the digestive system. function: breaks down foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and...
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The Digestive System
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The Digestive SystemFunction: Breaks down
foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.
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Structures
• Organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
• Accessory glands: salivary glands, pancreas, and liver
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Types of Digestion
• Mechanical- grinding and crushing the food into smaller pieces that are easier to process. (example: teeth & chewing) Causes a physical change
• Chemical- enzymes (specialized proteins) breaking to food down into simpler molecules your cells can use. Causes a chemical change
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Mouth The mouth is where the digestive system begins.
Mechanical and chemical digestion occur here.
- Teeth tear and crush food
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Mouth, cont.
• Salivary glands release saliva into the mouth that contains enzymes like amylase to break down starches into sugars.
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Pharynx Esophagus
• Bolus (food ball) passes from mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus
• Peristalsis- smooth muscles contract, pushing food down to the stomach.
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Stomach: Structure/Fxn.
• Continues both mechanical and chemical digestion
• Smooth muscle churns and mixes food to produce chyme
• HCl makes it acidic
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Chemical Digestion- Enzymes
Enzyme Activity #1
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Small intestine: Absorption
• Duodenum, jejunum, ileum (together= 6 m)
• More enzymes
• Absorption occurs on the villi, which are lined with capillaries
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Large Intestinea.k.a. colon
• Absorption of water– If too little is absorbed = diarrhea– If too much is absorbed = constipation
• Unabsorbed material passes through rectum, then anus
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Accessory Digestive Organs• Pancreas- VERY
important fxns.– Regulate blood sugar
(diabetes)– Produces several
enzymes– Produces sodium
bicarbonate—a base• Why is this important?
• Liver- produces bile which is then stored in the gall bladder
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The Excretory System
•Structures: skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
•Function: Remove waste products
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The Kidneys
Primary organs of the excretory system.
• Remove waste products from the blood
• Maintain blood pH
• Regulate water content of the blood
• Waste is excreted as urine.
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The kidneys, cont.
•Located on either side of the spinal column near the lower back.
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Nephron Unit
The functional units of the kidney are called nephrons. Each nephron is a small,independent processing unit. Function:As blood enters a nephron through the inpurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct.
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Dialysis/Homeostasis by Machine
The kidneys are the master chemists of the blood supply.In dialysis,blood is removed from the body through a tube inserted in the arm and pumped through special tubing that acts like nephrons.
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The Bladder
• Urine (waste) flows from the kidneys thru the ureters to the bladder where it is stored.
• Then, urine passes from bladder thru the urethra to exit the body