Unit 3

Abraham Lincoln

• Former Illinois Congressman

• Republican

• Not an abolitionist

• Not a pro-slavery

supporter

Election of 1860

• Country is at a boiling point over the issue of slavery

• Lincoln did not want slavery in the new territories, but he didn’t want to intervene with slavery in the South.

• Southerners didn’t believe him.

• When Lincoln won the election, South Carolina responded by seceding.

– Seceding: Withdrawing

Secession

• December 20, 1860 South Carolina officially seceded from the Union.

• Within 2 months 6 more states seceded as well:

– Mississippi

– Alabama

– Georgia

– Florida

– Louisiana

– Texas

February 1861

• Southern delegates chosen

• Met in Montgomery, Alabama

• Drafted their own constitution

• Elected Jefferson Davis President of the new

Confederate States of America.

• Pop Up Question:

– Why did Sherman want to capture Atlanta?

A. It was a major railroad hub and its capture

would disrupt southern industry.

B. It was the southern capital and its capture

would end the war.

C. It was the only city that interfered with Union

trade on the Mississippi River.

D. It was home to Robert E. Lee’s Army Northern

Virginia.

• Nickname: The Union

• Capital: Washington, D.C.

• Number of States: 23

• Team Color: Blue

• Soldier Nicknames: Billy Yanks, Yankees

• Military Leaders: Grant, Sherman

• Battle Song: “Battle Hymn of the Republic”

• President: Abraham Lincoln

Union Leaders

• William Tecumseh Sherman

– Ohio

– West Point

– Mexican War

– Bull Run (MS), Shiloh(TN), Vicksburg (MS),

Atlanta (GA), March to the Sea (GA)

“War is the remedy that our enemies have

chosen and I say let us give them all they

want.”

-William T. Sherman

Union Leaders

• Ulysses S. Grant

– West Point

– Farmer, Real Estate Agent, Clerk

– Colonel

– Lincoln appointed him General of all Union Armies

– Fort Henry (TN), Fort Donelson (TN), Shiloh (TN), Vicksburg (MS)

– After war was commander of Army and elected president in 1868

Brigadier General

Fun Fact:

At the beginning of his Army career,

Grant was charged at one western post

for drinking too much.

• Nickname: The Confederacy

• Capital: Richmond, Virginia

• Number of States: 11

• Team Color: Gray

• Soldier Nicknames: Johnny Rebs, Rebels

• Military Leaders: Lee, Jackson

• Battle Song: “Dixie”

• President: Jefferson Davis

Confederate Leaders

• Robert E. Lee

– West Point

– Mexican War (Hero)

– Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg,

Chancellorsville

– After the war Lee served as the president of

a small college. Fun Fact:

Lincoln offered Lee the

command of the Union

Army. Lee turned it

down because he felt he

had to defend his home

state of Virginia.

Confederate Leaders

• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

– West Point

– Mexican War

– Instructor at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI)

– Brigadier General

– Commander of the Army of the Shenandoah Valley

– “Stonewall”

• Earned the nickname after standing like a stone wall against Union attacks in the first battle of Bull Run

Confederate Leaders

• James Longstreet

– Gainesville, GA

– “Old War Horse”

– West Point

– Resigned from US Army in 1861 to fight for Confederate cause

– Battle of Bull Run, the Peninsular Campaign, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg

– Blamed for his defensive strategy and cautious attacks

• Lincoln knew he couldn’t let South secede.

• Union citizens were split on war

– Wanted to let South leave

– Preserve Union

– Favored Force (very few)

• Result

– Lincoln did not have enough support to launch

military action

– War = South

Breaking Point

• April 1861

• Union troops at Ft. Sumter

– Supplies running low

– Lincoln sent word to governor that he was

sending ships with food

– South Carolina didn’t want Union troops so

close to home

First Shots

• April 12, 1861

– Confederate forces open fire on Union

troops at Ft. Sumter

– Attack forced the Union troops to leave the

fort

– Gave Lincoln the support he needed

• Lincoln issued a call for volunteers

(75,000)

Lincoln’s Concerns

– Confederate sympathizers might

successfully sway Maryland to secede.

– What is the problem that could occur if

Maryland joins the Confederacy?

• Union capital of Washington, D.C. would be

surrounded by Confederate Territory.

Lincoln’s Actions

• Lincoln declares martial law and suspends the writ of habeas corpus

– Writ of habeas corpus: The guarantee that a person cannot be imprisoned without being brought before a judge.

• Jails the strongest supporters of the Confederacy

• Allows the Maryland legislature to vote in favor of remaining with the Union.

• Is this Constitutional?

The Draft• Need more men to fight for the Union

• Draft: A policy in which the government selects certain individuals for military service rather than waiting for them to enlist.

• Unpopular– Poor and immigrants

• Avoiding the draft– Wealthy people could avoid military service by

paying $300 or hiring a substitute.

• Riots– July 1863 draft riots break out

States Choose Sides

• Border states were forced to decide

whether to support the Union or

Confederacy.

Union StatesKentucky

Missouri

Maryland

NW Regions of

Virginia

Confederate States

Remainder of Virginia

North Carolina

Arkansas

Tennessee

– Which “conductor” of the Underground

Railroad led more than 400 slaves to

freedom?

A. Abraham Lincoln

B. Wendell Phillips

C. Harriet Tubman

D. Harriet Beecher Stowe

• First Battle of the Civil War

• Both North and South thought the war would be short and anticipated very few causalities

• Young men were

– eager to fight

– worried they might miss the war if they didn’t volunteer right away

• Confederates looked for a quick win to boost morale.

Battle of Bull Run

• July 21, 1861

• Southern fort at Manassas,Virginia

• Union troops were poorly trained and equipped

• Was it the picnic they anticipated?

• Confusion of small fights and inexperienced combat (both)

• North retreats

• Serious defeat for the North

• Illustrated the complexity of this war

Anaconda Plan• General Winfield Scott

• Involves surrounding the Confederacy and cutting off all supply lines

– Like an Anaconda wraps around likes prey and squeezes the life out of it

• What did it do?

– Restricted southern trade and communications

• Controlling Mississippi River

– Cut Confederacy territory in half

– Instituted coastal blockades

• Group 1: Antietam

• Group 2: Vicksburg

• Group 3: Chancellorsville

• Group 4: Gettysburg

• Group 5: Sherman’s

March to the Sea

Requirements:

Date of the Battle?

Place of the Battle?

Length of the Battle?

Important People in

the Battle?

Influence of Weather

and Terrain on the

Battle ?

Significance?

Number of

Causalities?

North or South

Victory?

Date of Newspaper should be 3-6

days AFTER the end of the Battle

MUST be in NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

FORMAT!! COMPLETE SENTENCES!

CHOOSE A PERSPECTIVE/PAPER:

THE UNION NEWS or

THE CONFEDERATE TIMES

Battle Project RubricRequired

Elements

Excellent Good Poor/Not Done

Newspaper Format Written in a

newspaper article

format with

complete sentences

and all required

components are

complete and

correct-

30 pts

Written mostly in a

newspaper article

format with mostly

complete sentences

and most required

components are

complete and

correct- 15 pts

Not written in a

newspaper article

format with

incomplete

sentences and only

few or none of the

required

components are

complete or

correct-

5 pts

Articles 1 main and 4 minor

articles with all

required

components- 25 pts

1 main and 2-3

minor articles with

all required

components- 15 pts

1 main and 1 or no

minor articles with

all required

components- 5 pts

Layout Contains Header,

Headline and layout

is clear and clean-

20 pts

Contains Header or

Headline and layout

is mostly clear-10

pts

Header and/or

Headline and layout

are not clear- 5 pts

•

The Emancipation Proclamation

• January 1, 1863

• Freed the slaves in the Confederacy

• Kept slavery in Union border states

– Lincoln still needs these state’s support

• Changed the focus of the war

• Prevented England and France from getting involved

– Both had previously abolished slavery

• Encouraged free African Americans to serve in Union Army

– Originally not allowed to enlist

Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address• Lincoln wins 2nd term in the 1864 election

• 2nd Inaugural Address

– March 1865

– Expresses belief that slavery is evil, hope to

reunite the nation, and sorrow for American

lives that have been lost

– Communicates vision for rebuilding the

South

Punishment Reconstruction

Union Victory

• Grant in charge of Union Army (1864)

• Campaign to crush Confederate Army

• Union = overwhelming numbers

• Confederates retreat

• Confederate Army surrounded in

Virginia

• Lee surrenders

Union Victory

• April 9, 1865 (Palm Sunday)

• Lee surrenders to Grant

• Appomattox Courthouse

• 2 weeks later complete surrender

– General Johnston surrenders Confederate

Army to General Sherman

– Bennett Place (Durham, NC)

Union Victory

• Union Advantages*

– Larger population

• More men to spare

– Railroads

• Allowed Union to move supplies quicker

– Industry

• Produce weapons, ammunition, clothes, blankets

• Easier and in greater numbers

*Union’s advantages allowed the North to overcome the

South’s fiery determination and willingness to fight.

Lincoln’s Assassination

• April 14, 1865 (5 days after Lee’s surrender)

• John Wilkes Booth

• Ford’s Theatre

• Lincoln would never get to see the nation healed or his plan for reconstruction materialize.

• Andrew Johnson– Southerner

– Former slave owner

– Impeached

Presidential Reconstruction1. Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union

were pardoned.

2. Former Confederate states could hold constitutional conventions to set up state governments.

3. States had to void secession and ratify Constitution to include 13th Amendment

1. 13th Amendment: Ended slavery throughout the nation

4. States could hold elections and be part of the Union (13th Amendment ratified)

*Johnson’s form of reconstruction allowed southerners who led the Confederacy to hold positions of influence. As a result, Southern states enacted black codes.

The Black Codes

Black Codes: Laws that limited the rights

of freed blacks so much that they kept

them living like slaves.

• Curfews (sunset)

• Whipped

• Sold into forced labor

• Forced to work for 5 years for whites

• Rent land only in rural areas

Radical Reconstruction

• Radical Republicans did not agree with

Johnson’s approach

– African Americans were not full citizens

• Congress should oversee Reconstruction

• 1867 Radical Reconstruction Act

– Established strict guidelines on the South

Radical Reconstruction

1. The southern states were put under

military rule.

2. Southern states had to hold new

constitutional conventions.

3. African Americans were allowed to vote.

Radical Reconstruction

4. Southerners who had supported the Confederacy were not allowed to vote (temporarily).

5. Southern states had to guarantee equal rights to African Americans.

6. Southern states had to add the 14th

Amendment

– 14th Amendment: Made African Americans citizens of each state as well as the nation.

Reconstruction

Presidential

Reconstruction

Radical

Reconstruction

• Southern states

had constitutional

conventions

• Pardoned

Southerners

• 13th

Amendment

• Hold

elections

• Military rule

• African Americans

could vote

• Supporters of

former

Confederacy could

not vote

• Equal rights to

African Americans

• 14th Amendment15th Amendment

Guaranteed that no citizen

should be denied to vote

Ratified during the presidency

of Ulysses S. Grant

African Americans &

Reconstruction

• Sharecropping– Family farmed a portion of white landowner’s

land

– Housing and a share of the crop

• Tenant Farming– Tenant farmers paid rent to farm the land

– Owned the crops they grew.

• Freedman’s Bureau– First federal relief program in US history

– Provided clothes, medical attention, food, education, and land to former slaves

African Americans &

Reconstruction

• African American Churches– Institution truly controlled/owned by African Americans

– Centers for African American social and political life

• Morehouse College – 1867 by a group of ministers

– Atlanta, GA

– Morehouse College in 1913.• Prestigious African American college in the nation.

• “Black Harvard”

• Politics– African Americans (approx. 600) served in southern state

legislatures

– Lt. Governor and Governor

African Americans &

Reconstruction

• Ku Klux Klan

– A secretive organization whose members

dressed in hooded white robes.

• Violence, murder, and threats

• Intimidate blacks and African American

supporters

• Practiced lynchings

– Lynching: Mob initiated murders where the victim is

kidnapped and murdered.

African Americans &

Reconstruction

• Carpetbaggers

– Northerners who came to the South to do

business.

– Former Union officers

– Despised by Southerners

– Take advantage of southern suffering for $$

– Nickname

• “Stuffed some clothes into a carpet bag” and

rushed south to get rich

End of Reconstruction

• Election of 1866

– Rutherford B. Hayes

• Officially over in 1877

• Washington loosens grip on Southern

states

• Ku Klux Klan rises in power

– African American cease making progress

towards equality