The Cold WarMr. WilliamsonSomerville HS

Cold War BeginsO April 1945 – FDR passes/WWII continues, US

relations with Soviet Union breaking downO Why? Gov’ts had little in common

O USO Capitalist, free elections, economic/religious

freedom, secure private property, respect for diversity

O Soviet UnionO Single party dictatorship, communists made all

political, economic and military decisions, no freedom of speech/worship, no property ownership

Cold War BeginsO Yalta Conference – February 1945O Goals for Postwar Germany/Eastern Europe

O Soviet Union & Stalin – keep Germany weak/divided, Eastern Europe to be under Soviet control

O US/Great Britain – strong/united Germany, independent nations in Eastern Europe

O Stalin agrees to establish gov’ts/free electionsO However, Stalin occupies Eastern European

countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, etc.), become satellite states controlled by the Soviet Union

Cold War BeginsO Potsdam Conference – Summer 1945O Enter Truman for FDR, Clement Atlee for

ChurchillO Stalin refuses to make commitment to free

elections in Eastern EuropeO US/GB determine that Soviet Union was planning

a “world’s conquest”, alliance crumbles

O Sets the stage for a 46-year struggle known as the COLD WARO 2 superpowers never directly faced/attacked

each other

Cold War BeginsO Churchill acknowledges Soviet goals

O Notes an “IRON CURTAIN” has descended across EuropeO East of Curtain – Soviet Union installing communist

gov’ts/police states

O 1947 – Gov’ts of Greece/Turkey battling communist threat, US only country that could provide resources

O Truman appeals to Congress, warns of isolationism effects

O Congress passes $400m in economic aid to combat communism – The Truman Doctrine

Cold War BeginsO July 1957 – American diplomat George F.

Kennan, specialist on Soviet Union (USSR)O Publishes an article on the blueprint for

American policy toward (USSR)O Goal was CONTAINMENT, keep communism

within its existing borders

O After WWII, people of Western Europe face severe shortages (food, fuel, medical supplies)O George Marshall, Secretary of State, unveils his

plan for recovery

Cold War BeginsO Marshall Plan - $13B in grants/loans to

reduce famine, run factories, ignite economic growthO Argued without economic health, “no political

stability/no assured peace”O Prosperity stimulated by plan increased

trade/created strong political relationships

O Germany divided into 4 zonesO US, British, French Zones combined to form

WEST GERMANYO Soviets controlled EAST GERMANY

Cold War BeginsO Berlin Airlift

O City of Berlin, located in E. Germany, divided between East (Soviet)/West (Allied)O Stalin stops all traffic from W. German to W. BerlinO Hoped that without western aid, W. Berlin would

fall to communistsO Response – US/Britain drops food, fuel, med.

supplies to W. Berlin. W. Berlin holds.O Alliances form

O NATO (North America Treaty Org.) – military alliance to counter Soviet expansion, provided collective security

O Warsaw Pact – Soviet/satellite states form a rival military alliance

Cold War BeginsO Map Activity – Use p. 849 in text to complete the

following tasksO 1. Label the following countries: Portugal, Spain, France,

Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, West Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland, Soviet Union, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece Turkey

O 2. Underline the communist countries (members of the Warsaw Pact)

O 3. Complete 1-6 on the backside of the map.O 4. Exit Ticket ?’s

O A. Why do you think Churchill used the term “Iron Curtain” as the border between non-communists/communists? Explain.

O B. Based on the map, how might the Soviet Union have benefited from gaining control of Greece/Turkey?

Cold War BeginsO Interactive Slide Show ActivityO Using the pictures/cartoons/images on each

slide (5), first discuss and answer the questions provided on your handout.

O You will have 5 minutes to prepare your response followed by a group discussion on the image’s meaning and impact.

O It is ESSENTIAL you discuss the image with your partner in order to get the most out of the whole class discussion.

Cold War Begins

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Cold War BeginsO Truman Doctrine Primary Source

Analysis – p. 853O 1. Answer Questions 1 & 2 at the bottom

of the pageO 3. What was Truman’s goal in speaking to

Congress?O 4. Identify 3 arguments he used to

convince Congress to approve his plan.O 5. Select the most important paragraph in

his speech. Explain why the chosen paragraph is most important to Truman’s speech.

The Korean WarO Begins in ChinaO Civil War B/T Nationalists (Chiang Kai-

Shek) vs. Communists (Mao Zedong)O Soviets support Mao, US supports Kai-Shek)O 1948-1949-Nationalists reluctant to fight, steal

US aid $, China falls to the Communists (no US military intervention)

O Significant worry about spread of CommunismO ¼ of world’s landmass, 1/3 of its population are

RED

The Korean WarO Controlled by Japan during WWII, Korea

divided into 2 independent countries (North-Soviet, South – US)O Dividing line was the 38th parallel

O Both North/South Korea wanted to unite with their gov’ts, no compromise is made

O 1949-1950 - After fall of China, N. Korea begins large military buildup, invades S. Korea, goal to spread communism

The Korean WarO Truman announces military aid to S. Korea “to

restore int’l peace/security” through the UN/no declaration of warO Troops not trained for climate/combat, lack of

equipmentO Join S. Korea allies at PUSAN, as addt’l

reinforcements arrive (both from US/United Nations)

O Truman’s motivation?O Recalls the policy of appeasement to Germany, O Did not want history to repeat itself

The Korean WarO In your notebook, complete the following

question:

OWhy might textbooks from different countries offer different versions of the same historical events? When textbooks offer conflicting accounts, how do you decide which textbook to believe?

The Korean WarO Using the first hand account, answer the questions by

utilizing evidence from the text to support your conclusions.

O 1. What questions do you believe are going through this young man’s mind as he heads to boot camp? Create 3.

O 2. Why was the medic given additional training on CBR warfare?

O 3. What is the DMZ? What is its significance?O 4. What were the medic’s additional duties? What

does this say about the skills needed as a soldier?O 5. What threats were made to medics in the field of

battle?O 6. What is the current status with N. Korea/S. Korea?

What is the relationship with the United States?

The Korean WarO 38th Parallel ActivityO In pairs, complete the following:

O 2 Students will be selected to portray President Truman & Gen. MacArthur.

O Those students will read their respective speeches on the outcome of this relationship and prepare a BRIEF statement explaining your side of the story.

The Cold War ExpandsO September 1949 – US discovers Soviets have

detonated an atomic weaponO October 1949 – US learns communists

takeover of China

O US begins to sense the world is a more dangerous place

O Truman orders the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to produce a hydrogen bomb (H-Bomb)O 1k X more powerfulO Hoped it would restore US advantage over Soviets

The Cold War ExpandsO Construction of bomb meets resistance

O Scientists/politicians assert this would only lead to an ARMS RACE

O 1952 – US/Soviets each test their own H-BombO Leads to radiation/health issues at test sites as

well as areas downwindO Next 40 years, both developed/gathered

nuclear weapons

O Both hope that the concept of mutually assured destruction would prevent either country from its use

The Cold War ExpandsO Enter President Eisenhower, Sec. of State John

Foster DullesO Shift Defense budget from troops, ships, tanks to

nuclear weapons & planes, missiles and subs to deliver them

O Criticism – weakening conventional forces would threaten American defense/more weapons equates to a more likely war

O Dulles announces “Massive Retaliation”O US would respond to communist threats with

overwhelming force, perhaps nuclear weaponsO Belief was only by going to the brink of war could the

US protect allies, discourage communism, prevent warO Known as BRINKMANSHIP

The Cold War ExpandsO Death of StalinO March 1953 – Nikita Khrushchev

assumes power, new head of Soviet Union

O Not the brutal dictator like StalinO Condemned the excesses/cruelty of the Stalin

regimeO Inched toward peaceful relations with west, still

a large opponent of the US

The Cold War ExpandsO H-Bomb ActivityO With your partner, brainstorm 5-6 reasons

both FOR & AGAINST the CREATION of the Hydrogen Bomb, both students should note them in their notebook

O Think about the effects/impact (positive & negative) while generating your support

O You have 7 minutes. Good Luck!

The Cold War ExpandsO H-Bomb ActivityO Lastly, create a short response on your

group’s decision.O Should the United States pursue the

creation of a hydrogen bomb? Why is this the better decision in regards to the Cold War period?

The Cold War ExpandsO Eisenhower’s First Inaugural SpeechO 1. Middle of the page, “For our own country”…

How does President Eisenhower illustrate the United States’ as a superpower in this paragraph? Cite and explain.

O 2. Bottom of p. 1, “Great as are”…What do you think Eisenhower is referring to when he states, “this question that involves all mankind?”

O 3. At the end of the speech, he outlines his plan in 9 points. Which one do you believe best addresses the issues during the Cold War? Explain using prior knowledge and the speech provided.

The Cold War At HomeO Red Scare – fear that communists both

inside & outside the US working to destroy American lifeO Raised concerns that American communists

were working for the Soviets

O Reaction – Truman creates the Federal Employee Loyalty ProgramO Permitted FBI/security agencies to screen federal

employees of political disloyaltyO 1940 – Smith Act – made it unlawful to

teach/advocate the violent overthrow of the US government

The Cold War At HomeO 1938 – Congress creates the HUAC, House of

Un-American Activities CommitteeO Purpose – to investigate possible activities by

fascists, Nazis or communistsO After WWII, examined government, military, unions,

education, media for subversive activities

O Hollywood Ten – HUAC investigates a group of ten liberal writers/directorsO Refused to answer questions asserting the 5th

AmendmentO Cited for contempt, convicted and sentenced to

prisonO Watkins v. United States (1957) overrules

O Witnesses could not be forced to name radicals

The Cold War At HomeO Hollywood 10 – illustrated fear created by

Soviet aggression, freedom of speech was not guaranteedO Possibility of accusation/links to communists orgs.

led to to loss of job, destroyed reputation, etc.

O J. Robert Oppenheimer – Remember me? Leader of the Manhattan Project, then led the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)O Had ties to the Communist Party (wife/brother), no

direct linkO AEC denied access to classified informationO Communist ties disqualified him from holding key

gov’t positions

The Cold War At HomeO Venn Diagram ChallengeO Think back to the investigations of Alger

Hiss & The Rosenbergs.O With your partner, create a Venn Diagram

(your design) comparing & contrasting both cases. Discuss the accusation, evidence, outcome, key witnesses, etc.

O Your diagram should have 5-6 bullets in each of the 3 sections.

O Brainstorm with your partner, raise your hand if you need assistance.