The Cold War The Cold War and Nationalism and Nationalism

1945-20011945-2001Chapter 30-2Chapter 30-2

Leonid Brezhnev 1964-Leonid Brezhnev 1964-19821982

A new period of stagnation and re-A new period of stagnation and re-StalinizationStalinization

Massive arms buildupMassive arms buildup Avoided direct confrontation with the U.S.Avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. Dictatorship was more collective under the Dictatorship was more collective under the

PolitburoPolitburo USSR committed to maintaining the Status USSR committed to maintaining the Status

QuoQuo Solzhenitsyn and others permanently Solzhenitsyn and others permanently

expelledexpelled

Prague Spring and the Prague Spring and the invasion of Czechoslovakiainvasion of Czechoslovakia

Khrushchev’s reforms = modest Khrushchev’s reforms = modest liberalism in Czechoslovakialiberalism in Czechoslovakia

Alexander Dubcek Alexander Dubcek was elected was elected brought “Prague Spring” brought “Prague Spring”

Wanted democratic reform; freedom Wanted democratic reform; freedom of speechof speech

““Socialism with a human face”Socialism with a human face” Frightened hard-linersFrightened hard-liners

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia 1968 1968

Hard-line regime establishedHard-line regime established

Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine: Henceforth the : Henceforth the Soviet Union and its allies had the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.country whenever they saw the need.

OstpolitikOstpolitik Willy Brandt Willy Brandt W. Germany’s Chancellor W. Germany’s Chancellor

1969-1974 began to improve relations 1969-1974 began to improve relations with Eastern Europe with his “Eastern with Eastern Europe with his “Eastern Initiative”Initiative”

Wanted to resolve the “German Wanted to resolve the “German Question”Question”

Brandt negotiated treaties with the Brandt negotiated treaties with the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland: formally USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland: formally accepting state boundaries and mutual accepting state boundaries and mutual renunciation of force or threat of forcerenunciation of force or threat of force

““Two German states within Two German states within one German nation”one German nation”

Brandt brought SPD to power for the Brandt brought SPD to power for the first time since the 1920’sfirst time since the 1920’s

Two-party system in W. Germany Two-party system in W. Germany firmly installedfirmly installed

His modest gains with E. Germany His modest gains with E. Germany and E. Europe did ease Cold War and E. Europe did ease Cold War TensionsTensions

Inspired Détente between U.S. and Inspired Détente between U.S. and USSRUSSR

DetenteDetente

1970’s: U.S. President Nixon and his 1970’s: U.S. President Nixon and his Sec. of State, Henry Kissinger:Sec. of State, Henry Kissinger:

Feared W. Germany would become Feared W. Germany would become neutral and weaken NATOneutral and weaken NATO

Hoped to convince Soviets to pressure Hoped to convince Soviets to pressure North Vietnam into ending the Vietnam North Vietnam into ending the Vietnam WarWar

Wanted to apply Brandt’s Ostpolitik in a Wanted to apply Brandt’s Ostpolitik in a larger way to ease tensions between East larger way to ease tensions between East and Westand West

RealpolitikRealpolitik

Nixon and Kissinger decided to make Nixon and Kissinger decided to make policies favorable to national interests policies favorable to national interests rather than to base actions on an rather than to base actions on an ideological world viewideological world view

Nixon also used the Soviet-China split Nixon also used the Soviet-China split to play them against each otherto play them against each other

Nixon visited China 1972Nixon visited China 1972 Nixon visited Moscow the same yearNixon visited Moscow the same year

Détente: an easing of Détente: an easing of tensionstensions

Tried to establish rules to govern the Tried to establish rules to govern the rivalry between the U.S., the USSR, and rivalry between the U.S., the USSR, and ChinaChina

1972 SALT I: Nixon and Brezhnev 1972 SALT I: Nixon and Brezhnev signed a treaty to stop making nuclear signed a treaty to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the # of ballistic missiles and to reduce the # of same to 200 for each powersame to 200 for each power

BUT Development of MIRVs (missiles BUT Development of MIRVs (missiles with multiple warheads) made SALT I with multiple warheads) made SALT I obsoleteobsolete

1975 Helsinki 1975 Helsinki ConferenceConference

The Final ActThe Final Act Officially ended WWII by Officially ended WWII by finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries for Eastern European boundaries for Eastern European countriescountries

In return, Soviets agreed to more liberal In return, Soviets agreed to more liberal exchanges of people and information exchanges of people and information between East and West and to protect between East and West and to protect basic “human rights” (did not)basic “human rights” (did not)

The End of DetenteThe End of Detente

1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan = U.S. refused to ratify SALT II = U.S. refused to ratify SALT II

(reducing nuclear armaments)(reducing nuclear armaments) Carter U.S. PresidentCarter U.S. President He and Sec. of State (Vance) big into He and Sec. of State (Vance) big into

human rightshuman rights U.S. also boycotted 1980 Moscow U.S. also boycotted 1980 Moscow

OlympicsOlympics

The end of detenteThe end of detente

U.S. also stopped shipments of grain U.S. also stopped shipments of grain and some technology shipments to and some technology shipments to USSRUSSR

Only Britain stood with the U.S.Only Britain stood with the U.S. France, Italy and W. Germany did France, Italy and W. Germany did

not want the Afghan invasion to not want the Afghan invasion to escalate into more tensionescalate into more tension

Solidarity in PolandSolidarity in Poland

Pope John Paul II (Polish cardinal) Pope John Paul II (Polish cardinal) elected in 1979elected in 1979

Traveled through Poland preaching Traveled through Poland preaching love of Christ and country and the love of Christ and country and the inalienable rights of maninalienable rights of man

Inspired the working people to Inspired the working people to create the Solidarity movementcreate the Solidarity movement

Led by Lech WalesaLed by Lech Walesa

SolidaritySolidarity

Poles demanded right to free unions, Poles demanded right to free unions, right to strike, freedom of speech, right to strike, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners, release of political prisoners, economic reformseconomic reforms

Solidarity was outlawed and driven Solidarity was outlawed and driven underground by 1981underground by 1981

The Cold War and the The Cold War and the 1980’s1980’s

The Atlantic Alliance:The Atlantic Alliance: the U.S., the U.S., Britain and W. Germany (Reagan, Britain and W. Germany (Reagan, Thatcher, Kohl)Thatcher, Kohl)

All 3 believed the USSR was still a All 3 believed the USSR was still a dangerous threatdangerous threat

All committed to support liberal All committed to support liberal efforts in Eastern Europeefforts in Eastern Europe

Margaret ThatcherMargaret Thatcher Came to power in 1979 in the UK after a Came to power in 1979 in the UK after a

year of strikes eroded the support of the year of strikes eroded the support of the Labor partyLabor party

Was a conservative (like Reagan) and Was a conservative (like Reagan) and advocated hard-line foreign policiesadvocated hard-line foreign policies

1982 1982 The Falkland WarThe Falkland War Argentina Argentina invaded and occupied the invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands 500 miles off its coastFalkland Islands 500 miles off its coast

Thatcher sent a British fleet and retook Thatcher sent a British fleet and retook the islands. Was reelected…hugely the islands. Was reelected…hugely popularpopular

Helmut KohlHelmut Kohl

Pro-AmericanPro-American Came to power in 1982 as the leader Came to power in 1982 as the leader

of the conservative Christian of the conservative Christian DemocratsDemocrats

Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan

Hard-liner against the Soviets in his first Hard-liner against the Soviets in his first termterm

Massive military buildup: Reagan believed Massive military buildup: Reagan believed that the Soviets would fall apart trying to that the Soviets would fall apart trying to keep upkeep up

1983: Star Wars (Strategic Defense 1983: Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative aka SDI): Reagan wanted this Initiative aka SDI): Reagan wanted this high tech missile defense systemhigh tech missile defense system

U.S. dramatic increase in military spending U.S. dramatic increase in military spending put tremendous pressure on the Sovietsput tremendous pressure on the Soviets

Ronald Reagan and the Ronald Reagan and the SovietsSoviets

When the Soviets shot down a When the Soviets shot down a Korean passenger plane that had Korean passenger plane that had flown over Soviet air space Reagan flown over Soviet air space Reagan called the USSR the “Evil Empire”called the USSR the “Evil Empire”

Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-19911991

Was reform-mindedWas reform-minded Glasnost:Glasnost: ended party censorship; ended party censorship;

granted “openness”: freedom of granted “openness”: freedom of speech and some political libertyspeech and some political liberty

PeristroikaPeristroika economic reform. economic reform. Adopted some free-market policies…Adopted some free-market policies…unsuccessfully unsuccessfully

Gorbachev’s reformsGorbachev’s reforms

Demokratiztsiya: Demokratiztsiya: Began as an attack on corruption Began as an attack on corruption

within the Communist Partywithin the Communist Party Tried to bring a class of educated Tried to bring a class of educated

decision-makers into the decision-decision-makers into the decision-making processmaking process

March 1989: first free elections March 1989: first free elections since 1917since 1917

Gorbachev’s reformsGorbachev’s reforms

Withdrew Soviet troops from Withdrew Soviet troops from AfghanistanAfghanistan

Encouraged reform movements in Encouraged reform movements in Poland and HungaryPoland and Hungary

Pledged to respect the political Pledged to respect the political choices of the peoples of Eastern choices of the peoples of Eastern EuropeEurope

INF TreatyINF Treaty

1987 Gorbachev and Reagan1987 Gorbachev and Reagan All intermediate-range nuclear All intermediate-range nuclear

missiles bannedmissiles banned

START I Treaty 1990START I Treaty 1990

Gorbachev and George BushGorbachev and George Bush

Would cut 10% of U.S. and 25% of Would cut 10% of U.S. and 25% of USSR’s nukes and both to limit USSR’s nukes and both to limit ICBM warheadsICBM warheads

Revolutions of 1989Revolutions of 1989

Ended Communist control of Eastern Ended Communist control of Eastern EuropeEurope

Costs (economic and political) of Costs (economic and political) of maintaining satellite countries way too high maintaining satellite countries way too high for USSRfor USSR

Poland: Solidarity reemerged and free Poland: Solidarity reemerged and free elections for the first time in 1989elections for the first time in 1989

Lech Walesa presidentLech Walesa president Began a wave of more revolutionsBegan a wave of more revolutions

HungaryHungary

Proclaimed independenceProclaimed independence Developed a coalition governmentDeveloped a coalition government

GermanyGermany

The Berlin Wall came down and E. The Berlin Wall came down and E. German government collapsedGerman government collapsed

Germany reunited 1990, economies Germany reunited 1990, economies mergedmerged

Soviets opposed a unified Germany Soviets opposed a unified Germany in NATO until W. Germany provided in NATO until W. Germany provided Soviets with massive economic aidSoviets with massive economic aid

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

The The Velvet RevolutionVelvet Revolution : A general : A general strike resulted in the fall of the strike resulted in the fall of the communist governmentcommunist government

Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel, a dissident playwright, , a dissident playwright, became presidentbecame president

1993: the Czech Republic and 1993: the Czech Republic and Slovakia split into two countries Slovakia split into two countries (ethnic differences too hard)(ethnic differences too hard)

BulgariaBulgaria

Had no organized reform movementHad no organized reform movement Leader resignedLeader resigned Stalinists were purgedStalinists were purged Ethnic Turks who had been Ethnic Turks who had been

estranged were urged to come backestranged were urged to come back

RomaniaRomania

Oppressive dictator: Ceausescu was Oppressive dictator: Ceausescu was ousted from power and was ousted from power and was assassinatedassassinated

About 1,000 died in the revolutionAbout 1,000 died in the revolution

Albania 1990Albania 1990

Europe’s poorest countryEurope’s poorest country Demonstrated against the Demonstrated against the

government for over a yeargovernment for over a year The Communist government fell in The Communist government fell in

the summer of 1991the summer of 1991