digestive system digestion the process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms...
TRANSCRIPT
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Digestive System
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DIGESTION
The process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms which can be absorbed by body cells.
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ENZYMES
Chemical substances that promote chemical reactions in living things.
Ptyalin in saliva converts starches to simple sugars causes the initial chemical breakdown.
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ALIMENTARY CANAL
Digestive tract or gastrointestinal
tract (GI Tract).
A 30 ft. tube from mouth
to anus.
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Accessory organs of digestion:
• Tongue
• Teeth
• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Gall bladder
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PERITONEUMDouble-layered
serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
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Functions of the Digestive System
• Physical breakdown of food
• Chemical digestion of food into the end products of fat, carbohydrates and protein.
• Absorb nutrients into blood capillaries of the small intestines
• Eliminate waste products of digestion
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Structure of Organs of Digestion
MOUTH• Food enters digestive system through mouth • Inside of mouth covered with mucous
membrane – created here is a bolus-soft, pliable ball of semi-digested food.
• The physical breakdown of food begins here first…digestion begins in the mouth
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• Roof of mouth is HARD PALATE (bone) and soft palate. Separates the mouth from the nasal cavity.
UVULA – flap that hangs off soft palate – prevents food from going up the nose when you swallow
Structure of Organs of Digestion
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TONGUE
• Attached to floor of mouth• Muscular organ• Helps aid with chewing and
swallowing of food.• Made of skeletal muscle attached to four
bones• Taste buds on the surface
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SALIVARY GLANDS-secretes a watery fluid in the mouth
• Three pairs of glands– Parotid is the largest…becomes inflamed with
the mumps
• All salivary glands secrete saliva
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TEETH
• GINGIVA – gums - support and protect teeth
MASTICATION = chewing, teeth help in mechanical digestion
Adult mouth has 32 teeth (incl. wisdom teeth)
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DECIDUOUS teeth – baby teeth total = 20
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ESOPHAGUS• Muscular tube, 10” long that
moves food from the pharynx to the stomach .
• Connects pharynx and stomach
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STOMACH
• Upper part of abdominal cavity
• CARDIAC SPHINCTER – circular layer of muscle, controls passage of food into stomach and keeps it from going back into the throat.
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PYLORIC SPHINCTER – valve, regulates the entrance of food into duodenum
RUGAE – mucous coat lining of stomach in folds when the stomach is empty
Stomach has muscular coat that allows it to contract (peristalsis) and push food into the small intestine
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SMALL INTESTINE• Between stomach and large intestines• DUODENUM – first segment, curves around
pancreas, 12” long. It receives bile from the gallbladder and liver.
• BEGINNING of the small intestines.• JEJUNUM – next section, 8 ft. long – middle sect.• ILEUM – final portion, 10-12 feet long• ABSORPTION – in small intestine - digested food
passes into bloodstream & lymph and on to body cells - indigestible passes on to large intestine
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Accessory Organs of Digestion
PANCREAS
• Located behind stomach
• Exocrine function – secretes digestive enzymes to break down food.
• Also has endocrine function.
• Feather shaped organ
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LIVER• Largest organ in the body
• Located below the diaphragm, upper right quadrant
• Connected to gallbladder and small intestine by ducts
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Functions• Produce and store glucose in the form of
GLYCOGEN
• Detoxify alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances
• Manufacture blood proteins
• Manufactures bile
• Store Vitamins A, D and B complex
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GALL BLADDER• Small muscular
green sac that secretes and stores bile
• Located in the right upper quadrant of abd. cavity.
• When fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladder
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LARGE INTESTINE• CHYME – semi-liquid
food and gastric juices• Approx 2” in diameter• Also called the colon• CECUM – lower right
portion of large intestine• APPENDIX-blind sac
attached to cecum, having no known function
• RECTUM – last portion of large intestine
• ANUS – external opening of the Lg. intestine
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Digestion• BOLUS – soft,
pliable ball – created from chewing and addition of saliva – it slides down esophagus
• PERISTALSIS – wavelike motions, moves food along esophagus, stomach and intestines
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In the mouth…• Saliva softens food
to make it easier to swallow
• PTYALIN in saliva converts starches into simple sugar
- under nervous control – just thinking of food can cause your mouth to water
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In the stomach…
• gastric (digestive) juices are released
• stomach walls churn and mix, partially digested food in the stomach is called
chyme.
• small amount of chyme enters duodenum at a time - controlled by pyloric sphincter
• takes 2-4 hours for stomach to empty
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Small intestine-located between the stomach & Lg
intestines
1. Where digestion is completed and absorption occurs by passing nutrients to blood stream.
2. Enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver/gallbladder are added.
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The Large Intestine• Regulation of H2O
balance by absorbing large quantities back into bloodstream
• bacterial action on undigested food – decomposed products excreted through colon – bacteria form moderate amounts of B complex and Vitamin K.
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Large Intestines cont…
• FECES – undigested semi-solid consisting of bacteria, waste products, mucous and cellulose
• DEFECATION – when large intestine fills, defecation reflex triggered –external anal sphincter under conscious control
• Gas formation – 1-3 pints/day, pass it through rectum (FLATULENCE) 14 times a day…bacteria produce the gas
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• HEARTBURN or ACID REFLEX - when gastric juices are regurgitated into the esophagus.
• Symptoms – burning sensation
• Rx – avoid chocolate and peppermint, coffee, citrus, fried or fatty foods, tomato products – stop smoking – take antacids – don’t lay down 2-3 hours after eating
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GASTROENTERITIS
• Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine
• Common cause = virus
• Symptoms – diarrhea and vomiting for 24-36 hours
• Complication = dehydration
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ULCER• Sore or lesion that
forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
• Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the duodenum
• Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
• Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs
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Ulcer Continued
• Symptoms – burning pain in abdomen, between meals and early morning, may be relieved by eating or taking antacid
• Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of bacteria
• Rx – H2 blockers (drugs) that block release of histamine
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APPENDICITIS• When appendix becomes inflamed
• If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix can spread to peritoneal cavity
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HEPATITIS A
• Infectious hepatitis
• Cause – virus
• Spread through contaminated food or H2O
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HEPATITIS B (Serum Hepatitis)• Caused by virus
found in blood• Transmitted by blood
transfusion or being stuck with contaminated needles (drug addicts) Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinated
• Use standard precautions for prevention
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CIRRHOSIS
Chronic, progressive disease of liverNormal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue.75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption
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CHOLECYSTITIS
• Inflammation of gallbladder
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CHOLELITHIASISGallstones
• Gallstones can block the bile duct causing pain between shoulder blades and digestive disorders….may cause JAUNDICE color.
• Small ones may pass on their own,
• Large ones surgically removed
• Surgical removal of gallbladder = CHOLECYSTECTOMY
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GALLSTONES
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DIARRHEA• Loose, watery,
frequent bowel movements when feces pass along colon too rapidly
• Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food
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CONSTIPATION• When defecation
delayed, feces become dry and hard
• Rx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (roughage), drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tension
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JAUNDICEYellow color of the skin
May be caused by a
gallstone blocking the
common bile duct
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~THE END~I hope everything comes out Okay!