The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire

The Split of Rome and the The Split of Rome and the foundations for Russiafoundations for Russia

Eastern Europe: Heir to the Byzantine Eastern Europe: Heir to the Byzantine Empire-Empire-

What was the geography of Eastern What was the geography of Eastern Europe?Europe?

Who are the people that make up Who are the people that make up this area?this area?

Kievan Russia: What is that all about?Kievan Russia: What is that all about?

What impact did the Mongols have What impact did the Mongols have on Russia?on Russia?

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire

Out of Rome Into RussiaOut of Rome Into Russia

The Byzantine Empire was the The Byzantine Empire was the eastern halfeastern half of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire, , which survived for a thousand which survived for a thousand years after the western half had years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453. 1453.

The city of Byzantium grew from The city of Byzantium grew from an ancient Greek colony founded an ancient Greek colony founded on the European side of the on the European side of the Bosporus. Bosporus.

The Empire at it’s HeightThe Empire at it’s Height

565-1000565-1000 The empire withstood attacks from The empire withstood attacks from

the the Persians, Slavs, Arabs, Vikings, Persians, Slavs, Arabs, Vikings, Mongols and the TurksMongols and the Turks

The empire was able to hold on to The empire was able to hold on to the Balkans and parts of Asia minor.the Balkans and parts of Asia minor.

The strong central gov’t helped keep The strong central gov’t helped keep the empire in tact.the empire in tact.

Where exactly was this empire?Where exactly was this empire?Geography & History QuestionsGeography & History Questions

The empire generally is known to last The empire generally is known to last from about from about 500 AD-1500500 AD-1500..

Built on the Eastern portion of the Built on the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire. While the west was Roman Empire. While the west was falling, the east maintained the falling, the east maintained the culture of Rome.culture of Rome.

The major city was ConstantinopleThe major city was Constantinople..

Age of JustinianAge of Justinian 527-565527-565 He rebuilt the He rebuilt the Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia

ByzantiumByzantiumThe Byzantine emperor Justinian (527-The Byzantine emperor Justinian (527-565 CE565 CE) is best remembered for ) is best remembered for organizing ancient organizing ancient Roman laws into a Roman laws into a collection of civil laws known today as collection of civil laws known today as Justinian's CodeJustinian's Code.  It was so successful, .  It was so successful, that later rulers only added to it or that later rulers only added to it or updated it periodically. updated it periodically. Justinian's Code Justinian's Code became the foundation of medieval lawbecame the foundation of medieval law, , and was even used by the and was even used by the Roman Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church. Today, international . Today, international law still uses some concepts first law still uses some concepts first assembled by Justinian.assembled by Justinian.

Code of LawsCode of Laws

Corpus Juris CivilisCorpus Juris Civilis “Body of Civil “Body of Civil Law”Law”

Included Roman idealsIncluded Roman ideals This sets the foundations for civil and This sets the foundations for civil and

church lawschurch laws Law was meant to unite an empire Law was meant to unite an empire

(one law for all people)(one law for all people)

Classical Contributions to the Development of Law

Greece first direct democracy defined roles of citizen in government

Rome Laws of the Twelve Tables

first law code thatapplied to all people

Byzantium Justinian's Code foundation of medieval law

Justice is the set and constant purpose which gives to every man his due. jurisprudence is the knowledge of things divine and human, the science of the just and the unjust.... The precepts of the law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, and to give every man his due. The study of law consists of two branches, law public and law private. The former relates to the welfare of the Roman State; the latter to the advantage of the individual citizen. Of private law then we may say that it is of threefold origin, being collected from the precepts of nature, from those of the law of nations, or from those of the civil law of Rome. The law of nature is that which she has taught all animals; a law not peculiar to the human race, but shared by all living creatures, whether denizens of the air, the dry land, or the sea. Hence comes the union of male and female, which we call marriage; hence the procreation and rearing of children, for this is a law by the knowledge of which we see even the lower animals are distinguished. The civil law of Rome, and the law of all nations, differ from each other thus.

Christianity in the EmpireChristianity in the Empire The Byzantine The Byzantine emperoremperor was the highest was the highest

ranking person in the church (but not a priest)ranking person in the church (but not a priest) There was a rejection of the Pope’s role and rule.There was a rejection of the Pope’s role and rule. The clergy could marryThe clergy could marry Easter is the MOST important holiday.Easter is the MOST important holiday. Greek was the language…not Greek was the language…not LatinLatin.<in church>.<in church> The great The great “schism”“schism” or split happened in or split happened in

10541054 -This split the Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic -This split the Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic

Church.Church.Eastern Orthodox is the primary religion of Eastern Eastern Orthodox is the primary religion of Eastern

Europeans…(Russians, Ukrainians…)Europeans…(Russians, Ukrainians…)

Impacts on the RegionImpacts on the Region

LawsLaws Strong trading economyStrong trading economy LearningLearning Fosters the growth of Russia (Kiev)Fosters the growth of Russia (Kiev)

Eastern Europe: Heir to the Byzantine Eastern Europe: Heir to the Byzantine Empire-Empire-

What was the geography of Eastern What was the geography of Eastern Europe?Europe?

Who are the people that make up Who are the people that make up this area?this area?

Kievan Russia: What is that all about?Kievan Russia: What is that all about?

What impact did the Mongols have What impact did the Mongols have on Russia?on Russia?

The Geography of RussiaThe Geography of Russia

There are 3 ZONES:There are 3 ZONES: 1. NORTHERN FORESTS1. NORTHERN FORESTS SOUTHERN FERTRILE LANDS (UKRAINE-THE SOUTHERN FERTRILE LANDS (UKRAINE-THE

BREAD BASKET OF RUSSIA)BREAD BASKET OF RUSSIA) SOUTH- STEPPESOUTH- STEPPE STEPPE- OPEN GRASSY TREELESS PASTURES STEPPE- OPEN GRASSY TREELESS PASTURES

THAT WERE GOOD FOR NOMADIC FARMERS.THAT WERE GOOD FOR NOMADIC FARMERS.

THE RIVER NETWORKS SERVED AS EXCELLENT THE RIVER NETWORKS SERVED AS EXCELLENT TRANSPORTATION FOR PEOPLE AND GOODS…TRANSPORTATION FOR PEOPLE AND GOODS…

THE DNIEPER AND THE VOLGA WERER THE 2 MAIN THE DNIEPER AND THE VOLGA WERER THE 2 MAIN RIVERS.RIVERS.

Growth of KievGrowth of Kiev

Earliest peoples: The Slavs- clanlike Earliest peoples: The Slavs- clanlike people that lived in small villages.people that lived in small villages.

The Varangians/Vikings- from The Varangians/Vikings- from ScandanaviaScandanavia

Tremendous Byzantine influence- Tremendous Byzantine influence- Religion, LanguageReligion, Language Religion- Eastern OrthodoxReligion- Eastern Orthodox Language- CyrillicLanguage- Cyrillic Art- DomesArt- Domes

Mongol Conquest of RussiaMongol Conquest of Russia

By 1200 the Golden Horde came through By 1200 the Golden Horde came through Russia and conquered all in their path.Russia and conquered all in their path.

Ghenghis Kahn…Ghenghis Kahn… During his conquest he allowed for locals During his conquest he allowed for locals

to practice their religion and language to practice their religion and language for HEAVEY TRIBUTES/TAXESfor HEAVEY TRIBUTES/TAXES

There was absolute control of the There was absolute control of the Russians…this RETARDED their growth!Russians…this RETARDED their growth!

By 1050 Wars with the Khans & internal problemsBy 1050 Wars with the Khans & internal problems

The The MongolsMongols (Golden Horde) interact w/ (Golden Horde) interact w/ RussiaRussia

The Mongols allow Russia to keep her The Mongols allow Russia to keep her religion for heavy taxes or tributesreligion for heavy taxes or tributes

The system of feudalism is establishedThe system of feudalism is established

By 1240-1500 The “Dark Ages of Russia”By 1240-1500 The “Dark Ages of Russia” Look at the dates what is going on in Look at the dates what is going on in

Western Europe?Western Europe?

The Emergence of the IvansThe Emergence of the Ivans Ivan I: 1328 Prince of Moscovy (appointed grand Ivan I: 1328 Prince of Moscovy (appointed grand

prince by the Khan)prince by the Khan) Ivan the Moneybags (he collect the $ from the Ivan the Moneybags (he collect the $ from the

peasants that was given to the Kahn)peasants that was given to the Kahn) Ivan II & III see the weakening of the Kahn in RussiaIvan II & III see the weakening of the Kahn in Russia Ivan IIIIvan III unified most of the territories against the unified most of the territories against the

Kahn/MongolsKahn/Mongols He refuses to pay tributesHe refuses to pay tributes He is known as Ivan the GreatHe is known as Ivan the Great The term TSAR or CZAR is used for CaesarThe term TSAR or CZAR is used for Caesar Ivan IV “The Terrible”Ivan IV “The Terrible” He gave power to the nobles and made life for the He gave power to the nobles and made life for the

serfs worse. (this is at a time when serfdom in serfs worse. (this is at a time when serfdom in Western Europe was coming to an end) pp.228-230Western Europe was coming to an end) pp.228-230