THE DIGITAL CLOCKWORK MUSERob Saunders; John S. GeroKey Centre of Design Computing and CognitionThe University of Sydney, NSW 2007, Australiarob@arch.usyd.edu.au; john@arch.usyd.edu.auA Computational Model of Aesthetic Evolution

THE CLOCKWORK MUSEThe Clockwork MuseColin Martindale (1990)The development of stylesLiterature, music, visual arts, and architectureThe search for noveltyImportant determinant of stylistic change

THE LAW OF NOVELTYOutlaws repetition in word or deedContinual search for noveltyPenalty worst than death to be ignoredApplied in its purest form in the artsStyles become more complex over timeExpression ever more concrete and specific

AESTHETIC EVOLUTIONMemes and VariationsSpread of innovations through a social groupsCollective theory formationCollaborative groups are more creativeFixed definitions of creativityEmergent definitions of what & who is creative

DEFINING CREATIVITYPersonal definitions of creativityCreative thought processesSocio-cultural definitions of creativityHonorific notion of creative personObjective definitions of creativityArtefact is creative if novel and useful

INTERESTINGNESSInterestingness in discovery systems43/242 heuristics in AM for interestingnessObjective vs. subjective interestingnessData-centric vs. user-centric interestingnessUnexpectedness and/or actionabilityNovel and/or useful (objective creativity)

THE DIGITAL CLOCKWORK MUSEEconomy of NoveltyCredit for production of noveltyCurious Design AgentsSelf directed learning based on interestingnessGenetic ArtworksEvolved artworks similar to Sims (1991)

CURIOUS AGENTSSelf-directed learnersSchmidhuber (1991)Too similar boredomPredictable subspace of artworksToo different incomprehensionUnpredictable subspace of artworks

A TOOL-USING CURIOUS AGENT

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Evolutionary System

Sends Evolved Images

Selects Interesting Images

Curious Agent

Process

Images

Calc. Interest

Learn Images &

Detect Novelty

GENETIC ARTThis example is taken from the archive of human evolved genetic artworks kindly provided by John Mount, Scott Neal Reilly and Michael Witbrock as part of the International Interactive Genetic Art Project.

ARTISTIC GENETICSTree-structured genotypeGenetic programming (Koza)Mathematical expression4D Quaternion mathematicsEvaluated at every pixelSubstitution of x and y variables

sin

rand

+

x

x

x

x

y

(+ (sin x) (* (rand x y) x)

IMAGE PROCESSINGOriginal imageProcessed inputsEdge detect& threshold

LEARNING AND NOVELTYSelf-organising mapKohonen (1993)Short term memorySmall volatile networkError as noveltySimple but effective

A

B

C

D

E

F

1

2

3

4

5

6

INTERESTINGNESSBerlynes theory of arousalNovelty as arousal devicePleasure/painReward/punishmentThe Wundt CurveThe Hedonic Function

THE WUNDT CURVE

HEDONIC VALUE

NOVELTY

Nx

Hx

Reward

Punish

0

1

-1

n1

n2

ACTIONABILITYSelection of parent artworksMost interesting artwork at current timeCommunication of interesting artworksInterestingness of evolved artworkPayment for interesting artworksInterestingness of received artwork

AN ECONOMY OF NOVELTYBORINGINTERESTINGSelects Evolved ImageSelects Received ImagePays Sender

FRACTAL DIMENSIONMeasure of complexityFractional dimension between 0.0 and 2.0Box-counting methodSimple approx. to fractal dimensionEmpirical studies of real artistsJackson Pollock; (Taylor et al., 1999)

THE BOX-COUNTING METHODThe fractal dimension is calculated by plotting the count of boxes containing detected edges against the number of boxes per side on a log-log graph and performing a linear regression. The gradient of the line produced is taken to be an estimate of the fractal dimension.

HEDONIC COMPLEXITYTwo agents are initialised with the same prototype image but with different hedonic function favouring different levels of novelty. The fractal dimension of the images evolved by each agent was measured. The agent that sought greater novelty evolved more complex images.

Chart5

1.3128380751.5231640697

1.40730307141.7498133939

1.32320198041.8873707508

1.3509914651.9612848386

1.34018369541.9740724704

1.36158043761.9818625113

1.38874288661.9818625113

1.38741151141.9591840944

1.41461266631.9533664919

1.37594816551.974136572

1.4355625171.9848118988

1.35986292781.9819206915

1.38692930521.9559010753

1.4029683571.9563665128

1.36414589051.9392403013

1.36606278661.9061532762

1.30391112671.954374666

1.38650586371.9391833513

1.38577960771.9159640887

1.44970307971.9410967072

1.3820855611.9603325153

1.30838183951.9663197245

1.31816549891.9662953888

1.32775541481.9553786306

1.25691624611.9683029457

1.2842252661.9593037974

1.33402143551.9523497919

1.35667714261.9613489402

1.34297606321.9682829144

1.40196320371.9612920105

1.31846728941.9477272893

1.34473507081.9354148166

1.35732163221.9315386683

1.33081551791.9263202098

1.33018699831.9314943666

1.32298758081.9511210293

1.36680071911.9652841719

1.33904145591.9052693236

1.433226981.9077189983

1.36485705021.8835581839

1.30638391841.9471265537

1.34491697151.9355187145

1.40314600121.9663320398

1.28174468911.9584318627

1.33690000011.9501043294

1.40365242341.9462934878

1.37066694571.9411098902

1.37857111891.8918054864

1.4624605071.9174232842

1.49578356321.9329602675

Fractal Dimension

Novelty = 11

Novelty = 18

Time

Sheet1

12345678910111213141516171819123456789101112131415161718191.51.51.5

0.000.740.000.500.210.001.000.001.000.941.001.000.541.100.681.421.000.940.881.291.000.941.000.941.111.061.620.211.431.721.111.481.351.480.001.490.881.211.451.451.420.001.401.610.901.961.271.211.521.321.061.781.381.401.781.811.830.250.240.670.980.771.121.060.961.261.121.310.991.180.961.301.481.301.521.810.981.311.52

0.000.000.000.790.290.500.661.000.850.921.001.000.790.500.841.081.001.081.081.061.291.051.000.941.161.201.061.721.381.531.181.601.441.400.001.481.421.151.661.661.361.421.611.461.301.971.001.151.631.711.201.901.781.561.971.781.810.000.530.840.970.711.051.151.001.141.541.410.961.411.481.461.371.521.751.850.971.411.75

-0.000.290.000.29-0.000.790.290.710.661.001.130.610.680.680.790.980.941.071.051.081.141.501.500.981.061.161.101.531.521.571.341.181.451.480.851.771.151.421.741.741.591.491.461.561.251.861.501.971.931.741.561.951.811.901.931.781.970.100.360.550.910.721.001.091.331.111.541.321.371.431.611.421.781.741.891.890.911.321.89

-0.000.000.000.290.210.500.161.160.790.861.130.790.740.740.971.001.080.871.031.081.051.051.051.041.211.181.061.311.531.291.281.281.491.560.291.811.321.741.781.781.601.591.551.461.201.831.861.791.931.781.641.981.951.961.941.801.77-0.000.330.700.930.820.981.051.051.151.381.351.221.611.661.401.831.781.961.840.931.351.96

0.000.00-0.000.290.290.210.581.060.160.790.630.860.870.610.740.870.861.001.000.851.051.051.370.851.180.911.211.301.291.001.351.281.391.441.561.801.211.801.671.671.551.601.801.551.181.731.751.791.811.811.931.961.981.991.961.721.79-0.000.260.600.760.740.910.971.091.101.201.341.601.561.611.511.751.851.971.820.761.341.97

0.000.000.000.000.00-0.000.400.790.581.000.701.110.890.870.751.290.941.041.290.980.850.851.251.211.071.051.191.461.321.271.391.281.411.331.231.441.351.731.531.531.611.551.661.801.451.901.791.731.921.921.911.971.991.991.951.941.940.00-0.000.590.940.841.091.041.101.101.351.361.331.541.561.641.811.921.981.940.941.361.98

0.500.500.000.00-0.000.290.791.001.000.700.690.790.950.710.951.331.071.081.101.000.931.071.161.131.141.071.061.611.311.321.361.361.441.521.381.431.671.671.781.781.661.671.821.661.311.791.841.791.901.941.931.991.971.991.971.961.920.330.100.930.730.871.161.011.121.091.411.391.451.711.701.601.801.921.981.950.731.391.98

0.500.000.50-0.000.29-0.000.791.080.730.690.740.940.840.950.901.021.161.061.251.250.941.371.191.191.061.191.161.411.331.261.281.431.451.431.391.421.531.701.741.741.711.831.681.771.191.861.791.841.921.931.941.991.951.941.941.951.880.330.100.870.790.901.081.151.251.141.341.391.411.661.761.551.831.931.961.920.791.391.96

0.500.000.50-0.000.000.000.711.001.080.740.950.660.711.070.950.921.031.021.251.251.251.471.070.971.161.061.081.781.261.301.281.411.561.391.351.441.491.491.531.531.621.771.771.691.821.821.771.851.571.921.891.971.941.951.931.951.960.33-0.000.930.790.910.991.251.171.101.451.411.391.511.641.761.811.791.951.950.791.411.95

0.500.500.000.50-0.00-0.000.500.941.160.900.720.950.920.761.001.220.940.941.221.221.200.970.951.201.081.151.031.491.301.381.381.281.471.531.441.521.561.561.501.501.771.621.701.751.681.821.841.841.551.891.941.971.971.991.761.941.920.330.170.870.860.891.031.211.041.091.391.381.501.541.631.711.841.791.971.870.861.381.97

0.00-0.000.000.000.290.210.900.790.790.880.901.260.950.920.761.270.880.941.071.041.071.191.461.251.131.150.981.471.491.471.401.381.531.521.531.381.641.501.631.631.721.641.751.731.691.851.881.821.631.881.961.991.981.991.971.921.91-0.000.170.831.020.881.031.061.301.091.481.441.481.591.661.721.851.821.981.931.021.441.98

0.50-0.000.000.500.210.290.500.900.610.791.261.050.960.790.961.351.070.711.001.101.041.161.511.261.151.171.201.381.571.581.361.361.361.381.401.491.601.631.471.471.751.721.751.751.891.911.881.881.891.961.871.981.991.981.911.911.740.170.330.671.030.911.041.051.311.171.511.361.431.571.651.801.891.911.981.851.031.361.98

0.000.500.000.210.210.211.000.610.791.000.790.971.160.741.161.270.941.000.981.001.231.041.191.291.201.041.081.321.601.521.371.361.441.401.331.481.611.581.601.601.721.751.801.691.731.881.871.871.881.721.961.971.981.921.921.971.950.170.210.800.921.021.071.071.171.111.481.391.401.601.691.741.881.851.961.950.921.391.96

0.500.000.00-0.000.210.210.790.900.790.971.001.001.100.770.741.351.081.271.101.231.001.151.161.281.041.191.031.601.471.651.401.381.441.451.421.441.491.691.571.571.781.721.841.841.741.901.971.921.961.651.941.951.951.971.911.941.800.170.140.830.990.871.231.111.201.091.571.401.431.581.691.811.931.851.961.890.991.401.96

0.000.500.000.21-0.000.160.900.790.791.080.791.000.940.810.741.311.061.040.941.091.081.141.041.271.061.081.071.471.661.681.351.371.381.451.441.511.571.701.691.691.701.711.751.731.731.961.981.901.951.971.941.931.951.941.861.961.830.170.120.830.960.831.141.041.151.071.601.361.471.651.701.741.951.951.941.880.961.361.94

0.500.290.000.210.500.130.940.660.161.000.791.000.960.790.741.161.041.041.151.151.071.141.111.201.151.061.241.651.621.691.241.461.401.551.451.441.621.671.661.661.651.701.781.731.841.941.781.971.661.941.971.841.911.971.931.921.930.260.280.590.930.831.081.121.151.151.651.371.481.651.671.781.901.861.911.930.931.371.91

0.000.500.500.160.500.500.900.900.660.791.001.290.810.790.721.161.140.901.081.080.901.201.201.231.171.091.231.741.711.701.111.381.421.471.441.521.571.691.631.631.721.801.721.781.751.911.911.981.661.941.951.941.951.971.871.891.880.330.390.821.030.771.071.021.211.171.721.301.481.631.721.751.941.851.951.881.031.301.95

0.500.000.000.210.16-0.001.000.900.900.791.101.320.791.050.820.971.231.231.121.121.081.121.061.221.141.071.341.711.601.581.411.321.431.491.521.381.571.641.451.451.631.701.871.811.731.861.891.861.951.971.971.951.941.921.851.691.940.170.120.941.070.891.141.111.131.181.631.391.471.561.591.811.871.961.941.831.071.391.94

0.000.500.000.21-0.000.371.001.001.061.100.671.270.760.760.940.950.901.251.141.061.091.131.131.060.991.101.141.651.581.601.481.201.481.441.471.421.631.451.571.571.681.671.881.841.811.941.871.841.941.971.951.881.921.941.771.731.850.170.191.021.010.821.031.101.111.071.611.391.441.551.641.851.881.951.921.781.011.391.92

0.210.290.000.210.37-0.001.001.000.900.170.901.161.050.940.940.831.001.161.041.081.061.141.251.101.130.991.081.581.581.251.491.291.571.421.441.471.671.631.571.571.731.681.871.811.781.901.981.891.951.851.951.971.881.971.861.821.910.170.190.970.750.981.001.061.161.061.471.451.441.631.661.821.921.921.941.860.751.451.94

0.500.000.000.290.290.161.001.001.000.291.161.160.980.830.970.901.251.061.001.061.081.111.111.141.081.181.041.441.651.301.361.261.531.401.401.371.571.591.541.541.671.701.831.741.781.981.971.891.951.951.951.941.971.971.871.871.870.170.251.000.870.931.071.051.121.101.461.381.391.571.631.781.951.951.961.870.871.381.96

0.000.000.000.210.500.290.850.501.000.360.881.070.610.610.721.001.061.161.051.130.951.121.141.111.121.280.961.651.441.281.401.261.261.411.561.421.591.611.571.571.711.621.801.831.851.971.971.881.851.861.931.971.971.961.951.791.850.000.330.780.770.651.081.041.121.121.461.311.461.591.631.831.941.881.971.860.771.311.97

0.000.000.000.000.000.211.000.790.500.841.070.880.830.960.261.061.110.871.120.950.931.191.161.250.961.241.071.591.281.591.361.331.261.531.571.461.571.631.561.561.701.641.831.851.761.891.981.971.961.931.931.971.951.971.941.851.920.000.070.760.930.681.011.001.201.091.491.321.521.591.631.811.951.941.971.900.931.321.97

0.000.000.000.290.160.370.850.660.790.501.161.030.790.920.820.821.000.841.051.081.051.091.121.191.081.241.051.471.291.751.361.311.311.571.401.411.611.471.611.611.661.551.871.831.801.931.781.961.931.951.901.951.941.971.991.821.900.000.270.770.900.840.891.061.131.121.501.331.461.561.611.831.891.931.961.900.901.331.96

0.000.000.500.160.370.290.661.060.851.160.920.500.791.100.791.000.981.161.041.121.041.111.191.161.071.081.081.031.171.601.181.311.281.511.461.561.581.621.571.571.701.661.871.871.821.921.801.801.901.941.951.971.961.971.891.891.190.170.270.860.860.891.051.061.161.081.271.261.511.591.651.861.841.931.971.660.861.261.97

0.000.000.000.40-0.000.290.691.061.061.041.080.921.080.790.730.980.921.071.161.161.121.071.071.241.211.051.141.751.031.681.281.351.221.571.511.431.571.521.471.471.691.751.901.871.781.781.801.781.951.941.941.961.971.941.901.931.690.000.230.931.010.870.991.151.131.131.491.281.501.521.641.851.791.941.961.841.011.281.96

0.000.00-0.000.290.000.000.660.870.791.001.211.080.940.881.080.920.670.980.981.081.051.251.261.161.231.081.111.601.681.661.221.461.321.371.461.371.541.471.381.381.551.691.851.851.891.781.921.911.951.921.941.941.971.951.911.941.70-0.000.100.771.100.970.861.041.221.141.651.331.401.471.541.861.871.941.951.851.101.331.95

0.000.000.000.160.290.160.940.790.841.210.920.961.001.000.790.670.650.651.000.980.961.281.161.211.191.231.151.291.661.621.321.401.351.381.401.441.381.471.571.571.651.651.841.841.901.781.911.931.951.881.931.951.971.971.861.951.880.000.200.861.030.930.660.981.221.191.531.361.411.471.621.861.881.921.961.901.031.361.96

0.000.500.000.660.290.160.790.941.230.920.960.901.000.790.790.901.050.661.081.100.891.201.211.251.171.191.121.261.621.711.381.361.281.521.411.381.561.551.471.471.591.471.841.901.901.921.931.931.921.861.961.981.971.961.961.991.890.170.370.990.930.860.871.021.221.161.531.341.431.531.511.881.921.921.971.950.931.341.97

0.000.000.000.210.210.210.790.850.791.030.900.900.790.791.041.050.950.741.061.020.961.161.081.161.121.171.091.271.711.311.411.411.381.371.371.401.361.541.561.561.631.691.871.901.871.851.851.751.901.961.971.941.981.961.941.951.890.000.210.810.950.880.911.011.131.131.431.401.381.491.631.881.821.941.961.930.951.401.96

0.000.000.500.210.210.290.940.851.080.900.900.740.791.001.040.950.790.761.070.931.041.161.191.161.161.041.051.211.311.341.391.221.341.511.441.561.491.521.491.491.641.631.811.871.811.931.881.851.891.961.931.901.961.981.941.971.900.170.240.960.850.950.841.011.171.081.291.321.511.501.591.831.891.931.951.940.851.321.95

0.000.000.290.210.290.160.901.080.850.740.740.690.930.950.791.050.700.651.121.111.111.161.161.191.091.111.161.241.281.251.331.331.371.471.431.431.601.491.511.511.631.651.831.771.831.751.891.881.931.931.971.891.961.961.951.901.840.100.220.950.720.890.801.111.171.121.261.341.441.531.601.811.841.941.941.900.721.341.94

0.000.500.000.160.400.160.850.900.940.500.850.731.001.020.870.860.850.731.041.111.091.211.231.170.961.111.111.331.351.231.361.291.421.531.541.341.441.441.481.481.551.671.681.911.701.851.951.931.961.971.951.891.961.941.931.861.640.170.240.900.690.960.811.081.201.061.301.361.471.451.571.761.911.961.931.810.691.361.93

0.000.000.000.160.290.501.040.941.160.710.730.851.040.871.180.850.650.711.091.091.031.231.131.231.121.120.961.231.171.211.421.331.241.491.571.581.491.441.481.481.631.551.861.881.861.891.961.901.971.941.931.891.931.961.941.921.660.000.321.050.761.030.741.071.201.071.201.331.551.471.551.871.921.951.931.840.761.331.93

0.500.000.500.290.290.501.161.041.000.851.040.710.940.971.020.970.830.711.000.891.001.201.211.121.121.241.121.311.211.271.421.241.321.411.571.531.481.481.611.611.751.611.751.881.751.961.901.961.961.971.941.961.891.941.901.881.560.330.361.070.870.980.830.961.181.161.261.331.501.521.661.791.941.961.931.780.871.331.93

0.500.500.00-0.000.40-0.000.711.000.660.630.660.791.021.120.970.710.680.681.021.051.021.121.231.141.201.181.041.201.231.311.201.331.441.441.571.571.441.451.621.621.671.701.591.871.631.951.761.941.961.911.961.981.941.931.911.831.340.330.130.790.691.040.691.031.171.141.241.321.521.501.661.701.881.941.951.690.691.321.95

0.500.000.000.400.290.401.000.710.690.970.850.750.870.981.110.550.890.571.071.021.071.111.151.141.041.111.191.151.201.231.371.351.381.471.421.521.481.471.451.451.721.671.871.891.781.981.981.961.971.921.961.951.961.981.991.971.530.170.370.800.860.990.671.051.131.111.191.371.471.461.611.851.971.951.971.830.861.371.97

0.790.000.000.290.000.290.690.790.850.760.630.870.720.660.720.600.710.921.021.071.001.221.051.141.111.001.111.171.211.251.451.201.371.461.471.441.441.591.541.541.691.631.851.901.781.941.961.971.971.971.971.801.951.961.891.971.920.260.190.780.750.700.741.031.141.071.211.341.451.531.621.841.951.971.911.930.751.341.91

0.000.500.000.400.210.500.790.660.500.740.741.001.110.841.000.900.571.101.001.001.001.011.161.131.001.131.001.211.271.171.491.441.371.421.481.481.471.541.441.441.771.701.851.811.901.941.961.941.921.971.961.811.951.971.911.951.920.170.370.650.830.980.861.001.101.041.221.431.461.491.641.851.951.951.911.930.831.431.91

0.000.500.000.400.290.500.850.790.660.921.070.660.720.790.961.100.770.771.110.941.111.131.141.101.131.241.181.271.241.281.381.381.341.561.511.351.531.581.511.511.791.831.901.861.861.971.941.921.961.981.961.741.931.981.941.951.740.170.400.770.880.830.881.051.121.181.261.361.471.541.711.871.941.971.881.880.881.361.88

0.000.000.000.290.290.500.500.850.660.661.051.070.970.750.740.920.760.851.000.821.081.101.131.141.201.091.131.241.251.311.291.291.331.531.491.341.451.511.481.481.771.791.911.901.891.941.941.941.991.961.901.931.941.971.941.921.610.000.360.670.930.820.840.971.121.141.271.311.451.481.681.901.941.951.951.820.931.311.95

0.000.500.500.210.500.211.000.950.500.880.921.000.790.830.751.080.700.921.071.081.071.141.171.131.201.201.081.281.341.181.271.331.431.361.531.511.481.471.461.461.861.821.911.911.881.941.941.941.971.941.991.891.961.961.661.931.680.330.310.820.930.790.901.071.151.161.271.341.461.471.711.901.941.971.941.750.931.341.94

0.000.000.000.500.210.290.850.900.950.790.850.870.900.840.830.900.811.060.981.001.001.121.211.171.121.091.001.311.241.191.431.411.371.421.511.511.461.461.631.631.751.791.881.891.871.961.931.941.941.941.941.971.961.961.981.911.770.000.330.900.840.860.930.991.171.071.241.401.481.521.731.881.941.941.971.890.841.401.97

0.000.000.500.210.210.000.900.710.850.660.870.850.790.940.870.810.810.971.131.041.001.151.271.071.161.251.091.311.321.241.171.371.311.491.401.441.601.471.461.461.671.751.891.921.911.951.971.941.961.941.911.961.961.961.971.911.750.170.140.820.790.870.871.061.161.171.291.281.451.511.631.911.951.941.961.880.791.281.96

0.000.000.000.500.370.500.900.730.710.830.830.500.901.070.790.790.910.001.110.751.121.071.071.061.121.171.151.211.351.321.321.311.381.401.491.461.601.601.601.601.731.781.921.941.931.971.841.971.941.941.941.931.981.941.971.981.800.000.460.780.720.920.570.991.061.151.301.341.451.601.711.931.931.941.951.920.721.341.95

0.500.500.000.370.210.500.960.790.790.870.870.370.950.950.900.771.080.791.071.120.751.071.191.151.231.191.121.321.211.251.361.401.451.451.401.471.591.601.621.621.821.641.901.961.801.961.921.951.941.941.881.961.931.951.981.991.920.330.360.850.700.940.880.981.141.181.261.401.441.601.691.881.941.921.951.960.701.401.95

0.50-0.000.000.500.500.210.791.000.870.950.790.871.070.901.000.830.880.671.081.100.871.111.131.061.121.161.061.351.251.251.451.311.351.401.451.251.451.611.571.571.541.681.921.871.731.921.931.841.951.951.921.941.921.961.961.851.980.170.400.890.870.990.791.021.101.111.281.371.371.551.601.841.901.941.941.930.871.371.94

0.00-0.000.000.290.400.211.001.000.370.790.570.790.921.000.850.880.940.771.181.231.101.011.060.960.901.181.001.341.281.261.461.371.311.451.441.381.621.571.511.511.641.541.901.921.871.951.851.951.941.941.901.921.921.841.961.851.77-0.000.300.790.720.920.861.171.011.031.301.381.421.571.561.901.921.921.891.860.721.381.89

0.000.000.000.290.290.501.000.791.000.830.951.001.001.070.670.940.670.641.101.271.140.971.001.110.991.121.041.251.311.301.471.471.461.531.471.431.571.541.521.521.691.651.881.901.881.851.911.951.981.931.821.901.931.921.841.981.770.000.360.930.930.920.751.171.031.051.291.461.481.551.621.891.901.911.921.860.931.461.92

0.500.000.000.290.160.290.900.841.000.871.000.881.001.000.840.640.690.911.241.141.021.000.941.011.171.101.311.231.391.221.511.501.481.471.441.461.611.611.491.491.651.521.861.851.861.951.951.941.941.911.931.921.951.931.811.981.750.170.250.910.920.950.751.140.981.191.281.501.451.571.551.851.951.921.931.850.921.501.93

0.170.160.090.260.230.260.820.860.810.830.900.910.890.870.860.980.910.901.081.071.041.131.161.141.121.131.111.381.391.401.351.351.391.461.361.471.501.551.561.561.671.631.801.801.721.901.851.871.891.901.891.931.931.941.911.901.80

0.050.140.030.020.250.010.020.830.030.050.880.030.020.880.020.030.930.050.021.060.010.011.140.020.011.120.010.011.390.010.021.360.030.071.430.040.031.540.020.061.620.050.061.770.030.021.870.030.001.890.010.001.930.000.071.870.04

12345678910111213141516171819

0.140.250.830.880.880.931.061.141.121.391.361.431.541.621.771.871.891.931.87

0.050.020.020.050.020.030.020.010.010.010.020.070.030.060.060.02000.07

0.030.010.030.030.020.050.010.020.010.010.030.040.020.050.030.030.0100.04

Sheet1

00.030.05

00.010.02

00.030.02

00.030.05

00.020.02

00.050.03

00.010.02

00.020.01

00.010.01

00.010.01

00.030.02

00.040.07

00.020.03

00.050.06

00.030.06

00.030.02

00.010

000

00.040.07

Hedonic Function

Fractal Dimension

Sheet2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Fractal Dimension

Max. Hedonic = 11

Max. Hedonic = 18

Time step

Sheet3

NOVELTY VS. COMPLEXITYRepeating the same experiment for a range of agents with different hedonic functions reveals a linear relationship between the level of novelty sought and the complexity of the resulting images. Performing a linear regression on the data indicates that for every extra unit of novelty sought the fractal dimension of the evolved images rises 0.1.

Chart3

0.14

0.25

0.83

0.88

0.88

0.93

1.06

1.14

1.12

1.39

1.36

1.43

1.54

1.62

1.77

1.87

1.89

1.93

1.87

Hedonic Function (N)

Fractal Dimension

Sheet1

12345678910111213141516171819

0.000.740.000.500.210.001.000.001.000.941.001.000.541.100.681.421.000.940.881.291.000.941.000.941.111.061.620.211.431.721.111.481.351.480.001.490.881.211.451.451.420.001.401.610.901.961.271.211.521.321.061.781.381.401.781.811.83

0.000.000.000.790.290.500.661.000.850.921.001.000.790.500.841.081.001.081.081.061.291.051.000.941.161.201.061.721.381.531.181.601.441.400.001.481.421.151.661.661.361.421.611.461.301.971.001.151.631.711.201.901.781.561.971.781.81

-0.000.290.000.29-0.000.790.290.710.661.001.130.610.680.680.790.980.941.071.051.081.141.501.500.981.061.161.101.531.521.571.341.181.451.480.851.771.151.421.741.741.591.491.461.561.251.861.501.971.931.741.561.951.811.901.931.781.97

-0.000.000.000.290.210.500.161.160.790.861.130.790.740.740.971.001.080.871.031.081.051.051.051.041.211.181.061.311.531.291.281.281.491.560.291.811.321.741.781.781.601.591.551.461.201.831.861.791.931.781.641.981.951.961.941.801.77

0.000.00-0.000.290.290.210.581.060.160.790.630.860.870.610.740.870.861.001.000.851.051.051.370.851.180.911.211.301.291.001.351.281.391.441.561.801.211.801.671.671.551.601.801.551.181.731.751.791.811.811.931.961.981.991.961.721.79

0.000.000.000.000.00-0.000.400.790.581.000.701.110.890.870.751.290.941.041.290.980.850.851.251.211.071.051.191.461.321.271.391.281.411.331.231.441.351.731.531.531.611.551.661.801.451.901.791.731.921.921.911.971.991.991.951.941.94

0.500.500.000.00-0.000.290.791.001.000.700.690.790.950.710.951.331.071.081.101.000.931.071.161.131.141.071.061.611.311.321.361.361.441.521.381.431.671.671.781.781.661.671.821.661.311.791.841.791.901.941.931.991.971.991.971.961.92

0.500.000.50-0.000.29-0.000.791.080.730.690.740.940.840.950.901.021.161.061.251.250.941.371.191.191.061.191.161.411.331.261.281.431.451.431.391.421.531.701.741.741.711.831.681.771.191.861.791.841.921.931.941.991.951.941.941.951.88

0.500.000.50-0.000.000.000.711.001.080.740.950.660.711.070.950.921.031.021.251.251.251.471.070.971.161.061.081.781.261.301.281.411.561.391.351.441.491.491.531.531.621.771.771.691.821.821.771.851.571.921.891.971.941.951.931.951.96

0.500.500.000.50-0.00-0.000.500.941.160.900.720.950.920.761.001.220.940.941.221.221.200.970.951.201.081.151.031.491.301.381.381.281.471.531.441.521.561.561.501.501.771.621.701.751.681.821.841.841.551.891.941.971.971.991.761.941.92

0.00-0.000.000.000.290.210.900.790.790.880.901.260.950.920.761.270.880.941.071.041.071.191.461.251.131.150.981.471.491.471.401.381.531.521.531.381.641.501.631.631.721.641.751.731.691.851.881.821.631.881.961.991.981.991.971.921.91

0.50-0.000.000.500.210.290.500.900.610.791.261.050.960.790.961.351.070.711.001.101.041.161.511.261.151.171.201.381.571.581.361.361.361.381.401.491.601.631.471.471.751.721.751.751.891.911.881.881.891.961.871.981.991.981.911.911.74

0.000.500.000.210.210.211.000.610.791.000.790.971.160.741.161.270.941.000.981.001.231.041.191.291.201.041.081.321.601.521.371.361.441.401.331.481.611.581.601.601.721.751.801.691.731.881.871.871.881.721.961.971.981.921.921.971.95

0.500.000.00-0.000.210.210.790.900.790.971.001.001.100.770.741.351.081.271.101.231.001.151.161.281.041.191.031.601.471.651.401.381.441.451.421.441.491.691.571.571.781.721.841.841.741.901.971.921.961.651.941.951.951.971.911.941.80

0.000.500.000.21-0.000.160.900.790.791.080.791.000.940.810.741.311.061.040.941.091.081.141.041.271.061.081.071.471.661.681.351.371.381.451.441.511.571.701.691.691.701.711.751.731.731.961.981.901.951.971.941.931.951.941.861.961.83

0.500.290.000.210.500.130.940.660.161.000.791.000.960.790.741.161.041.041.151.151.071.141.111.201.151.061.241.651.621.691.241.461.401.551.451.441.621.671.661.661.651.701.781.731.841.941.781.971.661.941.971.841.911.971.931.921.93

0.000.500.500.160.500.500.900.900.660.791.001.290.810.790.721.161.140.901.081.080.901.201.201.231.171.091.231.741.711.701.111.381.421.471.441.521.571.691.631.631.721.801.721.781.751.911.911.981.661.941.951.941.951.971.871.891.88

0.500.000.000.210.16-0.001.000.900.900.791.101.320.791.050.820.971.231.231.121.121.081.121.061.221.141.071.341.711.601.581.411.321.431.491.521.381.571.641.451.451.631.701.871.811.731.861.891.861.951.971.971.951.941.921.851.691.94

0.000.500.000.21-0.000.371.001.001.061.100.671.270.760.760.940.950.901.251.141.061.091.131.131.060.991.101.141.651.581.601.481.201.481.441.471.421.631.451.571.571.681.671.881.841.811.941.871.841.941.971.951.881.921.941.771.731.85

0.210.290.000.210.37-0.001.001.000.900.170.901.161.050.940.940.831.001.161.041.081.061.141.251.101.130.991.081.581.581.251.491.291.571.421.441.471.671.631.571.571.731.681.871.811.781.901.981.891.951.851.951.971.881.971.861.821.91

0.500.000.000.290.290.161.001.001.000.291.161.160.980.830.970.901.251.061.001.061.081.111.111.141.081.181.041.441.651.301.361.261.531.401.401.371.571.591.541.541.671.701.831.741.781.981.971.891.951.951.951.941.971.971.871.871.87

0.000.000.000.210.500.290.850.501.000.360.881.070.610.610.721.001.061.161.051.130.951.121.141.111.121.280.961.651.441.281.401.261.261.411.561.421.591.611.571.571.711.621.801.831.851.971.971.881.851.861.931.971.971.961.951.791.85

0.000.000.000.000.000.211.000.790.500.841.070.880.830.960.261.061.110.871.120.950.931.191.161.250.961.241.071.591.281.591.361.331.261.531.571.461.571.631.561.561.701.641.831.851.761.891.981.971.961.931.931.971.951.971.941.851.92

0.000.000.000.290.160.370.850.660.790.501.161.030.790.920.820.821.000.841.051.081.051.091.121.191.081.241.051.471.291.751.361.311.311.571.401.411.611.471.611.611.661.551.871.831.801.931.781.961.931.951.901.951.941.971.991.821.90

0.000.000.500.160.370.290.661.060.851.160.920.500.791.100.791.000.981.161.041.121.041.111.191.161.071.081.081.031.171.601.181.311.281.511.461.561.581.621.571.571.701.661.871.871.821.921.801.801.901.941.951.971.961.971.891.891.19

0.000.000.000.40-0.000.290.691.061.061.041.080.921.080.790.730.980.921.071.161.161.121.071.071.241.211.051.141.751.031.681.281.351.221.571.511.431.571.521.471.471.691.751.901.871.781.781.801.781.951.941.941.961.971.941.901.931.69

0.000.00-0.000.290.000.000.660.870.791.001.211.080.940.881.080.920.670.980.981.081.051.251.261.161.231.081.111.601.681.661.221.461.321.371.461.371.541.471.381.381.551.691.851.851.891.781.921.911.951.921.941.941.971.951.911.941.70

0.000.000.000.160.290.160.940.790.841.210.920.961.001.000.790.670.650.651.000.980.961.281.161.211.191.231.151.291.661.621.321.401.351.381.401.441.381.471.571.571.651.651.841.841.901.781.911.931.951.881.931.951.971.971.861.951.88

0.000.500.000.660.290.160.790.941.230.920.960.901.000.790.790.901.050.661.081.100.891.201.211.251.171.191.121.261.621.711.381.361.281.521.411.381.561.551.471.471.591.471.841.901.901.921.931.931.921.861.961.981.971.961.961.991.89

0.000.000.000.210.210.210.790.850.791.030.900.900.790.791.041.050.950.741.061.020.961.161.081.161.121.171.091.271.711.311.411.411.381.371.371.401.361.541.561.561.631.691.871.901.871.851.851.751.901.961.971.941.981.961.941.951.89

0.000.000.500.210.210.290.940.851.080.900.900.740.791.001.040.950.790.761.070.931.041.161.191.161.161.041.051.211.311.341.391.221.341.511.441.561.491.521.491.491.641.631.811.871.811.931.881.851.891.961.931.901.961.981.941.971.90

0.000.000.290.210.290.160.901.080.850.740.740.690.930.950.791.050.700.651.121.111.111.161.161.191.091.111.161.241.281.251.331.331.371.471.431.431.601.491.511.511.631.651.831.771.831.751.891.881.931.931.971.891.961.961.951.901.84

0.000.500.000.160.400.160.850.900.940.500.850.731.001.020.870.860.850.731.041.111.091.211.231.170.961.111.111.331.351.231.361.291.421.531.541.341.441.441.481.481.551.671.681.911.701.851.951.931.961.971.951.891.961.941.931.861.64

0.000.000.000.160.290.501.040.941.160.710.730.851.040.871.180.850.650.711.091.091.031.231.131.231.121.120.961.231.171.211.421.331.241.491.571.581.491.441.481.481.631.551.861.881.861.891.961.901.971.941.931.891.931.961.941.921.66

0.500.000.500.290.290.501.161.041.000.851.040.710.940.971.020.970.830.711.000.891.001.201.211.121.121.241.121.311.211.271.421.241.321.411.571.531.481.481.611.611.751.611.751.881.751.961.901.961.961.971.941.961.891.941.901.881.56

0.500.500.00-0.000.40-0.000.711.000.660.630.660.791.021.120.970.710.680.681.021.051.021.121.231.141.201.181.041.201.231.311.201.331.441.441.571.571.441.451.621.621.671.701.591.871.631.951.761.941.961.911.961.981.941.931.911.831.34

0.500.000.000.400.290.401.000.710.690.970.850.750.870.981.110.550.890.571.071.021.071.111.151.141.041.111.191.151.201.231.371.351.381.471.421.521.481.471.451.451.721.671.871.891.781.981.981.961.971.921.961.951.961.981.991.971.53

0.790.000.000.290.000.290.690.790.850.760.630.870.720.660.720.600.710.921.021.071.001.221.051.141.111.001.111.171.211.251.451.201.371.461.471.441.441.591.541.541.691.631.851.901.781.941.961.971.971.971.971.801.951.961.891.971.92

0.000.500.000.400.210.500.790.660.500.740.741.001.110.841.000.900.571.101.001.001.001.011.161.131.001.131.001.211.271.171.491.441.371.421.481.481.471.541.441.441.771.701.851.811.901.941.961.941.921.971.961.811.951.971.911.951.92

0.000.500.000.400.290.500.850.790.660.921.070.660.720.790.961.100.770.771.110.941.111.131.141.101.131.241.181.271.241.281.381.381.341.561.511.351.531.581.511.511.791.831.901.861.861.971.941.921.961.981.961.741.931.981.941.951.74

0.000.000.000.290.290.500.500.850.660.661.051.070.970.750.740.920.760.851.000.821.081.101.131.141.201.091.131.241.251.311.291.291.331.531.491.341.451.511.481.481.771.791.911.901.891.941.941.941.991.961.901.931.941.971.941.921.61

0.000.500.500.210.500.211.000.950.500.880.921.000.790.830.751.080.700.921.071.081.071.141.171.131.201.201.081.281.341.181.271.331.431.361.531.511.481.471.461.461.861.821.911.911.881.941.941.941.971.941.991.891.961.961.661.931.68

0.000.000.000.500.210.290.850.900.950.790.850.870.900.840.830.900.811.060.981.001.001.121.211.171.121.091.001.311.241.191.431.411.371.421.511.511.461.461.631.631.751.791.881.891.871.961.931.941.941.941.941.971.961.961.981.911.77

0.000.000.500.210.210.000.900.710.850.660.870.850.790.940.870.810.810.971.131.041.001.151.271.071.161.251.091.311.321.241.171.371.311.491.401.441.601.471.461.461.671.751.891.921.911.951.971.941.961.941.911.961.961.961.971.911.75

0.000.000.000.500.370.500.900.730.710.830.830.500.901.070.790.790.910.001.110.751.121.071.071.061.121.171.151.211.351.321.321.311.381.401.491.461.601.601.601.601.731.781.921.941.931.971.841.971.941.941.941.931.981.941.971.981.80

0.500.500.000.370.210.500.960.790.790.870.870.370.950.950.900.771.080.791.071.120.751.071.191.151.231.191.121.321.211.251.361.401.451.451.401.471.591.601.621.621.821.641.901.961.801.961.921.951.941.941.881.961.931.951.981.991.92

0.50-0.000.000.500.500.210.791.000.870.950.790.871.070.901.000.830.880.671.081.100.871.111.131.061.121.161.061.351.251.251.451.311.351.401.451.251.451.611.571.571.541.681.921.871.731.921.931.841.951.951.921.941.921.961.961.851.98

0.00-0.000.000.290.400.211.001.000.370.790.570.790.921.000.850.880.940.771.181.231.101.011.060.960.901.181.001.341.281.261.461.371.311.451.441.381.621.571.511.511.641.541.901.921.871.951.851.951.941.941.901.921.921.841.961.851.77

0.000.000.000.290.290.501.000.791.000.830.951.001.001.070.670.940.670.641.101.271.140.971.001.110.991.121.041.251.311.301.471.471.461.531.471.431.571.541.521.521.691.651.881.901.881.851.911.951.981.931.821.901.931.921.841.981.77

0.500.000.000.290.160.290.900.841.000.871.000.881.001.000.840.640.690.911.241.141.021.000.941.011.171.101.311.231.391.221.511.501.481.471.441.461.611.611.491.491.651.521.861.851.861.951.951.941.941.911.931.921.951.931.811.981.75

0.170.160.090.260.230.260.820.860.810.830.900.910.890.870.860.980.910.901.081.071.041.131.161.141.121.131.111.381.391.401.351.351.391.461.361.471.501.551.561.561.671.631.801.801.721.901.851.871.891.901.891.931.931.941.911.901.80

0.050.140.030.020.250.010.020.830.030.050.880.030.020.880.020.030.930.050.021.060.010.011.140.020.011.120.010.011.390.010.021.360.030.071.430.040.031.540.020.061.620.050.061.770.030.021.870.030.001.890.010.001.930.000.071.870.04

12345678910111213141516171819

0.140.250.830.880.880.931.061.141.121.391.361.431.541.621.771.871.891.931.87

0.050.020.020.050.020.030.020.010.010.010.020.070.030.060.060.02000.07

0.030.010.030.030.020.050.010.020.010.010.030.040.020.050.030.030.0100.04

Sheet1

00.030.05

00.010.02

00.030.02

00.030.05

00.020.02

00.050.03

00.010.02

00.020.01

00.010.01

00.010.01

00.030.02

00.040.07

00.020.03

00.050.06

00.030.06

00.030.02

00.010

000

00.040.07

Hedonic Function

Fractal Dimension

Sheet2

Sheet3

HEDONIC COMPLEXITYN=0N=1N=2N=3N=4N=5N=6N=7N=8N=9N=10N=11N=12N=13N=14N=15N=16N=17N=18N=19

THE LAW OF NOVELTYGeneral (N=11)Avg. creativity = 5.57Conservative (N=3)Ignored: too similarAvante Garde (N=19)Ignored: too different

Agent

ID

Preferred

Novelty

Attributed

Creativity

0

N=11

5.43

1

N=11

4.49

2

N=11

4.50

3

N=11

3.60

4

N=11

4.48

5

N=11

1.82

6

N=11

6.32

7

N=11

8.93

8

N=11

10.72

9

N=11

5.39

10

N=3

0.0

11

N=19

0.0

NOVELTY CLIQUESTwo GroupsNovelty N=6, N=15Self-reinforcingLimited paymentsExceptionsAgent-1 gets no credit Agent-4 pays Agent-5 one credit

_1045017944.doc

2

8

2

2

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

2

1

1

3

4

5

2

5

2

2

3

3

1

1

6

3

5

3

4

5

1

3

5

1

4

4

3

2

4

1

4

4

4

0

0

1

2

3

4

5

7

6

8

9

Sender

Receiver

NOVELTY CLIQUES

REFINING THE LAW OF NOVELTYNovelty and ComplexityExtension to linear relationshipIgnoring the avante gardeSearching for too much noveltySelf-reinforcing behaviourPayment of credit within cliques

FUTURE RESEARCHInvestigationsE.g. role of mediators between cliquesDevelopmentsE.g. extend sensors, effectors and contextsApplicationsE.g. modelling user preferences (Baluja et al.)