the birth of the monsoon winds
TRANSCRIPT
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THE BIRTH OF THE MONSOON WINDSOn the Existence and Understanding of Hippalus, and the ‘Discovery’ of the non-Apogeous Trade Winds
Scott HatcherMemorial University of Newfoundland
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http://www.tower.comhttp://www.oxforddnb.com
Historical eras defined by a person
“The first person who ventured to quit the ordinary route by the mouth of the Persian
Gulf, and to steer across the open sea from the promontory of Sygarus to India, was a Greek navigator named Hippalus, who availed himself of the periodical blowing of the south-west monsoon for that purpose.”
“Hippalus is one of the great names in the history of navigation. Without his discovery, or at least his popularization of the
monsoon as a dependable aid to deep-sea voyaging, regular trade with India would have been impossible. ”
1897
1955
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Modern associations
http://www.hippalus.com/
http://butterfliesofamerica.com/t/Cogia_h_hippalus_a.htm http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/bin/srch_nam.shtml?Hippalus|0
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Renewed scrutiny
Crossings: Early Mediterranean Contacts with India, ed. F. deRomanis and A. Tchernia (New Delhi: Manohar, 1997)
“as far back as 1879, Kennedy stressed that the monsoon was common knowledge long before the disputed date when the Greeks, toward the end of the
Hellenistic era or at the beginning of the Roman Empire, are supposed to have experienced it.”
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Purpose of the paper
Assess the primary evidence…
Then argue that:1) The scarcity and disagreement of the primary
evidence is absent in the modern historiography.
2) Also, that Hippalus, despite reservations, offers interesting information on themes of Indian - Roman trade relations and history.
The myth of Hippalus has value in itself, separate from its historical accuracy.
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PRIMARY SOURCESHow do we know about Hippalus?
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Periplus Maris Erythraei
• All translations from a 10th century manuscript.• Vulgar (koine) Greek -> merchant class author.• ~ 40 – 70 AD
•Incredibly rich account of trading wares and locations along the northern Indian Ocean coast.
CEStrabo 24-7
BCEPME
40-70 CE ?Pliny’s NH
77 CE
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Periplus Maris Erythraei
The PME’s Three Trade Routes
Casson, L., “The Sea Route to India: Periplus Maris Erythraei 57,” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2 (1984), pp. 473-479.
L. Casson (1984)
‘the w
inds we ca
ll etes
ian’3 days sail
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Pliny the Elder’s Natural History
The PME’s Three Trade Routes
Casson, L., “The Sea Route to India: Periplus Maris Erythraei 57,” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2 (1984), pp. 473-479.
L. Casson (1984)
‘the w
inds we ca
ll etes
ian’3 days sail
Alexander the Great
Route to Sigerus
Desire for gain brought India nearer
1
2
3
TIM
E
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Pliny the Elder’s Natural History
The PME’s Three Trade Routes
Casson, L., “The Sea Route to India: Periplus Maris Erythraei 57,” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2 (1984), pp. 473-479.
L. Casson (1984)
‘the w
inds we ca
ll etes
ian’3 days sail
Alexander the Great
Route to Sigerus
Desire for gain brought India nearer
1
2
3
TIM
E
Sea named Hippodos or Hippalon
Pliny’s eras
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Problem…
“Hippalus is one of the great names in the history of navigation.
10th century manuscript.Single mention.Continues to be debated.
http://www.stephan-selle.de/page8/page22/page26/page28/page28.html
http://www.tower.com
1000 years
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Discussion so far…
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DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEWInherently inconclusive, but can be thought of differently.
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Discussion
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Discussion
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Discussion
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Discussion
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Conclusion
• Purely Western historical sources.
1. Hippalus only found once, wind found twice.
2. Pliny’s silence
3. Tchernia: Non-existence
4. Worth of understanding in the establishment and survival of the myth.
5. Roman conceptualization of a distant trade.
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THANK YOUQuestions?
Acknowledgements:• Dr. Donna Trembinksi, History Dept., St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada.• Society for the History of Discoveries.• USM, Osher Map Library.• Portland, Maine.