THE SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM

The differences within the movement

Swiss Reformers Huldrych Zwingli, a priest, led the

Protestant movement in Switzerland in the early 1500s.

Like Luther, stressed salvation by faith alone

Unlike Luther, wanted to break completely from Catholic tradition and establish a theocracy, or church-run state, in Zurich

In 1525 he did but soon after civil war broke out over Protestant activity and Zwingli and his force were defeated by an army of Catholics

John Calvin Grew up in Catholic

France at the start of the Reformation

Educated in theology (study of religion), law, and humanism

He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536

Calvin’s Theology Belief that God possessed all-

encompassing power and knowledge God determines the fate of every

person He called this doctrine

predestination

(Don’t worry about it,

it’s already been decided!)

Consistory

Calvin tried to turn Geneva into a model religious community

Established the Consistory, a church council of 12 elders

They were given power to control almost every aspect of people’s lives

Citizens All citizens had to

attend Reformed church services several times a week

The Consistory inspected homes annually to make sure that no one was disobeying laws

Harsh punishments were dispensed to people who disobeyed the laws

NO… Drunkenness Fighting Swearing Gambling Card playing Dancing

The Success of Calvinism It was led by local councils of

ministers and elected church members so it was easy to establish in most countries

It had a somewhat democratic structure which inspired intense loyalty

Calvinism became a dynamic social force in western Europe

Expands the Protestant Movement!

John Knox

Leader of Scotland Reformation

Said to “Obey rulers as long as they do not disobey God.”

Radical Reformers

Called the Anabaptists Initiated only adult members by

baptism This was contrast to Catholic and

Protestant faiths which baptized infants

Chose to separate themselves from what they saw as a sinful society

Anabaptists In 1534 some fanatical Anabaptists

seized Munster, Germany Burned books, seized property, and

practiced polygamy (having more than one wife)

Lutherans and Catholics united to kill all Anabaptists so many survivors fled to America

Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

England’s Church King Henry VIII wanted a

divorce from his wife Queen Catherine of Aragon (a Spanish princess)

He believed Catherine was too old to have more children and she had given him no heir to the throne

He decided to marry the seductive Anne Boleyn

No Divorce! The Pope refused Henry’s

request for a divorce So, Henry passed a series

of laws that separated the English Church from the Pope

The Act of Supremacy passed in 1534 made Henry the head of the English Church instead of the Pope

He was then freed from marriage with Catherine and married Anne

An Absolute Monarch To show that

breaking from the Catholic Church was the will of the English people, not merely a whim of his own

Henry’s Women Catherine of Aragon –

divorced Anne Boleyn – beheaded

(adultery) Jane Seymour – died

after birth to Edward Anne of Cleves –

divorced (immediately) Catherine Howard –

beheaded (adultery) Catherine Parr - survived

Catherine of Aragon

Henry’s first Queen Loved by England, true and

virtuous Queen Has daughter---Mary (will

become known as Bloody Mary)

Henry divorced Catherine for Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn Once Henry’s mistress, becomes Queen

when Henry announces divorce from Catherine

Miscarries many children Has one healthy baby girl

Daughter—Elizabeth Henry orders Anne’s execution for

adultery, or cheating on him

Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn After Mary I (“Bloody Mary”) tries to re-

establish Catholicism in England, Elizabeth I tries to reconcile (“bring together”) Catholics and Protestants

Establishes the Anglican Church which mixed Catholic and Protestant theology and ritual - official religion!

Results in some religious tolerance in England