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The cretaceous-tertiaryboundary in New ZealandN. De B. Hornibrook aa Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ,New Zealand Geological Survey , Lower HuttPublished online: 05 Jan 2012.

To cite this article: N. De B. Hornibrook (1962) The cretaceous-tertiary boundary inNew Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 5:2, 295-303, DOI:10.1080/00288306.1962.10423117

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THE CRETACEOUS-TERTIAR\7 BOUNDARY INNEW ZEALAND

295

N. DE B. HORNIBROOK

New Zealand Geological Survey, Department of Scientific and IndustrialResearch, Lower Hutt

(Re(eit'ed for publication, 8 Not-ember 1961)

ABSTRACT

The succession of fossils across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in New Zealandis similar to that described in most other parts of the world. The Haumurian Stageis marked by a typically Maestrichtian Foraminiferal and nanoplankton fauna and bythe highest occurrences of belemnites, arnmonites, and Inoceramus. The Teurian(Daniarr-Montian) is within the zone of Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer; theaffinities of Teurian benthic Foraminifera are about equally balanced between Creta­ceous and Tertiary. Keeled Globorotalia (aff. »elascoensis t and .Discoaster multi­radlatus, typical of the Upper Paleocene, appear in the \Xlaipawan Stage. The NewZealand Geological Survey is following, in its 1 :250,000 geological maps of NewZealand, the increasing world trend towards classifying Danian as Tertiary. TheTeurian Stage is therefore now included in the Tertiary in 'the legend and has beentransferred from the Mata to the Dannevirke Series with the new symbol Dt.

INTRODlTCTlON

Ever since Desor (1846) proposed the Danian as a stage of the Creta­ceous, there has been controversy about whether it should be includedin the Upper Cretaceous or Lower Tertiary. Official European classificationshave continued to include the Danian as the uppermost stage of theCretaceous, but during the past few years there has been increasing pressure,especially from micropaleontologists, to place it in the Lower Tertiary.

As a result of the great advances in the knowledge of the microfaunas,of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary sequences, especially over the pastten years, the following world-wide zonation has become established:

Zone 3: Keeled Globorotalia appears.

Zone 2: Small Globigerina (G. triloculinoides and dallbje1Agensis).

Zone 1: Globotruncana.. BiglobigerinellaJ Gliblerina,' RIIgoglobigerina,Pseudotextularia, large Heterobelix.. etc.

Zone 1 is diagnostic of the Upper Cretaceous, and, with few exceptions,none of its characteristic Foraminifera have been reported from aboveMaestrichtian. Their disappearance coincides generally with the extinctionof·such characteristic Cretaceous fossils as ammonites, belemnites, rudistids,I noceramus, and some families of reptiles. The coccolith fauna, accordingto Bramlette (1958) and Bramlette and Suilivan (1961) is equally distinc­tive.

N.Z. ]. Geol. Geopbvs. 5 : 295-303

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Zone 2 is marked by the absence of the characteristic Cretaceous macro­fossils, planktonic Foraminifera, and coccoJiths. The planktonic foramini­feral fauna is much depleted and consists of minute Globigerinasand rare,small compressed Globorotalias, forerunners of the much fuller fauna ofZone 3. The coccolith fauna is similarly lacking in the nurnerous distinctiveCretaceous forms and contains forerunners of the Tertiary assemblages(Bramlette, 1958).

The microfaunal assemblage of Zone 2 occurs in the type Danian and inthe type Montian (the lowermost stage of the Paleocene in the officialEuropean classification), which have such similar microfaunas that Loeblichand Tappan (1957) and Troelsen (1957) concluded that they were timeequivalents.

Zone 3, characterised by the appearance of large keeled Globorotalia(UTrtlllco'rotalia"), is the beginning of the great expansion of the planktonicmicrofauna that took place in the Upper Paleocene and Eocene. The keeledGloborotalias diagnostic of Zone 3 appear in Europe in the Landenian andThanetian stages of the upper Paleocene.

STATUS OF THE DANIAN OVERSEAS

During the 21st International Geological Congress at Copenhagen, in1960, papers presented at a special session on the Cretaceous-TertiaryBoundary, and published in Part 5 of the Congress Report and in theReports of Soviet Geologists} Problem 5.. showed very strikingly the swingof both macro- and micro-paleontologists in favour of including the Danianin the Tertiary.

One of the most significant contributions was the paper by N. A.Poslavskaia and M. M. Moskvin (1960) on "Echinoids of the OrderSpatangoida in Danian and Adjacent Deposits of Crimea, Caucasus, andthe Transcaspian Region". These authors conclude (p. 79): "The peculiarcharacter and unity of the Danian-Paleocene Spatangoida complex are of agreat importance for the solution of the problem of the boundary betweenthe Cretaceous and Paleogene systems. Since the time of Desor (1846) oneof the arguments in favour of including the Danian stage in the UpperCretaceous is the (cretaceous' character of Danian echinoids and, first of all,of the representatives of the order Spatangoida. The fallacy of such anargument can hardly be subjected to any doubt now."

Jeletsky (1960) revised previous ideas on the Danian age of some NorthAmerican dinosaurs and concluded that all alleged Danian dinosaur-bearingbeds are demonstrably Maestrichtian or older and that all the typical Meso­zoic groups such as ammonites, true belemnites, Cretaceous planktonic Fora­minifera, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and pterodactyls had becomeextinct before the end of the Maestrichtian.

Rosenkrantz (1960) expressed the opinion, based on his studies of theDanian in Denmark, that there is clearly a considerable gap betweenMaestrichtian and Danian Mollusca. Danian Mollusca have closer affinities,with Paleocene faunas, and the highly specialised nautiloid, H ercoglossa)together with many Tertiary gasteropod genera, show that an invasion intothe Danian sea came from marine areas with "Tertiary status".

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HORNlBROOK - CRETACEOUs-TERTIARY BOUNDARY

TABLE r-e-Sequence of Fossils Across the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in New Zealand

Planktonic Coccoliths, etc.Stage Foraminifera Benthic Foraminifera (Bramlette)

~

WAIPAWAN Keeled Globorotalia Ntatallides DiscoesterAragom« multimdiattaRzebeeina epigona (rare)

-- - ---

TEDRIAN Rare small Bolivinoides delicatulus "Rare non-Globigerina Rzehakina epigona dcscript post.e.g., c.on». Aragonia Maestrichtianculinoides N uttallides forms"

Small compressed Galldr)'ina wbangaiaGloborotalia Loxostomnm limonense

IInoceramus

(Wellman, 1959)

None

None

Belemnites

None

None

None

None EI/J£:alpel/umzetendicum

WANGALOANFAUNA (tents­tively correlatedwith Teurian}:

CucellestisSpineiioLabilleonaCOJlCothYf4TaiomaMil/hoideaSigaretotremaPerissolaxPulgtooiusus

Vertebrates

?Elasmosaul'1ts«ustratis

(\XTaipara Green­sand)

(doubtful)

Spores and Pollens(Couper, ]960)

berrisii

sp.

HADMURIAN

Facing p. 296

BiglobigerinellaRare single-keeled

GlobotruncanaRegoglobigerinaLarge H etcrobelixGirblerina

Bolivinoides dracodorreeni

Bolivina incrassataGloborotelitesRzehakina epigonaCattdryilla beaiyiDorotbia elongate

"TypicalMaestrichtianassemblage"

I. matatortcs Small belemnites Vertebrites mnrdocbiDimitobeltss Dipbomoceras d.

cylindracenmMaorites cumsbewa­

ensssPseudopbvllites indraBacuiites rectus

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The Soviet paleontologist A. L. Yanshin (1960) reviewed the faunas ofthe Danian in the U.S.S.R. and concluded that the fauna and flora, whichinclude a dinosaur and other Cretaceous forms, "do not support anydecisive arguments for a revision of its stratigraphical position". D. P.Naidin (1960), on the other hand, reviewing the literature on the rangesof ammonites, I noceramus, rudistids, and dinosaurs, concluded that reportsof these groups in the Danian were erroneous.

NEW ZEALAND FAUNAS

In New Zealand, the sequence of faunas across the Cretaceous-Tertiaryboundary conforms to the general world pattern (Tables 1 and 2).

The Haumurian Stage, correlated by Hornibrook (1958) with theMaestrichtian, is marked by the highest occurrence of ammonites, belemnites,Inoceramus} rare single-keeled Globotruncane, Biglobigerinella} Rugoglobi­gerina, large Heterobelix, and Giiblerina. The coccolith fauna is typicallyMaestrichtian (Prof. M. N. Bramlette, pers. comm.).

The Teurian Stage, correlated by Hornibrook (1958) with the Danian,lacks characteristic Cretaceous macrofossils, and the planktonic fora­miniferal fauna consists of rare small Globigerinas including G. trilo­culinoides Plummer. The benthic foraminiferal fauna contains Creta­ceous and Tertiary species in about equal nwnbers (Table 3 and Fig. 1).This situation is similar to that described in Trinidad by Bolli (1957, p. 62)who remarked as follows: "The complete change of the planktonic fora­miniferal fauna between Upper Cretaceous . . . and the Paleocene . . . isnot followed by the benthonic foraminifera, . . . As many a.s about two­thirds of the benthonic foraminifera species known in the Upper Cretaceouscontinue into the Paleocene - Lower Eocene. In cases where only benthonicforaminifera are present it may, therefore, become difficult to determinewhether a fauna is of upper Cretaceous or Paleocene age".

The writer (Hornibrook, 1958, 1959) has formerly been influenced bythe strong Cretaceous element in Teurian benthic Foraminifera and hasclassified the Teurian in the Cretaceous, but this attitude needs reconsidera­tion in the light of the emerging world picture of the faunal successionfrom Maestrichtian to Danian and Montian.

Samples of Teurian age examined by Professor M. N. Bramlette (pers.comm.) proved to be poor in coccoliths. The meagre assemblage of smalland rather nondescript forms did include, however, two undescribed speciesof Coccolitbus common in the Danian and early Tertiary elsewhere, withnone of the many distinctive forms of the Maestrichtian.

The well described molluscan fauna from Wangaloa in East Otago, whichis the basis for the Wangaloan Stage, was correlated with the Danian byFinlay and Marwick (1937). The Wangaloan Stage, which is a locallydeveloped near-shore facies, was correlated by Finlay and Marwick (1947)with the Waipawa Black Shale in Hawke's Bay, and was placed betweenthe Teurian and Waipawan in the New Zealand stage classification. Horni­brook and Harrington (1957) showed that the Waipawa Black Shale is only

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298 N.Z. JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS [MAY

a local facies of the Teurian and that there is no microfaunal evidencefor direct correlation with the Wangaloan of east Otago, in which no defi­nitive microfaunas have been found. As the exact correlation of theWangaloan with respect to the boundaries of the Teurian Stage is notknown, Hornibrook and Harrington recommended that the Wangaloan beomitted from the standard sequence of New Zealand stages. Cucullastis,Spineilo, Labilleona, Concotbyra, Strutbioptera, and Paleopsepbaea, typicallyCretaceous genera in the Wangaloan fauna, are balanced by many Tertiarygenera, including Milthoidea, Sigaretotre1na, Perissolax, and Futgttrofusus.Inoceramus, ammonites, and belemnites are absent. Although Tertiary generaeasily outnumber Cretaceous in Fig. 1, compiled from Finlay and Mar­wick's lists, those authors discounted the apparent predominance of Te-rtiaryforms on the grounds that many were uncertainly determined because offragmental material and that most of the genera are New Zealand groupswhose Tertiary representatives are much better known than the Cretaceous.

TABLE 2-Sequence of New Zealand Cretaceous-Tertiary Planktonic Foraminifera

Mh Dt Dw

Globotruncana (single-keeled) ...... ......

Rugoglobigerin« ...... ...... ...... ------

Biglobigerinella ...... ------

"Globigerina" ...... ...... ......

H eterohelix ...... ...... ...... ......

Gliblerina ...... ...... ......

Globigerina triloculinoides ......

G. primitiu« ... ..... .................................

G. minute spp. ...... ...... ......

Globorotalia (compressed) ...... ......

Globorotalia aequa ...... ...... .....

G. uelascoensis crater .......................

Mh = Haumurian stage (Globotrllncana assemblage).Dt = Teurian Stage (small Globigerina assemblage).Dw = Waipawan Stage (keeled Globorotalia C'Truncorotalia") assemblage).

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HORNIBROOK - CRETACEOUs-TERTIARY BOUNDARY 299

10

'20

17 16I

8 15

'21

TEUR IAN

FORAMINIFERA

WANGALOAN

MOLLUSCA

(after Fin lay &

Marwick, 1937.)

FIG. l--Cretaceous and Tertiary affinities of Teurian Foraminifera (numbers ofspecies) and WangaIoan Mollusca (number s of genera and subgenera, afterFinlay and Marwick, 1937) . The upper part of the figure is based on the datapresented in Table 3.

These volcanoestwo small volcanoes

These volcanoestwo small volcanoes

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TABLE 3-Analysis of the Foraminiferal Fauna of the Teurian Stage

(90 per cent of the genera and species listed occur in the type Teurian. Somegroups of doubtful affinity, such as Lagenidae and Polymorphinidae, have beenlargely omitted.) .

...-.~

~ ~Q.;-"".- ~:~~c:: ~

l:E~<-

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-Dw

Mh-DwMh-DwMh-DwMh-DwDtDtDtDtDtDtDtDtTTTTTTT

Bolirinopsis spectabilis (Grzybowski)Splroplectammina piripaua Finlay

" steineeei FinlayGaudryin« whangaia Finlay (ancestor in Haumurian)Rzebaeina epigona (Rzehak)Planularia tobangai« Finlay

" rakauroana FinlayPaj,JlIIla tbaimanni FinlavFrondicularia teuria Finlay

" large sp .Buliminell« icaiparaensis HornibrookBoliuinoides delicatula CushmanLoxostomum limonense CushmanRotamorpbina cusbmani FinlayPseudoraluulineria injrajossa (Finlay)G'vroidina aff. globosa Hagenow .Anomalinoides piripaua (Finlay)AstrorhizidaePelosinellaInrolutina tncerta (d'Orb.)

" glabrata (Cushman and Jarvis)GlomospiraTextularia plummerae LalickerKarrerulina aegra FinlayTrocbamminoidesAmmomarginulina sp. 1

" sp. 2Haplopbragmoides large sp. (of Waipawa Black

Shale)Cyclammina cf. incisa (Stache)Bulimina prolixa Cushman and ParkerPullenia aft. bulloides (d'Orb)

" aff. quinqueloba (Reuss)Ammobaculites sp, (inflated as in sample F. 10,005)Bermndezina] n. sp.ConotrocbamminaPseudoclarulina anglica CushmanMata12zia simulans FinlayPolymorpbina sp. (as in F593 3)Elongobula creta FinlayCibicides sp.Aragonia aft. ouezzanensis ReyZeauuigerina teuria Finlay .Boliuinotisis cubensis (Cushman and Bermudez)

" compta FinlayHaagenotoella sp.Dorothia cf. bulletta CarseyBulimina subbortonica Finlay

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TABLE 3-C011til1ued

~ c:: c<'df.fl C 'C ~

<IJ-.. c ~..... ~ ;:j.~~ 8 <'d C\l

c ~ ~c,

tS~;:j =' .;~

~ ~~~ ~

T"

aff. pupul« Stache ...... ...... '" x xT "

cf. inflata d' Orb. ...... ...... .,. x xT Quadrimorpblna allomorpbinoides (Reuss) ...... .., x xT N uttallides ...... ...... ...... ... x xT Eponides cf. tenera (Brady) ...... ...... ... x xT Globlgerina primitiva (Finlay) ...... ? xT

"triloculinoides Plummer ...... x x

T Ciblcides sp. (pustuled centre) ...... ...... ...... x xT Anomalinoides aff. macraglabra (Finlay) ...... x x

C =; Cretaceous affinities.Mh-Dw = ranges from Cretaceous to Tertiary.Dt = Teurian only or predominantly.T = Tertiary affinities.

Two samples from the Teurian (FS66S, 568/195, upper part of "sulphurmudstone" or lower part of Waipara Greensand, Middle Waipara section;N141/S06, near Pukehou) examined by Professor M. N. Bramlette forcoccoliths and discoasters were described as follows (pers. cornm.) : "Thesamples of Teurian were not very good though F566S was somewhat betterthan N141/506. The coccoliths are too sparse to assign them to the Danianwith confidence. There are, however, none of the many distinctive upperCretaceous forms and only the small, rather nondescript forms that areusual in the earliest Tertiary-if one includes the Danian in the Tertiary."

Pollens of the characteristic Tertiary species Triorites barrisi! and ofMyrtaceae first appear in some Teurian floras that were described byCouper (1960, p. 30) as intermediate between typical upper Cretaceous andtypical Tertiary floras.

A possible anomaly with regard to the Tertiary age of the Teurian issuggested by the reports by McKay (1877) and Thomson (1920, p. 346)of a vertebra and a jawbone of the reptile Elasmosaurus australis fromthe Waipara Greensand in Birch Hollow, a small side valley opening intothe Waipara River, North Canterbury. They have not been located incollections, and no further specimens have been found. A mile or twofarther west, in the Waipara River, the main massive member of theWaipara Greensand has yielded Teurian Foraminifera. The section in BirchHollow is obscured, however, by extensive slumping and does not appearto match exactly the section exposed in the Waipara River. Furthermore,a sample collected recently by Mr P. N. Webb and Dr G. R. Stevens(N.Z. Geological Survey) from a glauconitic siltstone within the concretion­arJ' Waipara Greensand, about 200 ft stratigraphically above the con-cretionary saurian beds in Birch Hollow, contained a small Haumurianmicrofauna including Gaadryina healyi and the ostracod Progonocytbere cf.concentrica. The age of the saurian bones collected by McKay and Thomsonfrom the Waipara Greensands is therefore in doubt.

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The Waipawan Stage is marked by the disappearance of a number ofbenthic Foraminifera that persisted into the Teurian from the Haumurian.In the upper part of the stage the earliest keeled Globorotalias appear(G. uelascoensis crater, not very typical).

The world-wide upper Paleocene (Sparnacian) discoaster, Discoastermultiradiatus, was found by Bramlette and Riedel (1954; see also Bramletteand Sullivan, 1961) in a sample from the basal Waipawan at the Waipawasection.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE TEURIAN

The New Zealand Geological Survey is currently engaged in producinga series of 1 :250,000 geological maps covering New Zealand, and so hashad to consider whether to leave the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in NewZealand between the Teurian and Waipawan stages as in previous classifica­tions, or to follow the increasing world trend towards classifying Danianas Tertiary and place the boundary between Haumurian and Teurian. Thelatter course was followed, and is exemplified in the Geological Map ofNew Zealand, 1 :250,000, Sheet 8, Taupo, by G. W. Grindley, where theTeurian appears in the legend as a Tertiary Stage.

The removal of the Teurian from the Cretaceous System makes desirablesome regrouping of the stages within the Mata and Dannevirke Series, whichare divisions of the Cretaceous and Tertiary systems respectively. It isproposed, therefore, that the Teurian should become the basal stage of theDannevirke Series, represented by the symbol Dt (replacing Mt), thus:

New Zealand New ZealandStage Series Symbol

U Waipawan Dannevirke DwPaleocene (Lower part)L Teurian Dt

Maestrichtian Haumurian MhMata

Campanian Piripauan Mp

REFERENCES

BOLLI.• H. M. 1957: The Genera Globigerina and Globorotalia in the Paleocene­Lower Eocene Lizard Springs Formation of Trinidad, B.W.!. U.S. Nat.Mus. Bull. 215: 61-81.

BRAMLETTE, M. N. 1958: Significance of Coccolithophorids in Calcium-CarbonateDeposition. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 69: 121-6.

BRAMLETTE, M. N.; RIEDEL, W. R. 1954: Stratigraphic Value of Discoasters andSome Other Microfossils Related to Recent Coccolithophores. J. Paleont.28 (4): 385-403.

BRAMLETTE, M. N.; SULLIVAN, F. R. 1961: Coccolithophorids and Related Nano­plankton of the Early Tertiary in California. Micropaleontology 7 (2):129-88.

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1962] HORNIBROOK - CRETACEous-TERTIARY BOUNDARY 303

COUPER, R. A. 1960: New Zealand Mesozoic and Cainozoic Plant Microfossils.. N.Z. Geol, SI"1). Paleont, Bull. 32, 87 pp.

DESOR, E. 1846: Sur le Terrain Danien, Nouvel Etage del Craie. Bull. Soc. Geol.Fr. is». 2) 4: 179-82.

FINLAY, H. ].; MARWICK, ]. 1937: The Wangaloan and Associated Molluscan Faunasof Kaitangata - Green Island Subdivision. N.Z. Geol. Sur». Paleont,Btlli. 15, 140 pp.

HORNIBROOK, N. DE B. 1958: New Zealand Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary Fora­miniferal Zones and Some Overseas Correlations. Micropaleontology 4(1): 25-38.

HORNIBROOK, N. DE B.'1959: Teurian Stage. In Fleming, C. A. (Ed.), Lex. Stratig.112t. 6 (4): 39~-9.

HORNIBROOK, N. DE B.; HARRINGTON, H. ]. 1957: The Status of the WangaloanStage. N.Z. J. Sci. Tech. B38 (6): 655-70.

]ELETSKY, ]. A. 1960: Youngest Marine Rocks in Western Interior of NorthAmerica and the Age of the Tricerasops-Beas; with Remarks on Corn­parable Dinosaur-bearing Beds outside North America. 21st Int. Geol.Congr. 'Rep. 5: 25-40.

LOEBLICH, A. R.; TAPPAN, H 1957: Correlation of the Gulf and Atlantic CoastalPlain Paleocene and Lower Eocene Formations by Means of PlanktonicForaminifera. ]. Paleont. 31 (6): 1109-37.

McKAY, A. 1877: Report on the Weka Pass and Buller Districts. N.Z. Geol. Suru,Rep. Geol. Explor. 1874-76 [9]: 36-42.

NAIDIN, D. P. 1960: Concerning the Boundary between the Maestrichtian and theDanian Stages. 21 st Int. Geol. C012gr. Rep. SOt'. Geol. Problem 5,pp. 41-6.

POSLAVSKAIA, N. A.; MOSKVIN, M. M. 1960: Echinoids of the Order Spatangoidain Danian and Adjacent Deposits of Crimea, Caucasus and the ~ Trans­caspian Region. 21st Int. Geol. C012gr. Rep. SOv. Geol, Problem 5,pp. 47-82.

ROSENKRANTZ, A. 1960: Danian Mollusca from Denmark. 21st 111t. Geol. Congr. Rep.5: 193-8.

THOMSON, ]. A. 1920: The Notocene Geology of the Middle Waipara and WekaPass District, North Canterbury, New Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 52:322-415.

TROELSEN, ]. C. 1957: Some Planktonic Foraminifera of the Type Danian and TheirStratigraphic Importance. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215: 125-131.

WELLMAN, H. W. 1959: Divisions of the New Zealand Cretaceous. Trans. Roy. Soc.N.Z. 87 (1-2): 99-163.

YANSHIN, A. L. 1960: Stratigraphic Position of the Danian Stage and the Problemof the Cretaceous-Paleog.ene Boundary. 21 st Int. Geol, Congr. Rep. 5:210-5.

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