
NEPMsNEPMs
Load Based
Licensing
Load Based
Licensing
Air Pollution Emitters IndustryAir Pollution Emitters Industry
NSW AQMP (Action for Air)NSW AQMP (Action for Air)
Implement Clean Air Regulation
Implement Clean Air Regulation
Cleaner Production Unit in EPA
Cleaner Production Unit in EPA
Implement POEO ActImplement POEO Act
NOx PolicyNOx
PolicyLeak
detection & repair
Leak detection &
repair
Pollution reduction program
Pollution reduction program
NPI National Ambient Air Quality
FederalFederalFederalFederal
States(NSW)States(NSW)
The Comparison of Policy Instruments in Jakarta and NSW
Policy Instruments Applied Policy Instruments
Indonesia Australia
National Local (Jakarta) National States (NSW)
Standard Setting Emission Standard, Air Quality Standard
Emission Standard, Air Quality Standard
Air Quality Standard
Emission Standard,Best Practicable Means Technology
Administrative Law Enforcement
License, Inspection, Mandatory Environmental Audit
License, Inspection
License, Inspection, Compliance Audit, Mandatory Environmental Audit
Private Law Enforcement
Legal Suits Legal Suits Legal Suits
Criminal Law Enforcement
Investigation, Prosecution
Investigation Investigation, Prosecution
Market Based Instrument
LBL
Voluntary Voluntary Environmental Audit
Voluntary Agreement (Superdasih)
Publication and Information
PROPER NPI
Public Expenditure Technical Assistance
Cleaner Production Unit
Measuring Effectiveness
Policy Output Intermediate Outcomes
End Outcomes
Industry behaviors to the regulation
Industry behaviors to the regulation
Emission load and concentration from industrial sources
Emission load and concentration from industrial sources
Air Quality in Industrial Area
Air Quality in Industrial Area
• Administrative Law Enforcement
• Private Law Enforcement
• Criminal Law Enforcement
• Market Based Instruments
• Publication and Information Instruments
• Voluntary Instruments• Public Expenditure
Instruments
• Administrative Law Enforcement
• Private Law Enforcement
• Criminal Law Enforcement
• Market Based Instruments
• Publication and Information Instruments
• Voluntary Instruments• Public Expenditure
Instruments
Research and Analysis Method
Approach ex-post facto policy evaluation research
Pollutant Parameter carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxyde(NOx), particulate, hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Location of Study Jakarta and New South Wales
Scope of Study Province (Jakarta) to State (NSW)
Data Sources Governments Report and Publication,
Other Secondary Publication,
Interview
Analysis Descriptive Comparative
The conditions of the policy outputs
PH Administrasi
PH Pidana
PH Perdata
Inst. Ekonomi Inst. Public Expenditure
Inst Informasi dan Publikasi
Inst Sukarela
5
4
3
2
1
0
DKI Jakarta
New South Wales
Voluntary
Administrative Enforcement
Criminal Enforcement
Private Enforcement
Economic Instrument Public Expenditure
Information & Publication
The Conditions of the Policy Intermediate Outcomes
Jakarta:
Reactive phase. The behavior of industry to comply with environmental regulation are low. Non compliance to emission standard between 17 – 76 %, non compliance on reporting obligation is about 30 %, the installation of air pollution equipment 0 out of 10 in 2004.
NSW:
Constructive to Proactive Phase. Non-compliance rate of industry is relatively low (12 – 15 %). the installation of air pollution equipment 17 out of 17 in 2000.
The Conditions of Policy End Outcomes
Oksida Nitrogen
Partikulat
Karbon Monoksida Sulfur Dioksida
Hidrokarbon
4
3
2
1
0
DKI Jakarta
New South Wales
Hydrocarbon
Nitrogen Oxide
Particulate
Sulfur DioxideCarbon Monoxide
Jakarta
NSW
Conclusion
1. In general, the industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta is not yet effective. Where the end policy outcomes, the intermediate policy outcomes are low and policy output is weak.
2. In general, the industrial air policy control policy in NSW is potential to be effective. Where the end policy outcomes and the intermediate policy outcomes are better than in Jakarta and the policy outputs is stronger than in Jakarta.
3. The industrial air pollution control policy in NSW is more effective than in Jakarta.
Why There is a gap ?
Lack of institutional capacity, strategy, political priority, and enforcement culture in Indonesia.
Recommendations
Industries
CentralGovernment
NGO’s &Civil Society
Law Enforcers
Markets
Donors
LocalGovernment Financial
Institutions
A concerted efforts of stakeholders ………………….
INDONESIAN CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
JL. Dempo II No. 21, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, 12120. INDONESIA
email: [email protected]
Thank you…….....