The Conservative Order and The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reformthe Challenges of Reform

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Conservative Forces:Conservative Forces:– Maintain peace and prevent war.Maintain peace and prevent war.

CooperationCooperation Mutual ConsolidationMutual Consolidation Challenged by Liberals and Challenged by Liberals and

nationalists.nationalists.

NationalismNationalism

Nationalism – Nationalism – people are brought people are brought together by common bonds of together by common bonds of language, customs, culture, and language, customs, culture, and historyhistory

Developed in Europe in late 18Developed in Europe in late 18thth and and early 19early 19thth centuries. centuries.

Vienna Settlement Vienna Settlement OpponentsOpponents

Nationalists felt nations should be Nationalists felt nations should be based on ethnicity, not monarchies based on ethnicity, not monarchies and dynasties (Congress of Vienna) and dynasties (Congress of Vienna) as basis for national unityas basis for national unity

Nations based on qualities of people Nations based on qualities of people not rulersnot rulers

Confusion though because of Confusion though because of minority groupsminority groups

National LanguagesNational Languages

Nations created based on unifying Nations created based on unifying languageslanguages

National languages replaced local National languages replaced local dialectsdialects

Language and print culture overcome Language and print culture overcome regional differences.regional differences.

Influences nation-building Influences nation-building

Meaning of NationhoodMeaning of Nationhood

Some people argued nationalism was Some people argued nationalism was based on eliminating dynastic states based on eliminating dynastic states and having administrative and and having administrative and economic efficiency.economic efficiency.

Others argued nations created and Others argued nations created and kept on the basis of the divine order of kept on the basis of the divine order of things.things.

Not all ethnic groups ended up Not all ethnic groups ended up becoming nation, as you needed to be becoming nation, as you needed to be large enough to establish an economy.large enough to establish an economy.

Nationalistic PressureNationalistic Pressure

Nationalists challenged Nationalists challenged political status quo in six political status quo in six different European areas:different European areas:

Nationalistic PressureNationalistic Pressure

England brought Ireland under British England brought Ireland under British rule in 1800 causing problems for rule in 1800 causing problems for two centuries. (“The Irish Problem”)two centuries. (“The Irish Problem”)

Germany pitted Austria and Prussia Germany pitted Austria and Prussia against on anotheragainst on another

Nationalistic PressureNationalistic Pressure

Italy sought to take over Italian Italy sought to take over Italian peninsula from Austriapeninsula from Austria

Poland struggled with Russia over Poland struggled with Russia over independenceindependence

Nationalistic PressureNationalistic Pressure

Eastern Europe – Hungarians, Eastern Europe – Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovenes sought Czechs, and Slovenes sought independence from Austriaindependence from Austria

Serbs, Greeks, Albanians, Serbs, Greeks, Albanians, Romanians, and Bulgarians sought Romanians, and Bulgarians sought independence from the Ottomans independence from the Ottomans and Russiansand Russians

Early 19Early 19thth Century Liberals Century Liberals (See Handout)(See Handout)

Political Goals – Political Goals – liberals liberals were usually; educators or wealthy were usually; educators or wealthy excluded from the political process/ looked for;excluded from the political process/ looked for;– legal equalitylegal equality– religious tolerationreligious toleration– freedom of the pressfreedom of the press– written constitutionswritten constitutions

Economic Goals Economic Goals – wanted free tradewanted free trade– less government regulationless government regulation

Relationship of Nationalism to LiberalismRelationship of Nationalism to Liberalism– oppositionopposition

nationalists wanted to dominate particular national or ethnic groups nationalists wanted to dominate particular national or ethnic groups within a particular regionwithin a particular region

– compatiblecompatible nationalists could gain liberal support by espousing their ideals (e.g. nationalists could gain liberal support by espousing their ideals (e.g.

– Greece)– Greece)

Conservative Outlooks Conservative Outlooks

Conservative Conservative pillars were legitimate pillars were legitimate monarchies, aristocracies, and established monarchies, aristocracies, and established churches. (Alliances)churches. (Alliances)

Throne—land—altar Throne—land—altar 1818thth Century: Fight Century: Fight 1919thth Century: Reluctant allies Century: Reluctant allies Did not want written constitutions, unless Did not want written constitutions, unless

written by monarchies themselves.written by monarchies themselves. Disliked Enlightenment, especially the Disliked Enlightenment, especially the

church. (undermines religion).church. (undermines religion).

Hapsburg EmpireHapsburg Empire

Hapsburg nationalism in Austria felt Hapsburg nationalism in Austria felt threatened by a large amount of threatened by a large amount of different ethnic groupsdifferent ethnic groups

Austrian Austrian Prince Klemens von Prince Klemens von MetternichMetternich – felt Austria had to – felt Austria had to dominate the German Confederation dominate the German Confederation to keep it from developing its own to keep it from developing its own constitutionconstitution

Prince Klemens von Prince Klemens von MetternichMetternich

Metternich SystemMetternich System Policies:Policies:

– Uphold Vienna settlements.Uphold Vienna settlements.– Destroy French Revolution ideals.Destroy French Revolution ideals.– ““Age of Reaction”, turn back the clock to Age of Reaction”, turn back the clock to

Old Regime.Old Regime.– Censorship, secret police, spies, Censorship, secret police, spies,

arbitrary arrest.arbitrary arrest. Quadruple Alliance:Quadruple Alliance:

– Aut, Prus, Brit, Rus.Aut, Prus, Brit, Rus.– ““Concert of Europe”= cooperation of Concert of Europe”= cooperation of

major nations.major nations.

Defeat of Prussian ReformDefeat of Prussian Reform

Frederick William III Frederick William III – Prussian – Prussian leader who created Council of State, leader who created Council of State, which established eight provincial which established eight provincial dietsdiets

Junkers dominated the diets keeping Junkers dominated the diets keeping the bond between the monarchy and the bond between the monarchy and the landholdersthe landholders

Burschenschaften and the Burschenschaften and the Carlsbad DecreesCarlsbad Decrees

BurschenschaftenBurschenschaften – student – student association of German nationalistsassociation of German nationalists– often Anti-Semiticoften Anti-Semitic– one member one member Karl SandKarl Sand murdered murdered

dramatist August von Kotzebue and was dramatist August von Kotzebue and was summarily executed for the crimesummarily executed for the crime

Carlsbad Decrees Carlsbad Decrees – ordered by – ordered by Metternich – dissolved the Metternich – dissolved the BurschenschaftenBurschenschaften

Postwar Repression in Great Postwar Repression in Great BritainBritain

Lord Liverpool – Lord Liverpool – sought to protect the sought to protect the interests of the wealthyinterests of the wealthy– Corn Law – raised prices on cornCorn Law – raised prices on corn– income tax on wealthy replaced with excise and income tax on wealthy replaced with excise and

sales tax on both wealthy and poorsales tax on both wealthy and poor discontent from massesdiscontent from masses

– leaders of the low social orders called for changesleaders of the low social orders called for changes– had unruly mass meeting at Spa Fields near had unruly mass meeting at Spa Fields near

LondonLondon– Liverpool in response passes Coercion Acts of Liverpool in response passes Coercion Acts of

1817, which suspended habeas corpus and 1817, which suspended habeas corpus and outlawed seditious gatheringoutlawed seditious gathering

Continued Repression in Continued Repression in Great BritainGreat Britain

Peterloo Massacre – Peterloo Massacre – eleven radical eleven radical protesters killed by militia at meeting in protesters killed by militia at meeting in Manchester, EnglandManchester, England

Six Acts Six Acts passedpassed– forbade large, unauthorized meetingsforbade large, unauthorized meetings– raised fines for seditious libelraised fines for seditious libel– trials speeded up for political agitatorstrials speeded up for political agitators– increased newspaper taxesincreased newspaper taxes– prohibited training of armed groupsprohibited training of armed groups– allowed local officials to search homesallowed local officials to search homes

Cato Street Conspiracy – Cato Street Conspiracy – plot by Radicals to plot by Radicals to blow up Cabinet failedblow up Cabinet failed

Peterloo MassacrePeterloo MassacreSt Peter's Fields August 16th, 1819St Peter's Fields August 16th, 1819

The Bourbon RestorationThe Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII Louis XVIII – becomes monarch in 1814 – becomes monarch in 1814

and agrees to be constitutional monarchand agrees to be constitutional monarch The Charter The Charter – provided for a hereditary – provided for a hereditary

monarchy and a bicameral legislaturemonarchy and a bicameral legislature– guaranteed most of the Declaration of the Rights guaranteed most of the Declaration of the Rights

of Man and Citizenof Man and Citizen– religious toleration – but Roman Catholicism religious toleration – but Roman Catholicism

official religionofficial religion ultraroyalism – as revenge for the ultraroyalism – as revenge for the

Revolution, royalists in the south and west Revolution, royalists in the south and west of France practically drive the liberals out of of France practically drive the liberals out of politics and into a near illegal status politics and into a near illegal status

Louis XVIIILouis XVIII

The Conservative The Conservative International OrderInternational Order

the the Concert of Europe Concert of Europe – nations from the – nations from the Congress of Vienna agree that one nation Congress of Vienna agree that one nation cannot take major action in international cannot take major action in international affairs without working with the othersaffairs without working with the others

the congress systemthe congress system – – the Congress of the Congress of Vienna removes troops from France after Vienna removes troops from France after they had paid their war reparationsthey had paid their war reparations– Tsar Alexander ITsar Alexander I of Russia wants to keep of Russia wants to keep

Quadruple Alliance and uphold existing bordersQuadruple Alliance and uphold existing borders– CastlereaghCastlereagh, representing Britain feels , representing Britain feels

Alliance was only to stop French aggressionAlliance was only to stop French aggression

The Spanish Revolution of The Spanish Revolution of 18201820

Spain revolts against its monarch Bourbon Spain revolts against its monarch Bourbon Ferdinand VII Ferdinand VII

France with permission from Austria, Prussia, France with permission from Austria, Prussia, and Russia, but not Britain, and Russia, but not Britain, Congress of Congress of VeronaVerona moves in to restore order and keep moves in to restore order and keep Bourbon Ferdinand VIIBourbon Ferdinand VII in power in power

France does not gain land; instead works to France does not gain land; instead works to preserve stability and conservative govt.preserve stability and conservative govt.

English foreign minister, English foreign minister, George Canning, George Canning, attempts to stop further European colonization attempts to stop further European colonization in Latin America by abiding by the Monroe in Latin America by abiding by the Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

Revolt Against Ottoman Revolt Against Ottoman RuleRule

The Greek Revolution of 1821 – Greece revolts The Greek Revolution of 1821 – Greece revolts against Ottoman rule in 1821against Ottoman rule in 1821– Britain , France, and Russia conclude that an Britain , France, and Russia conclude that an

independent Greece would benefit strategic interestsindependent Greece would benefit strategic interests– Otto I Otto I is declared first king of the new Greek kingdomis declared first king of the new Greek kingdom

Serbian Independence of 1830 – granted by the Serbian Independence of 1830 – granted by the Ottoman sultan after years of revolts and Ottoman sultan after years of revolts and fightingfighting– Serbia comes under the protection of Russia in 1820’sSerbia comes under the protection of Russia in 1820’s– 1856 – officially under the protection of the great 1856 – officially under the protection of the great

powers, but still has special relationship with Russia powers, but still has special relationship with Russia

Revolution in HaitiRevolution in Haiti Francois-Dominique Toussaint Francois-Dominique Toussaint

L’Ouverture L’Ouverture – former slave leads slave – former slave leads slave revolt against white Frenchman and freed revolt against white Frenchman and freed mulattos (1791)mulattos (1791)

1793 – France abolishes slavery in Haiti1793 – France abolishes slavery in Haiti 1800 – L’Ouverture makes himself Governor-1800 – L’Ouverture makes himself Governor-

General for life and continues ties to FranceGeneral for life and continues ties to France 1802 – Napoleon tries to keep Haiti for 1802 – Napoleon tries to keep Haiti for

FranceFrance 1804 – Napoleon, busy at war with Britain 1804 – Napoleon, busy at war with Britain

gives Haiti its indpendencegives Haiti its indpendence

Francois-Dominique Toussaint Francois-Dominique Toussaint L’OuvertureL’Ouverture

Creole DiscontentCreole Discontent

CreolesCreoles – persons of Spanish descent – persons of Spanish descent born in the South American coloniesborn in the South American colonies

creoles – resented the creoles – resented the peninsularespeninsulares – – white people who were born in Spain, white people who were born in Spain, who seemed to get all the political who seemed to get all the political advantagesadvantages

when Latin American countries won when Latin American countries won their independence, creoles received their independence, creoles received equal rightequal right

Two South American Two South American Independence LeadersIndependence Leaders

Jose de San Martin – Jose de San Martin – led led independence movements in Chile independence movements in Chile and Peru, later becoming Protector of and Peru, later becoming Protector of PeruPeru

Simon Bolivar – Simon Bolivar – independence independence leader of Venezuela / later leads fight leader of Venezuela / later leads fight at Battle of Ayacucho which ends at Battle of Ayacucho which ends Spain’s control in Latin AmericaSpain’s control in Latin America

New Spain New Spain

Area from what is now Southwest Area from what is now Southwest United States to MexicoUnited States to Mexico

Battle of philosophies between Battle of philosophies between conservative Spanish and Creole conservative Spanish and Creole groups and groups and

and liberal monarchy of Spainand liberal monarchy of Spain Augustin de Iturbide Augustin de Iturbide declares declares

Mexico independent from Spain in Mexico independent from Spain in 1821 and is declared emperor1821 and is declared emperor

Brazilian IndependenceBrazilian Independence

Dom Pedro Dom Pedro becomes emperor of an becomes emperor of an independent Brazil in 1822 independent Brazil in 1822

peaceful revolution makes Brazil peaceful revolution makes Brazil independent from Portugalindependent from Portugal– political and social elites in Brazil political and social elites in Brazil

wanted to avoid destructive warswanted to avoid destructive wars– slavery preservedslavery preserved

Suppression and Revolt in Suppression and Revolt in Russia Russia

unrest in the Armyunrest in the Army– Southern Society – Southern Society – led by led by Pestel, Pestel, called for the end of serfdom, a called for the end of serfdom, a

representative government and independence for Polandrepresentative government and independence for Poland– Northern Society –Northern Society – favored constitutional monarchy and the end of favored constitutional monarchy and the end of

serfdomserfdom Decembrist Revolt – Decembrist Revolt – when when Nicholas Nicholas becomes tsar after becomes tsar after

Alexander I, some army officers refuse to swear allegiance to him / Alexander I, some army officers refuse to swear allegiance to him / the revolt is put down violentlythe revolt is put down violently

Rule of Nicholas I – Rule of Nicholas I – very little reform, still had serfdom, presence very little reform, still had serfdom, presence of secret policeof secret police

Official NationalityOfficial Nationality– Russian Orthodox Church provides basis for morality, education, and Russian Orthodox Church provides basis for morality, education, and

intellectual lifeintellectual life– unrestrained power of the tsarunrestrained power of the tsar

Polish Uprising – Poland’s independence movement is defeated in Polish Uprising – Poland’s independence movement is defeated in 1832 by Nicholas I who issues 1832 by Nicholas I who issues Organic Statute – Organic Statute – declaring Poland declaring Poland an integral part of Russian empirean integral part of Russian empire

More Revolution in FranceMore Revolution in France Charles X Charles X

– paid sums of money to aristocrats who lost land in Revolutionpaid sums of money to aristocrats who lost land in Revolution– restored rule of primogeniturerestored rule of primogeniture– sacrilege punishable by deathsacrilege punishable by death– put in ultraroyalist cabinet in 1829 in response to liberalsput in ultraroyalist cabinet in 1829 in response to liberals

in response to military victories in North Africa Charles in response to military victories in North Africa Charles X issues X issues The Four Ordinances –The Four Ordinances –– restricted freedom of the pressrestricted freedom of the press– dissolved liberal Chamber of Deputiesdissolved liberal Chamber of Deputies– limited franchise to wealthiest memberslimited franchise to wealthiest members– called for new electionscalled for new elections

Revolution of 1830 Revolution of 1830 – Charles X abdicates throne, – Charles X abdicates throne, ending Bourbon Dynasty and putting more liberal ending Bourbon Dynasty and putting more liberal government in chargegovernment in charge

Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe

The monarchy under The monarchy under Louis Philippe Louis Philippe was politically liberalwas politically liberal– freedom of religionfreedom of religion– freedom of pressfreedom of press

but socially conservativebut socially conservative– little regard for lower classeslittle regard for lower classes– revolts of working class put down revolts of working class put down

violentlyviolently and expanded territories in North and expanded territories in North

AfricaAfrica

Independence for BelgiumIndependence for Belgium

Belgium becomes independent from Belgium becomes independent from Holland in 1830Holland in 1830

British make sure Belgium’s British make sure Belgium’s independence is accepted as long as independence is accepted as long as the new nation remains neutral in the new nation remains neutral in European affairsEuropean affairs

Reform in BritainReform in Britain

Lord Liverpool, although conservative Lord Liverpool, although conservative allows some reform such as greater allows some reform such as greater economic freedom and permission for economic freedom and permission for their to be labor organizationstheir to be labor organizations

Catholic Emancipation ActCatholic Emancipation Act – allowed for – allowed for Catholics to be in Parliament / passed to Catholics to be in Parliament / passed to keep order in Irelandkeep order in Ireland

Great Reform BillGreat Reform Bill – expanded size of – expanded size of England’s electorate, but did not eliminate England’s electorate, but did not eliminate property qualifications for voting or grant property qualifications for voting or grant suffrage for womensuffrage for women