the chain of infection - weebly · 2. the ways the infection chain can be broken. there are six...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Chain of Infection
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As healthcare
professionals, it is
important to
understand two
things about
infection:
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1.the various ways infection can
be transmitted
2. the ways the infection chain
can be broken
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There are six
links
in the chain of
infection :
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1st - The Infectious Agent
-any disease-causing
microorganism
(pathogen)
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Infection Control
• Microorganism – a small living organism that is not visible to the naked eye; found everywhere in the environment
• Normal flora-plant life adapted for living in a specific environment; important for maintaining certain body processes; nonpathogenic
• Pathogen-disease or infection causing microorganism
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Types of Microorganisms
• Bacteria• Simple, one-celled organisms that multiply
rapidly
• Classified by shape and arrangement (cocci,
bacilli, spirilla
• Examples of disease caused by bacteria
include gonorrhea, meningitis, strep throat,
botulism
• Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria
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Types of Microorganisms
• Protozoa
• One-celled animal-like organisms often
found in decayed materials and
contaminated water
• Cause diseases such as malaria, amebic
dysentery, trichomonas
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Types of Microorganisms
• Fungi
• Simple, plant-like organisms that live on
dead organic matter
• Yeasts and molds are two common forms
that can be pathogenic
• Cause diseases such as ring worm,
athlete’s foot, yeast vaginitis, and thrush
• Treated with antifungals
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Types of Microorganisms
• Rickettsiae
• Parasitic microorganisms commonly found
in fleas, lice, ticks, and mites
• Cause diseases such as typhus fever,
Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
• Antibiotics are effective against many
rickettsiae
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Types of Microorganisms
• Virus
• Smallest microorganism, visible only with an
electron microscope
• Cannot reproduce unless inside another living
cell
• More difficult to kill because resistant to many
disinfectants and are not affected by antibiotics.
• Cause diseases such as common cold, herpes,
chicken pox, AIDS, Hepatitis
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2nd - The Reservoir Host
-the organism in which the
infectious microbes reside
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Hosts that do not show any outward signs or
symptoms of a disease but are still capable
of transmitting the disease are known as
carriers.
What are “Carrier Hosts”
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3rd - The Portal of Exit
-route of escape of the pathogen
from the reservoir.
Examples: respiratory
secretions, blood
exposure, breaks in
skin
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4th - The Route of
Transmission
-method by which the pathogen
gets from the reservoir to the
new host
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Transmission may occur through:
direct contact
air
insects
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5th - The Portal of Entry
-route through which the
pathogen enters its new host
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Respiratory System
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Gastrointestinal System
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Urinary & Reproductive Tracts
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Breaks in Protective Skin Barrier
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6th - The Susceptible Host
-the organism that accepts the
pathogen
The support of pathogen life & its
reproduction depend on the degree
of the host’s resistance.
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Organisms with strong immune
systems are better able to fend off
pathogens.
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Organisms with weakened immune
systems are more vulnerable to the
support & reproduction of pathogens.
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-The essential part of patient care &
self-protection.
How to interrupt the chain of
infection:
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1. Pathogen Identification
-identification of infectious
agent & appropriate treatment
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2. Asepsis & Hygiene
-potential hosts &
carriers must practice
asepsis & maintain
proper personal hygiene
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3. Control Portals of Exit
-healthcare personnel must
practice standard precautions any
time they might possibly come into
contact with blood or other body
fluids :
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(Control body secretions & wash
hands according to protocol.)
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4. Prevent a Route of
Transmission
-prevent direct or indirect contact by:
1. Proper handwashing (#1 way to
prevent the spread of infection!)
2. Disinfection & sterilization techniques
3. Isolation of infected patients
4. Not working when contagious
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5. Protect Portal of Entry
-Health professionals must make
sure that ports of entry are not
subjected to pathogens.
(nose, mouth, eyes, urinary tract,
open wounds, etc.)
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6. Recognition of Susceptible
Host
-health professionals must recognize
& protect high-risk patients
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•Cancer Patients
•AIDS Patients
•Transplant Patients
•Infant & Elderly
Patients
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The Chain of Infection
Reservoir Host
Portal of Exit
Mode of TransmissionPortal of Entry
Susceptible Host
Infectious Agent
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Chain of infection
• Infectious agent Reservoir Host Portal
of Exit Mode of Transmission Portal
of Entry Susceptible host…..and back
to the infectious agent!
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How to Don a Gown
• Select appropriate type and size
• Opening is in the back
• Secure at neck and waist
• If gown is too small, use two gowns
Gown #1 ties in front
Gown #2 ties in back
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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How to Don a Mask
• Place over nose, mouth and chin
• Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
• Secure on head with ties or elastic
• Adjust to fit
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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How to Don Eye and Face Protection
• Position goggles over
eyes and secure to the
head using the ear pieces
or headband
• Position face shield over
face and secure on brow
with headband
• Adjust to fit comfortablyPPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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How to Don Gloves
• Don gloves last
• Select correct type and size
• Insert hands into gloves
• Extend gloves over isolation gown cuffs
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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“Contaminated” and “Clean” Areas of PPE
• Contaminated – outside front
Areas of PPE that have or are likely to have
been in contact with body sites, materials, or
environmental surfaces where the infectious
organism may reside
• Clean – inside, outside back, ties on
head and back
Areas of PPE that are not likely to have been in
contact with the infectious organismPPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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Sequence for Removing PPE
• 1st: Gloves
• 2nd: Face shield or goggles
• 3rd: Gown
• 4th: Mask or respirator
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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How to Remove Gloves (1)
• Grasp outside edge near
wrist
• Peel away from hand,
turning glove inside-out
• Hold in opposite gloved
hand
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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How to Remove Gloves (2)
• Slide ungloved finger
under the wrist of the
remaining glove
• Peel off from inside,
creating a bag for
both gloves
• Discard
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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Remove Goggles or Face Shield
• Grasp ear or head
pieces with ungloved
hands
• Lift away from face
• Place in designated
receptacle for
reprocessing or
disposalPPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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Removing Isolation Gown
• Unfasten ties
• Peel gown away from
neck and shoulder
• Turn contaminated
outside toward the
inside
• Fold or roll into a
bundle
• Discard
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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Removing a Mask
• Untie the bottom,
then top, tie
• Remove from face
• Discard
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
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Hand Hygiene
• Perform hand hygiene immediately after
removing PPE.
If hands become visibly contaminated during PPE
removal, wash hands before continuing to remove
PPE
• Wash hands with soap and water or use
an alcohol-based hand rub
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
* Ensure that hand hygiene facilities are available at
the point needed, e.g., sink or alcohol-based hand
rub
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What Type of PPE Would YouWear?
• Giving a bed bath?
• Suctioning oral secretions?
• Transporting a patient in a wheel chair?
• Responding to an emergency where blood is spurting?
• Drawing blood from a vein?
• Cleaning an incontinent patient with diarrhea?
• Irrigating a wound?
• Taking vital signs?
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings
***Answer these questions on a separate sheet of paper and turn
in***