the biosphere extended
TRANSCRIPT
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The Biosphere
Investigating an Ecosystem
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Ecosystem
Made up of living and non living parts
POND
WOODLAND
SOIL
MOOR
Abiotic
Food availability
Predation
Temperature
Light intensity
Moisture
Biotic
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QuadratEstimates the abundance of non moving organisms
Throw randomly
Count the number of squares an organism is found in
Errors ?Non random throwing
Counting the same organism over two squares
Too few quadrats done
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LMMCan measure both light intensity and moisture content of a particular area
Errors ?
Shadow
Read wrong scale
Stone Too few readings
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Pitfall Trap
Alcohol (if you The samples Killed)
Pitfall Trap
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More
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Results Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Light Intensity A B C D E F G H H H
Soil moisture 3 2 3 1 4 3 2 3 4 3
grass 6 8 8 10 15 20 23 25 25 25
Daisies 0 0 0 0 5 11 16 19 22 22
Sorrel 20 15 15 10 10 5 0 0 0 0
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Tullgren
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Ecosystems and Energy Flow
3
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What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is all the animals and the plants in a habitat, together with their environment.An ecosystem provides everything that the animals and plants that live there need.A rock pool is an ecosystem, and so is a forest or a lake.
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Ecosystems
Made up of a number of different habitats sharing the same environment. E.g. a desert.Habitat - a place where living things live.
E.g. a pond.Community - a group of populations
living in a habitat.Population - a group of organisms of the
same species.
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What is a habitat ?
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A habitat is the place where living things live.
It is more than just a home it includes the whole surrounding area.
The habitat provides the animal or plant with food or shelter.
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People and their habitats People can live all over the
world.
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We can do this because we are able to build homes for different conditions.
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Also we can change our Also we can change our clothes to best suit the clothes to best suit the temperature around us.temperature around us.
White clothes reflect the heat
Animal skin and fur act as insulators and keep heat in.
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Animals and plants
Most plants and animals are specially adapted to survive in a particular habitat.
They have developed special features to suit the demands of their environment.
This is called adaption.
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Some examples of adaption
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All birds have similar characteristics.
But many water birds have features that are different from those birds live on land.
Long legs are good for wading
These wings act as flippers
Webbed feet for swimming
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Some animals are camouflaged to blend in with their surroundings.
This keeps them safe as it is more difficult for other animals to see them or catch them for food.
This lizards skin is so similar to the rock colour.
These zebra could easily be mistaken for bushes from a distance.
This lion blends in well with the grassy background.
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Aquatic animals have streamlined bodies to move more easliy in the water.
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These animals have adapted to live in the hot climate of the desert.
Camels store water in their humps.
Ostriches have long eyelashes to keep out the sand.
Snakes glide across the hot sands and can shed their skin
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These animals have adapted to be more suited to cold temperatures.
Layers of fat keep the seals body warm, and small ears stop heat loss.
Polar bears are kept warm by their body fat.
Deer have a warm layer of fur.
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How do changes in the environment affect
organisms?
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Living things are adapted to daily changes in their
habitat…………….
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Daily changes
Flowers open and close
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Daily changes
Sea anemones pull in their tentacles when the tide goes out to stop them drying out.
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Living things are adapted to seasonal changes in their
habitat
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Seasonal changes in a garden
A garden in the summer
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A woodland
A woodland in spring
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The Arctic
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The Seashore
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Some plants store their food for winter underground in
their roots and stems.
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Squirrels store foods like nuts in the autumn to eat during the winter when there is not much food around.
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Some animals like tortoises, hedgehogs and bears, cannot store food to keep them warm. Instead they go to sleep in a warm sheltered place, such as under pile of old leaves or inside an old tree trunk. This is called hibernation.
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Energy Flow in a Habitat
Plants trap energy converting it to
biomass.Producers
Plant biomass eaten by animals
Primary Consumers
Larger animals eat animals that eat
plantsSecondary Consumers
All energy initially comes from the sun as light energy
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Terminology to Learn
Herbivore - animals that eat only plants.Carnivore - animals that eat only animals.Omnivore - animals that eat plants and animals.Top Carnivore - animals not eaten by anything else.Decomposer - organisms that live on dead material.Trophic Levels - each step along a food chain.
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Trophic levels
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What does this food chain show?
The plant is eaten by the slug.The slug is eaten by the frog.The frog is eaten by the heron.
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Food Web
Write out four food chains found in the food web.
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How do Organisms Interact?
•What happens to the locust population if the slugs die out?•What happens to the plant population?
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Pyramid of Numbers
This is another way of showing a food chain.
5000 Dandelions 100 Rabbits 1 Fox
1000 Pea Pods 100 Slugs 10 Frogs 1 Bird
•Why do the numbers drop as you go up the trophic levels?•Draw the pyramid of numbers for these food chains.
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Pyramids of Numbers - examples
5000 Dandelions
100 Rabbits
1000 Pea Pods
100 Slugs
10 Frogs1 Fox
1 Bird
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Pyramid of Numbers
1 Pear Tree
3000 Greenfly
1000 Ladybirds
1 Partridge
5000 Dandelions 100 Rabbits 1 Fox 500 Fleas
Now draw the pyramids of numbers for these food chains.
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Pyramids of Numbers - examples 2
5000 Dandelions
100 Rabbits 3000 Greenfly
1000 Ladybirds
500 Fleas
1 Tree
1 Partridge
1 Fox
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Pyramid of BiomassBiomass is how much dry mass is present in each trophic level. For this reason Biomass Pyramids always look the same.
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Energy flow
Each animal in the food chain eats another animal or a plant in order to gain energy.The energy flow in the ecosystem keeps all of the animals alive.
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Pyramid of Energy transfer
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Where does the energy come from?
The SunIn every ecosystem, Energy is trapped and
stored by the plants (primary producers).Some energy is always lost in the transfer
of energy between trophic levelsEcologists have calculated 10% of energy
available in a trophic level is taken up by the level above
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Energy flow in a food chain
Sun 98% energy lost
Producer 90% energy lost
Primary consumer 90% energy lost
Secondary consumer 90% energy
lostTertiary consumer
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Energy flow through Producers
Most of the sunlight that falls on leaves is not absorbed and used
What happens?Some is reflected from
the leaf’s surfaceSome passes straight
through the leafOnly part of the light is
useful and can be absorbed by chlorophyll
The overall efficiency of energy transfer during photosynthesis is less than 10%
So only about 8% of sunlight energy reaching the plant is transferred into useful chemical energy.
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What is this chemical energy used for?
For respiration and growth
When the plant grows, its biomass will increase. This will provide food energy for herbivores.
It may be transferred between trophic levels from producers to primary consumers.
Some food energy may be transferred to decomposers.
When leaves are shed, fruit and seeds are dispersed and when the plant itself dies.
Decomposers eat the dead plant tissues to get energy.
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Energy flow through a green plant
Released in primaryRespiration consumers
Producer decomposers
energy inputSUN
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What happens
to the other 90%?
Only 10% of the stored energy in the deer is transferred to the lion
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Write down what happens to the missing 90% of the energy in a
deer ( Kudu) that is not transferred to the lion.
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What are the units?
kJ/m²/yrUnit of energy/ area/time(kilo Joules per metre squared per
year.)
Important to remember that pyramids of energy transfer are NEVER inverted.
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The reasons for the inefficiency of this energy
transfer are:-
Some plant material passes out of the body of the herbivore as faeces without being digested.A lot of energy is used in respiration.Some energy passes to decomposers in dead remains.
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Carnivores are able to achieve 20% efficiency.
Why?
20% of the herbivores biomass ends up as the carnivores biomass.
This is possible because proteins are more efficiently digested than are carbohydrates.
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Energy Flow in a food chain
Some people eat kudu.What is the food chain?
Grass Kudu humanOf the 1000 000kJ of Energy which falls on one square metre of grass in a year only 100kJ available for humans.
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Where does all the energy go?
Plants convert a small % of light energy into glucose (biomass)’The energy works its way through the food chain,but trophic level 2 only takes 10% of total energy of trophic level 1The 90% of energy lost is used in staying alive: –HEAT
–Excretory products
This explains why pyramids of biomass get smaller as they go up and why food chains are rarely more than 4 links long.
–movement–life processes
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Match the words and phrases.
A food chain showsMost food
chains start withPlants are
Animals are
Animals that hunt and eat others are calledAnimals that are caught
and eaten are called
producers
consumers
predatorsprey
a green plant
what is eaten by what
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A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same timeMillions of different populations all evolving according to their own self interest in a particular environment. But each population is a part of the environment of its neighbors, so any evolutionary change has a ripple effect.
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Properties of populations
•Birth rate; count number of live births in a given period.
•Death rate; count number of deaths in a given time period.
•Growth rate; balance between birth/death rate. For population to grow, birth rate must exceed death rate.
•Age structure, Density,and dispersion are also factors
A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time
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The growth rate of a population is the increase in the number of individuals over time.
Exponential growth is when the number of individuals grows at a constant rate. Growing bacteria in a lab is a good example
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Generation # of bacteria time1 1 02 2 15min3 4 30min4 8 45min5 16 1hr6 32 75min7 64 90min8 128 105min9 256 2hrs10 51211 102412 204813 4096 3hrs14 819215 16,38416 32,76817 65,536 4hrs18 131,07219 262,14420 524,28821 1,048,576 5hrs
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But can a population continue to grow at this rate? NO
Limiting factors will control population growth
•Food shortages
•Lack of space
•Accumulation of own waste products
•Lack of other resources like oxygen, living space etc.
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A PopulationGroup of organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same timeIndividuals may come and go, but the population can remain the sameThe Nakuru Flamingos each year, for Example
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Population GrowthSince each organism of a population is governed by the selfish gene, populations tend to grow.If unlimited resources are present, growth will be exponentialIt will proceed very quickly for rapidly reproducing organisms and more slowly for slowly reproducing onesThe curve, however, will always be a “J” curve or an exponential growth curve
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Population Growth 2Resources are never unlimited, though. As population rises, resources decline.If the growth is too rapid, resources are rapidly depleted and a population crash can occurThis pattern occurs often with many populations (including humans)For example...
Gypsy moth caterpillar
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Population Growth 3More often what happens is that the resources slowly decrease, the growth rate slowly decreases, and they meet.This point that they oscillate around is the carrying capacity of the environment for that particular organismSo when would you “harvest” these individuals? (1,2,3,4,or 5)
S - shaped curve
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Growth Rate Limiting Factors
(affecting birth or mortality rates)
Predation Increased
competition for scarce resources
Sickness Others?...
Weather Ice Age Global Warming Flood El Nino Etc.
Range of tolerance of environmental conditions is an important factor:
temperature, light, salinity, nutrients, water etc
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Predator-Prey Cycles
Control of Population Size
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Lynx
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Snowshoe Hare
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Lynx cycle lags behind hare by 1-2 yrs.
Why?
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What is the cause of these population changes?
When hare numbers increase, 2 things happen:
1. Shortage of food for hares 2. Increase in Lynx number (predation)
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Lynx numbers increase when Hare numbers high, but if food for hares is low and predation is high……………………..
…………soon the Hare population will crash (drop).
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(1) Some Lynxes leave (emigrate) to where food is more plentiful.
(2) Lynxes eat other prey when hare numbers low.
(3) More competition between Lynxes.
A CRASH in the Lynx population
This drop in Hare numbers leads to 3 things …
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Lower Hare numbers – vegetation starts to grow again
+ Hares have fewer Lynx to watch out for
+ There is more vegetation to eat
SO, the number of Hares begins to increase
The PREDATOR PREY cycle begins again
MEANWHILE…..
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Highest peaks always belong to PREY
Why?The predator is ALWAYS at a higher level in the pyramid of numbersThan the prey, so the numbers of prey are always HIGHER than predators
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COMPETITION…
Competition is the STRUGGLE FOR RESOURCES WHICH ARE IN SHORT SUPPLYPLANTS compete for Light,Nutrients and WaterANIMALS compete for Food, Territorities,Shelter, and Water
EACH SPECIES AFFECTS THE DISTRIBUTION OF OTHERS..
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Where do decomposers come in?
•When living things die their bodies are broken down by decomposers so releasing the elements they contain.
•These minerals can be used by plants to grow so the cycle repeats over again
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An example of Fungi You know
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The Nitrogen CycleNitrogen in the air
Den
itri
fyin
g
bacte
ria
Eating
Nitrates in the soil
N2 fi
xin
g b
acte
ria wast
e
NH3 and its compounds
Nitrates absorbed by roots
N2 fixing bacteria
Decomposing
FertilisersNitrifyingbacteria
Lightning
Formation of
oxides of
nitrogen
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…On pollution
Pollutants may REDUCE the biodiversity in an ecosystemEg fossil fuels produce Sulphur Dioxide when burnedThis can cause ACID RAIN
This can lower the pH in Lochs killing some INVERTEBRATESAnd FISH
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Pollution and Biodiversity…
If untreated sewage enters a river or lake it provides food for BACTERIA.Their population numbers increaseThey use up all the oxygen in the waterSpecies which cannot tolerate low Oxygen levels die out
THIS RESULTS IN A DECREASE IN THE VARIETY OF SPECIES
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DO dissolved oxygen BOD biochemical oxygen demand
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The oxygen decline and rise downstream from a point source is called the oxygen sag.
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The Biodiversity crisis
Human activity can cause habitat destruction and pollution.This contributes to the extinction of many species ; a reduction in the overall number.Eg Deforestation, for housing,timber and agriculture
CONSERVATION MEASURES HELP MAINTAIN BIODIVERSITY
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WHY IS BIODIVERSITY SO IMPORTANT ?
FOOD….Eg fish from the North Sea
RAW-MATERIALS…such as timber and rubber
MEDICINES…may come from as yet undiscovered plants
RECREATION…appreciation of the variety of species in the countryside.
AND…MAINTAINING GENETIC VARIATION……..
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Grazing and Biodiversity…
Grassland is made up of a variety of plantsSome species grow quickly and dominateSome species don’t grow as quickly and struggle to compete and surviveGRAZING is the eating of plants by herbivores
UNSELECTIVE GRAZERS EAT ALL TYPES OF PLANT
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Intensity of Grazing…
LOW levels of unselective grazing allows the grasses to grow and out compete other less vigorous species.This REDUCES the variety of speciesMEDIUM levels keep the grasses in check allowing less vigorous species to survive.This INCREASES the variety of speciesHIGH levels result in OVERGRAZING.This DECREASES the variety of species