the central nervous system. cns –cns: brain and spinal cord –necessary for the maintenance of...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Central Nervous System
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CNS
– CNS: brain and spinal cord– Necessary for the maintenance of
homeostasis– Contains 1011 neurons– Contains 1014 synapses– Responsible for everything we perceive, do,
feel, and think
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Cerebrum
• Five paired lobes within two hemispheres
• Gray matter in cortex and in deeper cerebral nuclei
• White matter inside
• Higher functions are performed by the brain
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Brain matter
• What is gray and white matter?
• Gray matter: neurons and unmyelinated axons
• White matter: myelinated axons
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Protection and Coverings
• Cranial bones• Meninges - 3 layers:
- Dura mater, Arachnoid, and pia mater
- Between dura mater and arachnoid: subdural space- In between arachnoid and pia mater, in subarachnoid
space: cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)
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Meninges
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Meninges
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Meningitis
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CSF
• Cushion the brain• Provide a constant IF environment• About 150 ml• Produced by the ependymal cells of the choroid
plexus, in the ventricle• Resorbed by the arachnoid granulations• Continuously produced and continuously
resorbed• Composition slightly different from plasma
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Cerebrospinal fluid circulation
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CSF circulation
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Hydrocephalus
• A blockage of CSF circulation will trigger an accumulation of CSF in the ventricle
• This will result in hydrocephalus
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Hydrocephalus
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Blood supply
– CNS comprises 2% of body weight (3–4 pounds)
• Receives 15% of blood supply
– High metabolic rate• Brain uses 20% of oxygen consumed by body
at rest• Brain uses 50% of glucose consumed by body
at rest
– Depends on blood flow for energy
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Energy supplies
– Depends on aerobic glycolysis– Requires glucose and oxygen– No glycogen stores– Fatty acids not used for energy – Ketones used during extreme conditions
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Brain structure
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Cerebrum
• Two hemispheres
• Surface have gyri, grooves(sulci) and fissures
• Two fissures: longitudinal (falx cerebri and cerebelli) and transverse (tentorium cerebelli)
• Corpus callosum
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Cerebrum
• Cerebral cortex
- Lobes: 1 frontal, 1 parietal, 1 occipital, and 2 temporal and insula – surface is gray matter - Basal nuclei (or ganglia)- gray matter deep
inside white matter.
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Frontal lobe
• Voluntary motor control
• Personality• Concentration,
planning, decision making
• Verbal communication
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Frontal lobe : Motor area
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Language
• Broca’s aphasia: due to damage in the Broca’s area of the brain. Speech slow and poorly articulated
• Wenicke’s aphasia: due to damages to Wernicke’s area produces a rapid speech without meaning. Comprehension destroyed
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Speech areas
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Parietal lobes
• Sensory interpretations
• Understanding speech
• Formulating words to express thoughts and emotions
• Interpretations of textures and shapes
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Sensory areas
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“Small brain”
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Temporal lobes
• Interpretation of auditory sensations
• Memory of auditory and visual experiences
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Occipital lobe
• Perception of vision• Vision recognition• Focusing and eye
movement
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Memory
• Short and long term memory• Several regions of the brain involved,
especially temporal lobe, hyppocampus• Short long term memory: medial
temporal lobe• Long term memory independent of
temporal lobe• Memory acquisition possible due to
synapse changes
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Basal Nuclei
• Mass of neurons located deep into the white matter
• Help control of voluntary movement
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Basal Nuclei
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Diencephalon
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Diencephalon
• Thalamus:4/5 of diencephalon
• Below lateral ventricles
• Relay center through which sensory informations (except smell) pass, on the way to the cortex
• Many nuclei
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
• Below thalamus
• Neural centers for many functions:
- hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation
- controls pituitary gland
- contribute to sleep regulation, emotions (fear, anger, pain, pleasure..), sexual arousal
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Hypothalamus
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Midbrain
• Between diencephalon and pons• Several nuclei: - corpora quadrigemina: visual and auditory
reflexes - red nucleus: motor coordination - nigrostriatal system (from substancia nigra-
basal ganglia) motor coordination (involved in Parkinson’s disease)
- cerebral peduncles: ascending and descending fiber tracts
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Midbrain
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Pons
• Between midbrain and medulla oblongata
• Several nuclei associated with cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, and VIII)
• Respiratory centers: apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
• Communicates with cerebellum and medulla oblongata, and midbrain
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Pons
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Medulla oblongata
• Between pons and spinal cors
• Numerous nuclei controlling cranial nerves (VIII,IX,X,XI, and XII), and vital functions: vasomotor, cardiac, respiratory, sneezing, swallowing centers
• Passageway for sensory and motor fibers
• Fibers “decussate” or cross over
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Medulla oblongata
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Cerebral lateralization
• The cerebral cortex controls movement of the contralateral side
• Sensations project to the contralateral side of the parietal lobes
• The two hemispheres communicate through the corpus callosum
• Left side: language and analysis
• Right side: visual spatial tasks
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Medulla oblongata
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Limbic system
• Emotion & motivation• Mesh of neurons
around the brain• Connect to
hypothalamus• Involved in control of:
- aggression, fear, feeding, sex and goal-directed behavior
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Reticular formation
• Complex network of nuclei and nerve fibers in medula, pons, midbrain, diencephalon
• Reticular Activating System (RAS): maintain a state of alert consciousness
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The Brain• BRAIN MATTER AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID• CEREBRUM• a- Cerebral hemispheres• a1- Lobes• a2- Basal ganglia (nuclei)• b- Brain stem• b1-Diencephalon• b1-1- Thalamus• b1-2- Hypothalamus• b2- Midbrain• b3- Pons• b4- Medulla oblongata• c- Limbic system• d- Reticular formation• CEREBELLUM
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Cerebellum
• “small brain”
• Fibers from cerebellum red nucleus thalamus cerebral cortex
• Other tracts connect cerebellum to pons, midbrain, medulla
• Receives input from proprioreceptors (from muscles, tendon) coordinates movement, control equilibrium
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Cerebellum
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Readings
• Chp. 9, p. 216-236
• Not expected to be known: