the cell chapter 3. cell diversity cell theory all living things are composed of cells cells are the...
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Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cells are the smallest unit to demonstrate the properties of life Cells are only produced from existing cellsTRANSCRIPT
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The Cell
Chapter 3
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Cell Diversity
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Cell Theory
⢠All living things are composed of cells
⢠Cells are the smallest unit to demonstrate the properties of life
⢠Cells are only produced from existing cells
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Typical Animal Cell⢠Plasma membraneâ Outer limiting barrierâ Detect chemical signals and recognize self from
non-self
⢠Nucleusâ Control center
⢠Cytoplasm (cytosol)â Intracellular fluid
including organelles (excluding)
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Plasma Membraneâs Role ⢠Physical isolation
â Separates intracellular from extracellular environment
⢠Regulates exchange with environmentâ Selective permeability
⢠Polarity (hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic)⢠Charge (charged vs. uncharged)⢠Size (large vs. small)
â Ions & nutrient enter, wastes & secretions exitâ Allows a concentration gradient to develop
⢠Maintains homeostasis
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The Fluid Mosaic Model⢠Integral proteinsâ Channels, carriers, and signal transduction
⢠Peripheral proteinsâ Enzymes, cell-cell recognition, and structure
⢠Phospholipid bilayer (unsaturated)â Hydrophilic endsâ Hydrophobic ends
⢠Cholesterol
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Types of TransportPassive⢠Energy not required⢠Movement âdownâ a
concentration gradient⢠Specific types
â Diffusion⢠Simple⢠Facilitated
â Osmosisâ Filtration
Active⢠Energy required⢠Movement against a
concentration gradient
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Clarifying Solutions
⢠Liquid mix of 2+ substancesâ Aqueous solution when water is
solvent⢠Solvent: dissolving agent⢠Solute: substance that is dissolved⢠Reviewing polarityâ âLike dissolves likeââ Hydrophilic
⢠Sugar or salt and waterâ Hydrophobic
⢠Oil and water
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Simple Diffusion⢠Movement of MOLECULES âdownâ their
concentration gradientâ Small, nonpolar molecules
⢠E.g. O2 in and CO2 out in red blood cellsâ Each substance is independent
⢠Continues until equilibrium = no NET movement
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Osmosis⢠Movement of WATER âdownâ its concentration
gradientâ Water binds to solute in solution
⢠More solute = less free water = less water available to move⢠Depends on TOTAL solute concentrationâ Selective permeability has a role too
watermolecules
glucosemolecules
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Tonicity⢠Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
â Depends on [solutes] that canât cross PM relative to those in the cell⢠Hypotonic solutions have a ___?__ [solute] than the cell
â Water moves in â Cells lyse
⢠Hypertonic solutions have a ___?__ [solute] than the cellâ Water moves out
⢠Cells crenate⢠Isotonic solutions have ___?__ [solute] as the cell
â Water shows no NET movement
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Other Passive Transport Types
Facilitated diffusion⢠Movement same as simple⢠Larger, water soluble
substancesâ Glucose, water, & ions
⢠Protein carriers or channels
Filtration⢠Water and solutes move
âdownâ a pressure gradientâ Water forced, solutes chosen
by size
⢠Bulk movement
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Active Transport⢠Movement of MOLECULES against their
concentration gradient⢠ATP is energy source⢠Maintains disequilibrium
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Vesicular Transport⢠Exocytosis: removes
from inside the cellâ Golgi vesicles to PM
⢠Endocytosis: brings into the cellâ PM pinches in to form
vesiclesâ 3 types
⢠Phagocytosis⢠Pinocytosis⢠Receptor-mediated
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Plasma Membrane Specializations⢠Microvilliâ Folds of PM to increase surface area
⢠Membrane Junctionsâ Tight junctions
⢠Integral proteins = impermeable⢠E.g. keep digestive enzymes out of blood
â Desmosomes⢠Protein filaments = high tension protection⢠E.g. skin and heart muscle
â Gap junctions⢠Integral proteins for communication⢠E.g. heart and smooth muscle
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Nucleus
⢠Control center of the cell⢠Nuclear envelope
â Double membrane continuous with rough ER
â Maintains shapeâ Nuclear pores for transport; selectively
permeable⢠Nucleoli
â Build ribosome subunits⢠Chromatin
â DNA and proteinâ Coils/condenses to become visible =
chromosomes
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Organelles Within Cytosol
Membranous⢠Mitochondria
â Produces ATP⢠Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
â Rough â proteins to Golgiâ Smooth â lipids & carb
production; detoxification⢠Golgi apparatus
â Modify and package secretory vesicles
⢠Lysosomesâ Digestive processes
⢠Peroxisomesâ Detoxification
Nonmembranous⢠Cytoskeleton
â Microtubules, microfilaments, & intermediate filaments
⢠Centriolesâ Formed by microtubules, 9
tripletsâ Microtubules originate in
mitosis⢠Ribosomes
â Small and large subunitsâ Free or attached = dynamic
⢠Ciliaâ Move substances or organism
⢠Flagellaâ 9 + 2 orientation
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The Cell Cycle (IPMATC) ⢠Interphase about 90%
â Chromosomes not visible yetâ G1 phaseâ S phaseâ G2 phase
⢠Mitotic (M phase) cell divisionâ Mitosis is nuclear division
⢠Prophase⢠Metaphase⢠Anaphase⢠Telophase
â Cytokinesis is cytoplasmic division⢠Repeat as needed
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DNA Replication⢠Helicaseâ 2 templates formed
⢠DNA polymeraseâ Complementary base pairing
⢠Daughter strandsâ Leading strandâ Lagging strand
⢠DNA ligase
⢠Semiconservative modelâ Chromatid sister chromatids
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Prophase Events
⢠Sister chromatids condense
⢠Nuclear envelope begins to disappear
⢠Centrioles appear at opposite ends of cell
⢠Mitotic spindles form
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Metaphase Events
⢠Centrioles at opposite ends of cells
⢠Sister chromatids line up with centromere on metaphase plate
⢠Microtubules attached to each chromatid at the centromere
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Anaphase Events
⢠Sister chromatids separate
⢠Single chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cellâ Microtubule âtug of warâ
⢠Cell elongates
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Telophase Events
⢠Daughter nuclei form
⢠Nuclear envelope reforms
⢠Chromosomes begin to uncoil
⢠Mitosis is complete
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Cytokinesis
⢠Division of cytoplasmâ Begins at the end of telophase (late
anaphase too)
⢠Cleavage furrow formsâ Pinch plasma membrane in 2
⢠2 identical daughter cells formed
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Meiosis
⢠Similar to mitosis⢠Reduces genetic material of each daughter cell by
halfâ Diploid (2n) adult produces haploid (n) gametes
⢠n = # different chromosomes, paired = homologous⢠Autosomes (22) and sex chromosome (X or Y)
⢠Event occurs in 2 cyclesâ Meiosis I
⢠Most variation from mitosisâ Meiosis II
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Protein Synthesis⢠DNA RNA proteinâ Genes instruct, but donât buildâ Nucleotides and amino acids are
different âlanguagesââ RNA connects them
⢠Transcription: same language⢠Translation: different language
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Reviewing DNA and RNA
DNA⢠Sugar is deoxyribose
â Has âH
⢠Bases are A,C, G, and T⢠Double-stranded helix⢠Only in nucleus⢠Modified only by mutations⢠1 type
RNA⢠Sugar is ribose
â Has -OH
⢠Bases are A, C, G, and U⢠Single-stranded⢠Not confined to nucleus⢠Lots of processing and
modifications⢠3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
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Transcription⢠Only 1 template used⢠RNA polymerase
â Complementary bases added⢠Steps
â Promotionâ Elongation â Termination
⢠Pre-mRNA processingâ Introns spliced outâ Exons rejoinedâ mRNA
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Decoding Genes ⢠4 nucleotide bases to
specify 20 amino acids⢠Based on codonsâ 43 = 64 (plenty)
⢠Redundancy, but not ambiguity
⢠Nearly universal across species
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Translation⢠Ribosome binds mRNA
â In cytoplasm⢠tRNA with anticodon binds
â Start codon to P siteâ 2nd tRNA to A siteâ Peptide bond joins AAâs
⢠Ribosome translocatesâ P site with 1st & 2nd AAâ New tRNA to A site
⢠Stop codon terminatesâ Polypeptide folds = protein
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Summary of Protein Synthesis