the development of nation-states
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The Development of Nation-States. Europe in the 14 th and 15 th Centuries. During most of the Feudal era, monarchs had limited power Modern nations did not exist Powerful nobles often had as much power as monarchs Nobles maintained their own armies - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Development of The Development of Nation-StatesNation-States
Europe in the 14Europe in the 14thth and 15 and 15thth CenturiesCenturies
During most of the Feudal era, monarchs During most of the Feudal era, monarchs had limited powerhad limited powerModern nations did not existModern nations did not existPowerful nobles often had as much power Powerful nobles often had as much power as monarchsas monarchsNobles maintained their own armiesNobles maintained their own armiesBy the 14By the 14thth century, monarchs began to century, monarchs began to consolidate their power and modern consolidate their power and modern nations began to developnations began to develop
FranceFrance
The Last Capetian KingsThe Last Capetian Kings
Philip IV “The Fair”Philip IV “The Fair”
Struggled with papacy Struggled with papacy over taxation of clergyover taxation of clergy
Dissolved Knights Dissolved Knights TemplarTemplar
First Estates GeneralFirst Estates General
Relied on Relied on professional ministers professional ministers to run governmentto run government
Succeeded in turn by his three sons:Succeeded in turn by his three sons:– Louis XLouis X– Philip VPhilip V– Charles IVCharles IV
All three died without having male heirsAll three died without having male heirs
Crown was offered to Philip of ValoisCrown was offered to Philip of Valois
Monarchs of the 100 Years WarMonarchs of the 100 Years War
Philip VIPhilip VI
John II “The Good”John II “The Good”
Charles V “The Wise”Charles V “The Wise”
Charles VI “The Mad”Charles VI “The Mad”
Charles VII “The Charles VII “The Dauphin”Dauphin”
Philip VI –
first Valois monarch
Charles VII Charles VII (1422 – 1461)(1422 – 1461)
Ended 100 Years WarEnded 100 Years War
Consolidated royal Consolidated royal authorityauthority
Pragmatic Sanction of Pragmatic Sanction of 14381438
First French standing First French standing armyarmy
Louis XI – “The Spider King”Louis XI – “The Spider King”1461 - 14851461 - 1485
Used assassination, Used assassination, arrest and public arrest and public execution to extend his execution to extend his powerpower
Adds much of Adds much of Burgundy to FranceBurgundy to France
Stimulated French Stimulated French economyeconomy
By end of 15By end of 15thth century France was a century France was a unified nation under a strong monarchunified nation under a strong monarch
France also controlled parts of FlandersFrance also controlled parts of Flanders
Interested in extending their power into Interested in extending their power into Italy, especially the Kingdom of NaplesItaly, especially the Kingdom of Naples
SpainSpain
In 8In 8thth century, Visigothic Spain was century, Visigothic Spain was conquered by Berber Muslimsconquered by Berber Muslims
By 10By 10thth century century ReconquistaReconquista began began
By 13By 13thth century the only Muslim part of century the only Muslim part of Spain was GranadaSpain was Granada
In 1450, Spain was divided into several In 1450, Spain was divided into several kingdoms – the most important were kingdoms – the most important were Portugal, Castile and Leon, and AragonPortugal, Castile and Leon, and Aragon
Castile and LeonCastile and Leon
Originally 2 nations that Originally 2 nations that were united in 1230were united in 1230
Involved in Involved in ReconquistaReconquista – “castile” means castle– “castile” means castle
1454 Isabella of Castile 1454 Isabella of Castile ascended the throne – ascended the throne – great-granddaughter of great-granddaughter of John of GauntJohn of Gaunt
Married Ferdinand of Married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469Aragon in 1469
AragonAragon
Looked towards the Looked towards the MediterraneanMediterranean
Acquired Sicily 1282Acquired Sicily 1282
Acquired Kingdom of Acquired Kingdom of Naples 1443Naples 1443
Acquired Navarre mid Acquired Navarre mid 1400s1400s
Ferdinand of Aragon Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of married Isabella of Castile in 1469Castile in 1469
Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella
Arms of Castile Arms of Aragon
Ferdinand and Isabella with their daughter, Juana
United their two countriesUnited their two countries
Completed Completed ReconquistaReconquista in 1492 in 1492
Established a program of religious Established a program of religious orthodoxy that led to –orthodoxy that led to –– The Spanish Inquisition (1478)The Spanish Inquisition (1478)– Deportation of Jews and Muslims in 1492Deportation of Jews and Muslims in 1492
Financed Columbus’ voyages and Financed Columbus’ voyages and expanded Spain's territories into the “New expanded Spain's territories into the “New World”World”
Council of the Indies (1524)Council of the Indies (1524)
Juana “the Mad”Juana “the Mad”
Ferdinand and Ferdinand and Isabella’s heirIsabella’s heir
Married Philip “the Married Philip “the Handsome” – son of Handsome” – son of Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor
Power struggle after Power struggle after Isabella’s death in Isabella’s death in 1504 between 1504 between Ferdinand and PhilipFerdinand and Philip
Philip died suddenly Philip died suddenly of typhus in 1506of typhus in 1506
Ferdinand declared Ferdinand declared Juana insane and Juana insane and imprisoned her in imprisoned her in castle at Tordesillascastle at Tordesillas
After Ferdinand’s After Ferdinand’s death, Juana death, Juana abdicated in favor of abdicated in favor of her son, Charles I her son, Charles I (later Charles V HRE)(later Charles V HRE)
Philip and Juana
The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire
First established when Pope Leo III First established when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne in 800crowned Charlemagne in 800
Major power in Europe between 900 and Major power in Europe between 900 and 11001100
The HRE was elected by German princes The HRE was elected by German princes but confirmed and crowned by the popebut confirmed and crowned by the pope
Empire difficult to unify because it Empire difficult to unify because it contained many different peoples, contained many different peoples, languages and cultureslanguages and cultures
Charles Charles (r 1347-1361)(r 1347-1361)– ““Golden Bull” established electors: Golden Bull” established electors:
Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, King of Bohemia, Count Palatine of the Rhine, King of Bohemia, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Margrave of Brandenburg, Duke of SaxonyMargrave of Brandenburg, Duke of Saxony
SigismundSigismund (r 1411-1437) (r 1411-1437)– Council of ConstanceCouncil of Constance– No male heir; daughter married Habsburg No male heir; daughter married Habsburg
prince Albertprince Albert
AlbertAlbert – Only reigned for one year Only reigned for one year
Frederick IIIFrederick III
HabsburgHabsburg
Habsburgs will rule Habsburgs will rule Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire (and then Austria) (and then Austria) until 1919until 1919
Last HRE to be Last HRE to be crowned by the popecrowned by the pope
““Let others lead wars; Let others lead wars; you, happy Austria, you, happy Austria, marry!”marry!”
Maximilian IMaximilian I
Expanded HRE and firmly Expanded HRE and firmly established the established the Habsburgs as a Habsburgs as a European powerEuropean power
Married Mary of Married Mary of Burgundy and added the Burgundy and added the Netherlands to Habsburg Netherlands to Habsburg domainsdomains
Claimed Milan through Claimed Milan through second marriage to second marriage to daughter of the Dukedaughter of the Duke
Charles VCharles V
Son of Juana of Son of Juana of Castile and Philip the Castile and Philip the HandsomeHandsome
Inherited both Spain Inherited both Spain and the Holy Roman and the Holy Roman EmpireEmpire
Elected Emperor at Elected Emperor at age of 18age of 18
Habsburg Domains during reign of Charles V
EnglandEngland
Saxon England was conquered in 1066 by Saxon England was conquered in 1066 by William, Duke of Normandy William, Duke of Normandy
The English monarchs quickly The English monarchs quickly consolidated their power and united the consolidated their power and united the countrycountry
The culture and language of the English The culture and language of the English nobility was Norman French throughout nobility was Norman French throughout much of the Middle Agesmuch of the Middle Ages
The Plantagenet'sThe Plantagenet's
William’s son Henry I William’s son Henry I left the throne to his left the throne to his daughter Matilda – daughter Matilda – resulted in over 20 resulted in over 20 years of civil waryears of civil war
Henry II – son of Henry II – son of Matilda and Count Matilda and Count Geoffrey of Anjou – Geoffrey of Anjou – inherited the throne in inherited the throne in 11541154
Henry II
Henry was King of England, Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Brittany and claimed lordship over Ireland.
In 1170, the English monarch controlled more French territory than did the King of France!
The Plantagenet's and the The Plantagenet's and the Development of ParliamentDevelopment of Parliament
Originated as the Great Council – whose Originated as the Great Council – whose origins go back to Saxon timesorigins go back to Saxon timesFirst became an institution under Edward I First became an institution under Edward I in 1264in 1264““Model Parliament” of 1295 – Parliament Model Parliament” of 1295 – Parliament consisted of “Lords” (nobility and bishops) consisted of “Lords” (nobility and bishops) and “Commons” (knights and burgesses and “Commons” (knights and burgesses from the shires)from the shires)Had power over taxation Had power over taxation
In 1327 Parliament was instrumental in the In 1327 Parliament was instrumental in the deposition of Edward II and replacing him deposition of Edward II and replacing him with his son, Edward IIIwith his son, Edward III
During the reign of Edward III:During the reign of Edward III:– Parliament was first divided into two separate Parliament was first divided into two separate
“Houses” – Lords and Commons“Houses” – Lords and Commons– The office of “Speaker of the House” was The office of “Speaker of the House” was
createdcreated– Parliament increased in power as the king Parliament increased in power as the king
requested more money for the 100 Years Warrequested more money for the 100 Years War
Edward IIIEdward IIIEnglish language replaced English language replaced French as the language of French as the language of the law courts and the law courts and ParliamentParliament
Introduced the title of “Duke” Introduced the title of “Duke” for nobles who are closely for nobles who are closely related to the monarchrelated to the monarch
““Order of the Garter” – Order of the Garter” – established 1348established 1348
Started 100 Years War with Started 100 Years War with FranceFrance
Richard IIRichard IIGrandson of Edward IIIGrandson of Edward III
Peasants’ Revolt of 1381Peasants’ Revolt of 1381
Unpopular with many of the Unpopular with many of the nobles because:nobles because:– Did not pursue the French Did not pursue the French
warswars– Interested in cultural issues Interested in cultural issues
rather than fightingrather than fighting– Preferred his “favorites’, who Preferred his “favorites’, who
were not from traditional noble were not from traditional noble houseshouses
Lancastrian MonarchsLancastrian Monarchs
Richard II was Richard II was deposed by his deposed by his cousin Henry of cousin Henry of Lancaster – leading to Lancaster – leading to the rule of the . . .the rule of the . . .
Henry IV (1399 – 1413)Henry IV (1399 – 1413)
Henry V (1413 – 1422)Henry V (1413 – 1422)
Henry VI (1422 – 1461 and 1470 -1471)Henry VI (1422 – 1461 and 1470 -1471)
Henry VHenry V
Continued wars with Continued wars with France – Battle of France – Battle of Agincourt in 1415 was a Agincourt in 1415 was a major English victorymajor English victory
Treaty of Troyes – Henry Treaty of Troyes – Henry married French princess married French princess Catherine and will inherit Catherine and will inherit the throne when her the throne when her father, Charles the Mad, father, Charles the Mad, diesdies
Henry and Charles both Henry and Charles both died in 1422died in 1422
Henry VIHenry VI
Inherited both the French and English Inherited both the French and English thrones at the age of 6 monthsthrones at the age of 6 months
His uncles, the sons of Henry IV, ruled for His uncles, the sons of Henry IV, ruled for him during his minorityhim during his minority
During these years, England continued to During these years, England continued to fight in France and lost most of the fight in France and lost most of the territory that Henry V had gainedterritory that Henry V had gained
Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou was an attempt to bring about peacewas an attempt to bring about peace
Henry VI Henry VI andand Margaret of Anjou Margaret of Anjou
The Wars of the RosesThe Wars of the Roses
The White Rose of York The Red Rose of Lancaster
A dynastic war over which descendants of A dynastic war over which descendants of Edward III should rule EnglandEdward III should rule England
Would not have happened if Henry VI had Would not have happened if Henry VI had not had periodic bouts of insanity inherited not had periodic bouts of insanity inherited from his French grandfather, King Charles from his French grandfather, King Charles “the Mad”“the Mad”
When he could not rule, the question was When he could not rule, the question was “Who should rule for him?”“Who should rule for him?”
Richard, Duke of York, was the heir to the Richard, Duke of York, was the heir to the throne and a powerful noble, but Margaret throne and a powerful noble, but Margaret neither liked nor trusted himneither liked nor trusted him
Margaret preferred to rely on Henry’s Margaret preferred to rely on Henry’s illegitimate Beaufort cousins and denied illegitimate Beaufort cousins and denied Richard of York any role in the Richard of York any role in the governmentgovernment
This eventually led to warfare in 1455 and This eventually led to warfare in 1455 and to Richard’s claiming the throne for himself to Richard’s claiming the throne for himself in 1459.in 1459.
In 1460, Richard was killed at the Battle of In 1460, Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, but his oldest son Edward Wakefield, but his oldest son Edward continued the fight and gained the throne continued the fight and gained the throne for himself in 1460for himself in 1460
Battles of the Wars of the Roses
Edward IV Edward IV andand Elizabeth Elizabeth WoodvilleWoodville
Edward was a strong and popular ruler Edward was a strong and popular ruler until his sudden death in 1483until his sudden death in 1483
His death left his 12 year old son as heir His death left his 12 year old son as heir under the control of Edward’s widely under the control of Edward’s widely disliked wife, Elizabeth Woodville.disliked wife, Elizabeth Woodville.
An irregularity in Edward and Elizabeth’s An irregularity in Edward and Elizabeth’s marriage led Edward’s younger brother marriage led Edward’s younger brother Richard to claim the throne on the grounds Richard to claim the throne on the grounds that the young princes were illegitimate that the young princes were illegitimate and thus could not ruleand thus could not rule
Richard was crowned Richard III in June, Richard was crowned Richard III in June, 14831483
Richard IIIRichard III
““The Princes in the Tower”The Princes in the Tower”
A Romantic 19th century painting
Margaret BeaufortMargaret Beaufort
Grand-daughter of Grand-daughter of John of Gaunt and John of Gaunt and Katherine SwynfordKatherine Swynford
Married at age 13 to Married at age 13 to Edmund Tudor, the Edmund Tudor, the half-brother of Henry VIhalf-brother of Henry VI
Had one son – Henry Had one son – Henry TudorTudor
Was very well educated Was very well educated and deeply religiousand deeply religious
Margaret worked with disaffected Margaret worked with disaffected Lancastrians and Yorkists who refused to Lancastrians and Yorkists who refused to support Richard III to gain support for her support Richard III to gain support for her son, Henry, who was in exile in Franceson, Henry, who was in exile in France
Henry was of royal lineage on both sides – Henry was of royal lineage on both sides – descended from Edward III through the descended from Edward III through the illigitimate Beaufort branch through his illigitimate Beaufort branch through his mother and from Charles “the Mad” mother and from Charles “the Mad” through his father who was the son of through his father who was the son of Catherine of Valois’ second marriage to Catherine of Valois’ second marriage to Owen TudorOwen Tudor
The House of TudorThe House of Tudor
Henry Tudor invaded England and Henry Tudor invaded England and defeated Richard III at the Battle of defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in August, 1485Bosworth Field in August, 1485
Married Elizabeth of York – the oldest Married Elizabeth of York – the oldest daughter of Edward IV – and united the daughter of Edward IV – and united the Houses of Lancaster and YorkHouses of Lancaster and York
Not a popular monarch, but did bring an Not a popular monarch, but did bring an end to 30 years of the civil warend to 30 years of the civil war
Henry VII Henry VII andand Elizabeth of York Elizabeth of York
The Tudor Rose
By 1500 -By 1500 -
The monarch was supreme – there were The monarch was supreme – there were no powerful nobles to challenge himno powerful nobles to challenge him
Parliament had authority to depose or Parliament had authority to depose or name the monarchname the monarch
Parliament had authority over taxationParliament had authority over taxation
England and Wales were united; England England and Wales were united; England claimed Ireland and controlled large parts claimed Ireland and controlled large parts of the islandof the island