Dossier 4 The Great Currents of Thought During the British Regime

The British Regime

Chapter 3 Culture and Currents of Thought

Mr. ThompsonThe Age of Enlightenment

Gallileo

Sir Isaac Newton

John Locke

Ben Franklin

Wolfgang Amadeus MozartOther Famous Enlightenment WritersJohann Von Goethe German Philosopher.Joseph Haydn Classical Composer.Thomas Hobbes Political Philosophy.Thomas Jefferson American Statesman.Immanuel Kant German Philosopher.John Locke English Political Philosopher.Wolfgang Amadeus MozartThomas Paine American Political Activist.Jean-Jacques Rousseau Swiss Political Philosopher.Adam Smith Scottish Economist.

The Coffeehouse or the Salon

During the 18th and 19th centuries, intellectuals of the times would meet in coffeehouses or Salons to discuss political, economic, and social ideas. They would also discuss prominent and emerging philosophies of the time and how they might influence the realms of politics, economics, and society as whole. 9The American War of Independence (1775-1783)

The 13 colonies declare war on Britain and fight for their independence, ultimately becoming a sovereign nation. The United States of America.10The French Revolution (1789-1799)

A period ofradicalsocial and political upheaval inFrancethat had a lasting impact onFrench historyand more broadly throughout theworld. Theabsolute monarchythat had ruled France for centuries collapsed within three years. French society underwent an epic transformation, asfeudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radicalleft-wingpolitical groups,masses on the streets, andpeasantsin the countryside.Old ideas about tradition and hierarchyofmonarchy,aristocracy, andreligious authoritywere abruptly overthrown by newEnlightenmentprinciples ofequality,citizenshipandinalienable rights.

11The End of Absolutism?

The End of Imperialism?Imperialism, defined by The Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.

Johnston, Ronald John (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 375.Maybe not quite yet

Left: The Partition of Africa by the European Powers (Berlin Conference 1885)Right: Canadians in the trenches of WWI 14The British Regime 1763 1871 New ideas: like Individual rights instead of Absolutism or Imperialism.

American War of Independence.

The French RevolutionThe British Regime 1763 1871 New Idea: Political and Economic liberalism.

Why was it starting to grow?

DemocracyIndividual freedomsEquality The right to own private land (the opposite of the seigniorial system). The British Regime 1763 1871 American War of Independence 1775-1783

The British Loyalists arrive in Canada

Start to ask for a Legislative Assembly.

The first Canadian Legislative Assembly was created in 1791 very limited powers.

But they wanted more power, which in turn led to the Rebellions of 1837-1838.Loyalists: Identified with the British Empire. They wanted a Legislative Assembly to which citizens could elect their own representatives. Although they received one in 1791, it had limited powers. This is one of the reasons that led to the Rebellions of 1837-1838. 17Did he say Rebellions?

Painting of St. Eustache (rebellion)18Lord Durham

1838 Given position of Governor General of Canada, and is given a specific mandate: to investigate and report on the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada in 1837.1839 Resigns as Governor General of Canada, but carries our his assignment and submits the now-famous The Durham Report (officially titled Report on the Affairs of British North America) Durham Report: He did not like the French and strongly recommended they be assimilated. He also recommended responsible government and the union of Upper and Lower Canada.Act of Union (1840): Result of the Durham Report and reflection of Britains desire to assimilate French Canadians (united Upper and Lower Canada into one entity)19The British Regime 1763 1871 After the RebellionsGovernor of Canada Lord DurhamThe Durham Report - 1839The Assimilation of the French

In 1840, Great Britain passed the Act of Union in attempt to assimilate the French Canadians.The Dual IdentityThe Dual IdentitySince the Treaty of Paris - Quebec and Canada, became another part of the very large British Empire.

The Duality? English Loyalists vs. French QuebecersCatholics vs. ProtestantsCanadas population is split in two

The British Empire

June 1791The Dual IdentityThe French Worried about their language, their schools and their religion.Why?

Ludger Duvernay :St-Jean Baptiste Association (June 24th 1834).

Some French did admire British institutions, like the law, and its parliamentary or justice system.Others worried about the future loss of their culture and potential loss of their schools and churches.25The Dual Identity

The St-Jean Baptiste Association:The maple leaf O CanadaMonuments in memory of French CanadiansFounding the Montreal Chamber of Commerce

The St-Jean Baptiste Association:the maple leaf as the Canadian SymbolThe creation of the national Hymn O CanadaErecting monuments in memory of French CanadiansFounding the Montreal Chamber of Commerce

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Papineaus Rally The 92 Resolutions92 Resolutions Demands: elected Legislative and Executive Councils. Lower Canada was given a legislative assembly under the Constitutional Act (1791) but the upper houses were still appointed by the Governor of the colony. List of grievances Control over the finances raised by the colony.

The British Crown rejected the Resolutions. = Time for rebellion!27

The Battle of St-EustacheThe Dual IdentityFrench Canadian Nationalismthe Rebellions of 1837-1838.The Legislative Assembly was largely made up of French Canadians The Parti PatrioteDemanded more control of the Colonys finances.

So what happened?When the Crown refused their demands, fighting broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada.French Canadian Nationalism had another big uprising during the Rebellions of 1837-1838.The Legislative Assembly was largely made up of French Canadians (because they were the majority) and they formed the Parti Patriote demanding more control of the Colonys finances.When the Crown refused their demands, fighting broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada.

29The Dual Identity1839 The Durham ReportThe lack of responsible government in Upper Canada and the racial tensions between Upper and Lower Canadians.He suggested an assimilation of the people with no literature and no history into one, large English speaking group.After the Rebellion, the head of the Colonial office, Lord Durham, was asked to present his report on the matter.Durhams report focused on two things: the lack of responsible government in Upper Canada and the racial tensions between Upper and Lower Canadians.He suggested an assimilation of the people with no literature and no history into one, large English speaking group.

30The Dual Identity1840 - The Act of UnionUpper and Lower Canada unitedThe French language was banished from the governmentEducation and civil law regarding the French Canadians was suspended.The creation of one parliament to oversee all of Canada.The Durham report led to the Act of Union (1840) which united Upper and Lower Canada into one unit and under one government.The French language was banished from the governmentEducation and civil law regarding the French Canadians was suspended.The creation of one parliament to oversee all of Canada31

Francois-Xavier GarneauThe Dual Identity1845 - Francois-Xavier Garneaus book: Histoire du CanadaTried to tell the story of the French colonists in a patriotic way why?In order to bring them back into favour with the British Crown Did it work?

Not really...BUT...It did make the French Canadians realize they had little or no cultural literature!Economic LiberalismEconomic LiberalismIt was the latest British fad.Individual business had freedom Very little government intervention.

Helped with the modernization of the Education system how?Because the business community wanted a school for professionals!Economic LiberalismWho did it involve?The French Canadian middle-class or the Petit Bourgeoisie, which made up parties like the Parti Patriote and the Parti Rouge

The English Business-Class or the Bourgeoisie dAffairs, they profited most from the capitalist system and were represented by the Tory Party.

Parti PatrioteCreated by Louis-Jospeh PapineauTo defend cultural heritage of French CanadaFight for control of the political institutions of Lower Canada which was dominated by the Chateau Clique members of the British Anglophone Merchant class who dominated the executive and legislative councils and judiciary systems of Lower Canada.38Economic LiberalismThe transmission of ideas?The Quebec Gazette (1764) English and French

The Montreal Gazette (1775) Liberalism criticized the clergy, demanded a Legislative Assembly and became the voice of Canadian intellectuals.

The Quebec Mercury; The Montreal Herald; Le Canadien; La Minerve; La Presse (1884)

Activity #3 The EnlightenmentChoose an Enlightenment Philosopher and...Research what he/she did/wrote and tell me a little bit about it.Explain how their invention/discovery/ideas had a direct impact on the events which unfolded in Canada during the British Regime.

WRITE DOWN YOUR SOURCES!

The Anti-Clerical MovementThe Anticlerical MovementBecause of Liberalism - The clergy is criticized.

The separation of Church and Education.

Strangely it is the Parti Patriote who opposed the reign of the Catholic Church over education.

But they also refuse to submit to the rule of British GovernmentWith the rise of Liberalism, the Clergy had to put up with constant criticism.Most of all, the Liberals wanted to separate the Church from Education.Oddly enough, it was the members of the Parti Patriote who opposed the reign of the Catholic Church over education.But they also refuse to submit to the rule of British Government

43The Anticlerical MovementThe Parti Patriote was dissolved due to the Rebellion.

But the Parti Rouge started to speak out against the Catholic Church.

State of ignorance? Were they right?

Newpapers: LAvenir and Le PaysAfter the Parti Patriote was dissolved due to the Rebellion, the Parti Rouge started to speak out against the Catholic Church.They believed the Catholic Church was keeping them in a state of ignorance and they were right!Mostly, these opinions were circulated by the Newpapers: LAvenir and Le Pays

44Under the British Regime The Catholic Church was losing influence over the people!Conclusion?UltramontanismUltramontanismThe Clergy got a bit of its power back during the Ultramontanist period of the 19th century.

What does Ultramontanist mean?Complete submission to RomeVery strict religious practice

In 1864, the Vatican published a list of things they considered to be against the faith : liberalism and socialism were on the list!The Clergy got a bit of its power back during the Ultramontanist period of the 19th century.

complete submission to Rome and promoted a very strict religious practice.In 1864, the Vatican published a list of things they considered to be against the faith : liberalism and socialism were on the list!

47UltramontanismCanadian Ultramontanism:Catholic obligation to the Church

The control of the Clergy on education

Increased interventions of Bishops into politics

The creation of religious Brotherhoods (e.g.: The Knights of Columbus)

UltramontanismCatholic Ultramontanists spent a lot of money.

They created newspapers (La Vrit),

Influenced elections,

Condemned books (Les Misrables),

Refusal to give some political members the sacrament because of the affiliations!

UltramontanismConclusion?The Catholic Church went to great lengths to combat the Liberalist ideas.

Were they successful? For a timeBut in the end the separation of the Church and the State would be finalized during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s.

EducationEducation1840: Out of the 111 000 children in Eastern Canada only 5000 of them went to school (thats only 4.5%).

What was the problem?Not enough schools and little organization.In the 1840s, out of 111 000 children from Eastern Canada only 5000 of them went to school (thats only 4.5%).There were not enough schools and little organization.In 1841 the government pass a law creating public school boards to collect taxes and to organize the schools.However, they created one Catholic board and one Protestant.

54EducationIn 1841 the Canadian government passes a law creating Public School Boards to collect taxes and to organize the schools.

However, they created one Catholic board and one Protestant.

Is this a Good or a Bad thing?

EducationSchool attendance started to increase.

The number of elementary schools in 1842 was 804, but by 1866 it was 3589.

Reasons for this increase: School was now mandatory up to a certain age The Canadian population started to believe in creating a better life for their children.

As a result, schools started to overflow with childrenSchool attendance started to increase.

The number of elementary schools in 1842 was 804, but by 1866 it was 3589.

There were two reasons for this increase: first, school had become mandatory up to a certain age and second, the Canadian population started to believe in creating a better life for their children.As a result, schools started to overflow with children

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McGill - 1821

Bishops - 1843

Laval - 1852

Montreal - 1878Higher EducationIn response to the British desire for professionals trained in Canada two English speaking Universities were created:

McGill (1821) in Montreal - EnglishBishops (1843) Sherbrooke - English

Higher EducationThe Clergy started to worry about the influence of these English Universities, so they created their own:

1852 - the Universit Laval was created in Quebec City.1878 - the Universit of MontrealHigher EducationOf course, the Francophone and the Anglophone schools were split.

Anglophone Universities funded by English businesses:Engineering and Medicine.

Francophone Universities - funded by the Church: Theology, Law and ArtHigher EducationThe Universities however, were only for the bourgeoisie very few farmers got to attend!

The 20th century would bring even more growth in the area of education especially after the 1930s and two World Wars.

And naturally, the cultural landscape would change yet again(for reals)You are learning