Apr up n Nere d.e Bitiyor ?Wher. doat EurcPe end?

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The connection between "doors" anddiplomacy hes a speciel resonance forAmericans. What is recalled, of course, is theso-called Open Door Policy towards Chinathat was enunciated in | 899-1900 by the thenSecret rT of St te, ,ohn Hat. lt was aquintess€ntial expression of US ambivalencetoward colonial privilege. In the afterrnath ofthe Sino-rapanese War of | 894-95 China waserposed to a series of claims by imperialpowers: Germany received a 9g-year leasa tothe harbor of Kiao-chao, France "leased"Kwang-chau-wan, England thc port of Wei-hai-wei, and Russia held the J.lanchurian peninsulaon an unrcstricted 25 tear lease. The UnitedStates Goyernment wanted to distinguish itselffrom these powers, yet protect its commercialand other inte?es6 in China and so formallyasked not the government in Peking, but theEuropean colonial governments and JaPan togive th€ir assurances that it would be tr€atcdwith equality by Chlna within its sphere ofcommercial and diplomatic inte?ests, That is,so-called "l€gitimate American interests" asthese were de3cribed in Hay's note were to behandled in Berlin, Paris, London, Rome, St.Petersburg, and Tokyo. And so the Open Doorof China-equality for imperialists-provokes aquestion: Whe?e dld China end?Which, in turn, rais€s another question:Where did Europe begln? The Russia governedfrom St. Petercburg by Czar Alexander, withFrench as its court language, seemed muchmore European that a Russia cent€red inJ.loscow with its Asian heartland character, areality at the core of Leo Tolstoy'a Wor ondPeoca Yet for Gotbachev an opening of thethen Soviet Union from within impliedinhabiting "the European house". To becomeEuropean appeared as a way to repudiatoAsiatic despotism, to signal an opening ofRussia and a tru€ closing of the Stalinist 6ra.Perhaps, at l€ast, lt is evident that diplomatic

RICHARD FAIKAvmpa Kaprlan Uzerine DiiqiiLnceler; Bir YorumA Meditative Comment on European Doorc

Amerikahlar igin *kaprlar" ve diplomasiaraslndaki iligkinin her zaman 6zel bir anlamrolmu$fi.rr. Bu konu agrldr$rnda akla ilk gelendo$al olarak, 1899-1900 .uasrnda, zamanlndrgiEleri bakanr John Hay'in formiile etti$i,

Qin'e iliEkin, agrk kapr denen politikasr oluyor.Bu formiil ashnda ABD'nin s<imiirgeciayrlcal-rklar konusundaki ikili tutumunun birgcistergesidir. I 894-95 Qin-|apon savagrmn

Qin igin olumsuz bir sonucu da empcryalistgiiglerin bir dizi taleplerine maruz kalmakolmugtu: Almanya Kiaochao limamnt 99 ytll*kiralama haklo elde etti, Fransa Kwangchau-Wan1, lngiltere Wei-hei-wei limantnt"kiraladr" ve Rusya da Mangurya'yr'25yrlL$rna srnrrsrz bir gekilde kullanma hakkrntkapu. Birlegik Devleder hiikiimeti bir yandankendini bu giiglerden ayrrmak isterken biryandan da ticari ve her tiirlti grkarlanntkorumak istiyordu, bu yiizden de resmenPekin'dcki hiikiimete damEmak yerineAvrupah sdmiirgeci hi.iktimederden vc

]aponya'dan, Qin'den ticari ve diplomatikgrkarlar sciz konusu oldu$unda Ameirka'nrnda onlarla egit olacafi konusunda gtivenceistcdi. Hay'in "megru Amerikan grkarlan"olarak tanrmladr$r bu grkarlar Berlin, Paris, l,ondra, Roma, St. Petersburg ve Tokyo'da kararaba$lanacaku. Dolayrsryla emperyalist gtigler igin Qin agft kaprsr - cmperyalisder arasrndaeqidik - bir soruyu dne grkanyordu: Qin nerede biterfBu soru akla hemen bagka bir soruyu getiriyor: Avrupa nerede baglarl Qar Alexander'rn St.Petersburg'dan ydnetti$ sara)'rnda Fransrzca konugulan Rusya, Moskova'da merkezlegmig,can damarlan Asya'ya bafh bir Rusya'dan gok daha Avrupah gdriiniiyordu; Leo Tolstoy'unSataS w Banf nn 6ziindeki gergeklik de budur. Ancak Gorbachev igin eski SoryederBirlilinin iginden agrlmasr, Avrupa Evi'nin bir sakini olmasr halinde gergcklegecekti.

Whero docs EuroPc cnd?

Atrupa Nered.e Bitior?

NICHARD FATJ(

AvrupaLlagmak, Asya despodu$ununre ddcdilmcsinin, Rusya'run drgan agrlmasrnnve bdylece Stalin ddneminin kapanmasrnrn biriqarcti gibi go riiniiyordu.Belki de en azrndan, diplomatik kaprlanncografrayla ve haritalarla higbir ilgisi yokturve Avrupa da bir diigtince tarzrndan \e az nede fazla bir geydir. Sofuk Savag ddnemindeAvrupa temel olarak iki siiper giigle meqguldiive alaru da Washington ve Moskovabagkenderi arasrnda bdliinmii$ti.i. Amerikan veSovyct liderleri elbette Berlin'le gatrEmahalindeydilcr ancak bir krizi bir katastrofadciniigtiirmek konusundaki kararlan kendileriveriyorlardr. Avrupallar, Arnerikahlann veRuslann higbir zaman olmadrklan bir bigimderehineydiler. Bu grldrrtro gcrgeklifi ancakRonald Reagan, kryamedn Avrupa'da kopmasrpahasrna dahi olsa Birlcaik Devleder veSovyeder Birli$i'nin kargrhkh giig dengelerinisrrurh ntikleer savaElarla denemelerini obilinen saflrgryla dnererek bu denli agrk birbiEimde ortaya koluyordu. Boylesine bir agrkkalpliligin igleri kolaylagtrrmadrgr gdriildU ve1980'lerin baglannda bu tutum terkedildi,ama s6ziinii ettigi gerfeklik degiEme di.Tiirkiye b<iylesine bir ateg altrndalrt kaderinipayla$tr$ siirece Avrupah olarak kabul6rliliyordu. Iggticii eksikligi gekildigi birdonemdc Alman g<ig politikasr Trirkiye iginnas bir agrk kaprysa, Nato da 6yle bir agrkkaprydr; ancak Avrupa toplulu$u ayn birkonudur. Avrupa Toplulu$u'nun segicili$iinsan haklan ve dcmokrasiden gok kiiltiirelkimli$e ve scrmaye birikimine dayaldrr. Osmanft Imparatorlugu'nun Avrupa'ya girmesine izinverildiSi doSrudur ama sadece ohasta adam" olarak. Aruk 'Avrupa" Briiksel'de tammlandr$lgekilde bir 'saghk" talep ediyor!Tiirkiye Briikscl'e Suassbourg yoluyla mr yaklagmah) Tabii Tiirkiye gergekli$i baglamrndab<iyle bir gcniglcme stratcjisi sadece Avrupa pazarlanna girme hakkrrun gok de$er verilensonuglanna ulagmak igin de olsa bir demokratiklegme srirecini gerektiriyor. Ama bu noktadabile mekdnsal imgeler gergeklikle tam bir uyum iginde degildir giinkfi Tiirkiye Avrupakaprsmrn dniinde karaya oturmaktan gok hizmctkArlar bciliimiinde kapah kalmrEtrr. Tiirkiye

doors have nothing to do with geography andmaps, and that Europe ls nothint more, orless, than a state of mind. During the ColdWar Europe was essentially occupied by thctwo superpoweE, and its dual and dividedlocus was 3ituated in the capital cities ofWashington and iloscow. American andSoviet leaders certainly clashed over Berlin,but decided on thelr own whether or not totransform a crlsls Into a catastrophe.Europeans were hostages in a sense thenneither Russians nor Americans were, a realitythat only the innocence of Ronald Reaganmade maddenlngly explicit with references tolimited nucle.r waB, 3ugtesting that theUnited States and the Soviet Union might t6sttheir respective strengths and wills at theapocal6ic expens€ of Europe. Such candorwas not helpful, and was quietly abandonedearly in the 1980s, but not rea,ity of which itbcspoke.Turkey was welcomed as European so long asit sharod this destiny of vulnerability. NATOwas an open door, as was Germanimmigration policy during a time of laborshortate, but the European Gommunity isanother matter. The selectivity of the l.tter isless about human rights and democraqr thanabout cultural identity and capital formation.It is true that the Ottoman Empire wasallowed to Gnter Europe, but only as "the sickman". Now "Europe" demands "health' asdelined in BrussclslShould Turkey approach Brussels by way ofStrassbourg? Of course, within the Turkishreality such a strategtf of expansion wouldimply a democratizlng process, even if only a3a means to reach the valued end of access toEuropean markets. Yet even here the spatialimagery doesn't necessarily correlat€ asTurkey is not 30 much stranded at theEuropean door3tep, but conlined to theservants' quartGrs of tho European house. Can

Atrupa Nerede Bitilor?Whqr docr Europc cnd?

RICHARD FAII(

daha 9rk giyinip Avrupa masasrmn obiirkonuklanyla sofraya oturma iznini elde

Ama *b6lge"nin baEka yerlerinde Avrupa'nrnsegimi daha farkh gciriintiyor. Iskandinavyaigin sorun kin refahrn <iniinc gegirereksrradan insanlar igin hayau daha tehlikeli, halivakti yerinde olanlar igin ise daha makbul birhale getirmektir. Isvegliler igin sorun millikimligi bdlgesel kimlikle desteklemekte degil,birincil bdlgesel kimlikler arasrnda bir segimyapmaktadrr: kuzeyli olmak mr, Avrupaholmak mr... Isveg bazr kimseler tarafindan II.Diinya Savagr ve So$uk Savag siiresinceHamlet'i oynamakla suglanml$tr ama bu"firsatgrltfr" takdir edenler az degildi.Iskandinavya ve ashnda DoSu ve Orta Avrupa*Avrupa nerede bitiyorf" sorusunu higbirzaman davet etmez. Kiilttirel olarak nereyeba$h olduklan konusunda griphe yoktur.Sorun grkaran, AT'na girigin Briiksel'dekararlagtrnlan fiatrn fazla ytiksek olupolmayaca$t kuEkusu, bu fiatrn ulusal 6zerkli$izedeleyecegi korkusu ve oyunu Almanya'mnkontrol edeceginin gitgide daha iyianlagrlmasrdrr.Ig medcni ve kiilttirel kimlige gelinceTiirkiye'nin konumu o kadar agrk de$ildir.Avrupa'mn laik bir anlayrgla dahi olsa,Hrristiyan kalmaya devam etmesi durumundaTiirkiye Islami ve Asyah yiizlerini ortayagrkararak daha fazla saygmh$a sahip olabilir.Ve elbette ki kimlik ve akrabalrl sofunununkararlarr kapah kaprlar ardrnda verilmemclidir.Maasuicht'e kargr hallan ters tepkisi bazr Avrupa iilkelerinde yurttaglann elitlerle aynrdo$rultuda diigiinmedi$ini gosterdi. Bir yrl once Princeton'r ziyaret eden Avusrurya DrgiqleriBakanr 'Avusturya Maastricht'i her zaman desteklemiEtir" dedi. Ona ,,peki yaAvusturyahlarf " diye sordum. Mr. Moch "Eh, Avusturyahlann %70'inin kargr olduSu dofru'dedi ve ekledi: "e$itilmelcri gerekiyor!'. TartrEmalar, sohbctlcr ve miinazaralarla, farkh Ttrkdzellikleri arasrnda segim yapma stireci kendi bagrna gok degerli olabilir. Unutulmamahdrr kibir kapr iki yandan da kitlcnebilir ama bu kilit anca-k iki taraf uyum iginde davrandr $t zaLrlranagrhr; her ne kadar iki tarafi hareketc gegircn beklcntilcr birbiriylc acligkili olsa da.

Turkey dress better and receive permission todine with the other ques$ at the EuropeantablelYet elsewhere in "the region" fJre choice of"Europe" seems quite difrerent. ForScandinavia it is a matter of trading welfarefor proflts, making llfe marginally less securefor ordinary people, but much more congenialfor the afiluent. For Swedes, for instance, thequestion is not one of supplementing nationalidentity with regional identity, but choosingbetween primary regional identlties: whetherto be Nordic or European? Sweden is accusedby some of playing llamlet during World Warll, and then again during the Gold War, but byothe6 such "opportunism" giv€s rise toadmiration. Scandinavia, and fo? that matterCentral and Eastern Europe, would never posethe question "where does Europe end?" Theircultural location is not ambiguous. What isproblematic is whether the price of admissionfixed in Brussels is too high; and the awarenessthat this prrice includes the pro3pect of a lossof national autonomy and a more vividrealization that Ge"many will control theshow.Turkey is not so clearly situated when itcomes to cultural and civilizational identitt. lfEurope remains Christian, even if only in asecular spirit, then Turkey might achievetreater ditnity bt omphasizing it3 Asian andlslamic faces. And, of cou?se, the issue ofidentitf and afliliation should not be decidedbehind closed dooru. Th€ ltaastricht backlashat the grassroots level ?eyealed that thecitizenry may not think along the same lines asthe elites in several European countries.Yisiting Princeton a year ago, the AustrianForeign l.linister said that "Austria has alwayssupported lrlaastricht". I asked "What aboutAustrians", l.lr, l.loch replled, "Well, it is truethat tox of Austrians are opposed", butadded, "thay need to be aducatedl" The

Whcre does EuroPc end?

Avrapa Nerede Bitiyor?

RICHAND FATX

Son olarak kiiltiirel kimli$e verilen aErn 6nem,kaptlarrn toptan ortadan kalkmasr anlamrnagelen tiirsel kimli$in biisbiiti.in oniinegegmemeli. Global k<;yrin CNN'le kablobaSlantrsr var, en egzotik ufuklardaMcDonald's'rn altrn kemerleri g<ize garpryor.Madonna ve Michael Jackson konserleri heryerde gengleri heyecanlandrnrken kurumlarrsinirlendiriyor ve Mickey Mouse tiE<irderidtinyamn her yerinde sauhyor. Ama aynrzamanda Greenpeace (yegil bang) veIJluslararasr Af Orgiitti'niin de prestijleridiinya gaprnda ve uluscitesi demokrasi giigleriglobal sivil toplumu kurmaya gahgryorlar. Buaga$rdan 1'ukan globallegme , yrkandanaga$rya globallegmenin ana aracr olan piyasagtiglerinin igleyigine direniyor, onu dengeliyorve krsmen agryor. Ashnda tamamen kaprsrz birdtinya bile bir k<itii-iitopya olabilir, egerdtinya halklannrn, toplumsal <irgtidenmeninher diizeyinde, aileden Birlegmig Milletlere vearazi mekAmndan bilgi(sayar) mekinrna kadarher yerde, ozgiirlegtirici bir politika iginmi.icadele le rinin iiriinii olmazsa.

process of decision can itself be invaluable,enabling the people to chooie amont difrerentTurkish futures on the basis of conyeEation,reflection, and debate. lt should beremembered that a door can be locked fromeither side, but that it can be unlocked onlywhen both sides act in harmony, althoughpossibly motivat€d by quite contradictoryexpectations.Finally, a preoccupation with cultural identityshould not entirely displace an appreciation ofspecies identity, the elimination of doorsaltoSeth€r. The global village is wired to CNN,ItlcDonalds golden arches are visible on themost exotic horizons, concerts by l.ladonna orMichael Jackson rile establishmentseverywhere, while exciting the young, andlrlickey I'louse t-shirts ar€ for sale worldwide.But also Greenpeace and AmnestyInternational enjoy prestige globally, and thefotces of transnational democracy areconstructint a grobof civil society, aglobalization-from.below that resists, tempers,and transcends the play of market forces, themain vehicle of globalization-from-above. Evena doorless world could be dysutopic unless itresults from the struggles of the peoples of theworld for an emancipator7 politics at all levelsof social organization, from the family to theUnited Nations, from territorial space tocyberspacel