The Baby’s First Year

Physical Development

Review:

• Explain the difference between growth and development.

• Without looking at notes, list the three patterns of development.

• Summarize an infant’s growth.

Individually……

• You are to sketch a outline of a “typical” baby at birth and at one year.

• Compare and discuss your sketches with the person next to you

• Read the story on page 249 about Jason and Brett.

• While reading, identify Jason’s needs that Brett is meeting??

In the shorter books, you will have to share!

Do you know???

• Identify the three basic pattern of physical development.

Growth & Development

• Development – sequence (step-by-step)• Three basic patterns – Head to Foot • Begins long before birth• Baby’s head takes lead in development • Head – arms & hands – legs & feet

– Near to Far• Starts close to body & moves outward• Waves arms, hand – finger control

– Simple to Complex• Large muscle – small muscle • Torso – upper body

Influences on Growth & Development

• Typically, babies follow the same pattern, they do so at their own rate

• Terms are used interchangeably, but they are not the same thing

• Growth – changes in size, weight & length • Development – increases & changes in

physical, social or intellectual skills

1. Identify the months at which the average child can do the following:

- begins to sit without support- Make take a few steps without holding on

- can hold head up- pulls to stand- when lying on stomach, pushes to elbows

2. What are developmental milestones?3. What are the three patterns of development?4. What influences growth and development?

Influences on Growth & Development

• Both heredity (nature) & environment (nurture)

• Developmental milestone – a key skill used to check a child’s progress

Growth & Development during the 1st year

• Typically triple birth weight • Usually increase length by about 50%• Growth chart – shows the average weight &

height of boys & girls at various ages – Few match –remember they grow at own rate– Dr. watches for a steady pattern of growth

Weight

• Weight gains – one of the best signs of good health

• Most lose about 10% of their birth weight in the first five days

• After they begin to gain weight rapidly • 1st 6 months = gain 1 – 2 lbs/month• 2nd 6 months = 1 lb• Average weight 1 year old = 20 – 22 lbs• Boys typically weight more than girls

Quiz 12-5-14

1. How many pounds does an infant gain during the 1st 6 months? 2nd 6 months 2. How much does an infant increase their length by their first birthday?3. Who typically weighs more (infancy) boys or girls?4. Identify the three patterns of development.5. What is the difference between growth and development?6. Identify the five areas of development.7. What do babies like to look at?8. When does a baby start to hear?9. What could cause a child to have a language delay?

Length

• Length rather than height b/c they are measured lying down

• Steadily grow in length due to bone growth is rapid

• Average newborn – 19 in” – 21”• Heredity – strong influence • Boys slightly longer than girls

Body Shape of a Newborn

• Tend to hold themselves in a tightly curled position w/fist clenched, legs bent, & feet curved inward

• Head may have a elongated shape (child birth)

• Arms & legs skinny• Abdomen – large• Umbilical cord stump – dries up &

drops off in 3 weeks revealing navel• Legs & feet straighten out 6 months

Proportion

• Refers to the size relationship between the parts of the body

• Compared to body – head & abdomen – large

• Legs & arms – short and small• Baby’s head grows rapidly to

accommodate (make room for) the swiftly developing brain

•

What do you think babies like to look at???

Sight/Vision • Improves rapidly, 1st blurry• Within week – focus on objects

that are 7 -10 in” away– 1 mo. – three feet– 6 mos – eyesight reaches the

clarity & sharpness of the adult level

• At 1st, babies see world in 2 dimensions

• Depth perception – ability to perceive objects that are three-dimensional 2nd mo – Hand-eye coordination –

ability to move their hands & fingers precisely in relation to what is seen • Reach for objects 3 mo –

important milestone

• Patterns & colors • High contrast –

alternating stripes, bull’s eye or faces– Color red or

blue

• Newborns also like:– Horizontal & diagonal designs to vertical ones– Spiral patterns & concentric circles more than

solid-colored circles– Fabrics with simple designs with high contrast

background – Objects that move with breeze, stroller or car seat– Enjoy balls, rings & hoops– FAVORITE visual preference – FACE

Hearing

• Develops before birth• Full term baby – tell general direction• Newborns respond to tone of voice, not

words• 7 mos – recognize parents & caregivers

by voice• Language development begins with

hearing words first, then imitating – understanding

• Premature & infections = hearing problems – language development delay

Smell & Taste

• Surrounded by amniotic fluid before arrival – sense of smell does not develop until after birth

• Develops quickly– 10 days – know mommy by smell

• Taste – quickly – 2 weeks – can taste the difference– Learn by using their mouths

• Put everything in there!!– Clean, not sharp, not too small

Review/Quiz

• How much does an infant increase their length by the 1st birthday?

• When should you introduce “solid” foods?• How much weight do infants gain during their first

year?• Explain an infant’s body shape. • Identify the three patterns of physical development.• Why is breast milk best for an infant.• Identify four reflexes that are present at birth.

Review/Quiz:

• What is failure to thrive?• Identify and explain the six different reflexes that

newborns have.• Why is sleep so important?• Identify the 3 different patterns of physical

development.• When should you introduce solid foods to an

infant?• When should you introduce cow’s milk?• How should you warm up a baby’s bottle?

Failure to thrive

• An infant’s rate of growth slows considerably over time

• May indicate a health problem exist• Possible causes:– diseases– Baby’s food is not providing enough nutrients– Feedings are offered too infrequently or last too short

at a time– Baby is not held, touched or talked to, or is abused or

neglected

Reflexes

• Automatic, unlearned behaviors • Clue to the health & maturity of the nervous

system• Absence or weakness may result from

prematurity or a congenital problem. • Babies need some for survival– Rooting reflex • Baby finds an object with the mouth, the baby begins

to suck

Reflexes • Palmar (grasping) Reflex– Fingers tighten around any object placed in hand– Grasp strong enough to lift them into sitting

position

Reflexes

• Plantar (grasping) Reflex– Toes tighten around any object when the ball of

the foot is stroked– Disappears between 8-15 months

• Babinski Reflex– Toes fan out if the outside of the sole is stroked

from heel to toe– Ends around 1 year of age

Reflex

• Moro (startle) Reflex– Newborns fling arms and legs out, and pulls them

back again when startled

Reflex

• Walking Reflex– When babies feet touch a solid surface,

alternating steps are taken as in walking– Disappears 3-4 months

Well-Baby Checkup

• A routine medical visit in which the doctor examines a baby for signs of good health & proper growth

Voice

• Newborn’s cry = shrill• Softens as the baby’s lungs mature– Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, lips,

teeth & vocal cords • Babbles (ooh, ah)

Caring for an Infant

• Handling a Baby• Feeding an infant• Dressing a Baby• Sleep

Handling a Baby

• Infants need to be moved & held for different reasons

• Remember when you hold an infant, you have the chance to strengthen your bond & to help the baby feel secure & happy!!!

• Require greatest care – neck muscles cannot support their head

• Must keep your hand/arm under neck & head at all times.

Holding a newborn in your arm

• Hold the baby upright, cradled in the curve of your arm. Your arms supports the baby’s head & neck, and you can easily maintain eye contact w/the baby

Holding a newborn against your chest

• Hold the baby against your chest , so that the baby faces – or peeks over – your shoulder. Use your hand to support the baby’s neck & hand.

Putting a Newborn Down

• Continue to support both the neck and head and the body. Bend over, keeping the baby close to your body until the baby’s body is resting on a surface that can support his or her body. Then remove your arms.

Gentle Handling

• Never shake or jiggle • Thousands of babies each year suffer from

shaken baby syndrome - caused when someone severely shakes the baby (stop crying)

• Damage to brain, learning problems, mental retardation, blindness, deafness, death

Shaken Baby Syndrome

• A condition that occurs when someone severely shakes a baby, usually in an effort to make her stop crying.

• Can lead to:– Brain damage– Mental retardation– Cerebral palsy– Blindness – Broken bones– Death

When a baby cries = frustration

• Put the baby down in safe place – go to a different room – calm down before returning

• Ask friend/relative to take care of the baby• Take deep breaths – look at the window• Call someone and talk about problem until

you calm down

Baby Routine

• Why do you think a bed time routine is important for an infant?

• What do you think should be included in the routine?

Bedtime Routines

• Sleep – essential for growth & development– Brain to work properly– Allows the release of chemicals in the body that

contribute to growth – Body’s cells – repairing & building

• Some babies sleep more than others– Active babies – need more sleep– Sleep more days than others

Bedtime Routines

• Safety precautions– Safe bed– Nothing in the crib – suffocation – Babies – face up – helps prevent SIDs

• Relaxed & pleasant experience• Consistent bedtime routine – calm down the

baby– Warm bath, reading a story, rocking the baby – Find one the works for you

Sleep PatternAge Hours of Sleep Description

Newborn 16 4-5 naps (3-4 hours each)

3 months 14-15 Longer sleeping period at night

4 months 12-14 Take naps midmorning & late afternoonSleeps at night

6 months 12-14 Sleeps about six hours at night Takes two long naps in the day

1 year 12 hours 9-10 hours at night1-2 naps in the day

Feeding a Baby

• More than physical nourishment• Contact w/others• Learn more about the world

Feeding

• People need nutrients to grow & stay healthy• Newborns grow quickly – nutrients especially

important• Breast milk – BEST– Advantages for baby, mother and family

• American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breast-feeding for at least the first 12 months of life

Feeding Methods

• 1st year – breast milk or formula– Breast Milk - #1 – antibodies – fight germs, easy to

digest, & babies get fewer ear infections, respiratory infections, allergies & asthma, germ free• Lacks vitamin D – important for bone growth – Sunlight,

supplement• World health organization – 1 year

– Formula – designed for babies• Not all mothers can physically produce milk • Milk based – milk has been modified – to eliminate

digestive problems

Feeding Methods

• Not cow’s milk – too hard for them to digest, contains minerals their kidneys cannot process

• 1st 6 months of life – needs can be met through formula/breast milk only

• after 6 months – babies should be introduced to solid foods

Feeding Schedules

• Newborn’s feeding & sleeping schedule unpredictable at first– Newborns need to eat as much as they want & as

often• Feedings are necessary b/c a newborns

stomach can hold only small amounts– Breast fed babies eat more often

• 2nd – 3rd month – regular pattern emerges • About 12 lbs – babies can sleep thru night

Feeding from the Bottle

• Hold the baby close in a semi-upright position• Neck & head supported• Head well above the stomach• Hold bottle at angle– Baby can suck comfortably & less air

• Warm bottle – not necessary – Warm it – place in pan of water on stove until

lukewarm

Bottle-Feeding

• If using a formula that needs water – bottled water or water that has been boiled.

• Wash bottles in dishwater or hot, sudsy water followed by a boiling water rinse

• Disposable liners – 24 hours

Feeding

• Check temperature on wrist – lukewarm• Never heat in the microwave• Formula left in bottle – throw it away– Bacteria can grow quickly

• Feeding bottle should be sterilized• Never leave a bottle propped up so baby drinks

alone• Healthy babies usually eat the amount they

need

Burping the Baby

• No matter the method, burp the baby as least twice – once during feeding & once when the feeding is over

• Breast feeding – burp during the switch from one breast to the other

• Protect your clothing – burping cloth• It is okay if the baby does not burp• Why must you burp the baby?

– They swallow air along with the liquid• Discomfort

– Don’t be surprise if the baby doesn’t burp

Small Group Activity (Partner (2))

• You are to prepare a cartoon strip titled “Things to Do When Bottle-Feeding Your Baby”

• Content of strip– How to prepare formula– How to hold the baby during feeding– How & why to burp the baby– Be creative!!

Bell Work

• On table under Child Development Bulletin Board – pick up 8-1/3 Quiz.– You may not know all the answers, but some you

should know– We will go over the answers!!

– We have a couple of thing to discuss– Then you will complete your comic strip!!

Presentations/Posters!

Topic Page Voice/Signs of Hearing Problems Page 255-256

Average Motor Skills Page 258-259Handling a Baby/Newborn Safely/Gentle Handling

268-270

Nutritional Concerns/Overfeeding/Inadequate Feeding

Page 275-276

Structure of the Brain/Parts of the Brain Page 260-261How the Brain Works/Becomes Organized/Speeding the Brain’s Work

Page 262-264

Rules to Build a Brain By/Organized Once? Page 265-266

Introducing New Foods

• Around 6 months other foods will be added• Pediatrician will recommend when to

introduce “solid” foods• Most babies = no rush• Choose a time when baby is happy, content

and well

Introducing New Foods

• B/c the food is unfamiliar – spit back the first spoonfuls

• Introduce it later or combine it with a favorite • PATIENCE

Introducing New Foods Tips

• Hold baby in an upright position• If baby is used to lukewarm formula – heat solid

foods to lukewarm– NEVER use the microwave

• Be prepared for messy feedings• Cereal – running, dilute with formula or breast milk

– NEVER put in bottle = choke• Do not feed baby from the jar. (Bacteria) Put small

amount in bowl and refrigerate leftover immediately

Weaning

• Changing from drinking from the bottle or breast to a drinking from a cup

• Important sign of the baby’s increasing independence

• No precise age, 9 months – common• Usually baby will show signs

– Playing or looking around, pushing away, likes to eat from a spoon

• Do not force – other feeding & behavior problems

• Little Johnny is two and is still taking a bottle. Do you feel that you should talk to his parents? Why or Why not?

Self-feeding

• Sit up steadily (8 – 10 months) baby will show signs– eat with fingers & reach for spoon– Big milestone – signals increased independence

• 1st – fun more baby, but not much eating will take place – PATIENCE & humor – Encourage

• Foods that can break up easily in mouth - best

List

• Create a list of foods to avoid.

Nutritional Concerns

• Your responsibility = making sure baby’s nutritional needs are being met

• Problems = too much food/liquids, too little food/liquids or the wrong kinds of foods

• Malnutrition – inadequate nutrition. – Poor nutrition is linked to poor brain development

= learning difficulties

Inadequate Nutrition

• Infants = very specific nutritional needs• Enough calories = rapid growth• Nutrient rich foods • Food that is easy to digest• Adequate amounts of liquid

Inadequate Nutrition

• Can cause lasting physical problems • Many government & community programs

help to eliminate malnutrion • WIC – Women, Infants & Children program

Overfeeding

• As they gain weight – they may look fat• Most will slim down by age three• Bottle fed more likely to be overfed• Worried talk to pediatrician • Healthy eating habits – established early in life• Small nutritious foods – smaller portions • MyPlate

• What are some causes of inadequate nutrition?

• What are signs of malnutrition??

Do you know the signs

• Growth = below average• Nervous or irritable behavior• Wounds that are slow to heal• Hair = thin, dull, lifeless, easy to pull out• Swollen eyelids• Poor posture• Poor coordination • Diarrhea

What do you think

• Mashed bananas• Hot dogs• Grapes• Peanuts• Small cereal pieces

• Which foods do you think are appropriate for a baby to self feed

Dressing a baby

• Stretch the shirt not the baby– Clothing – durable clothing, not fancy • Comfort & ease

• Crawling – clothes need to allow for more movement & be durable

• Walk – barefoot – more flexibility at the ankle and allow them to grip the floor with their toes

Choosing Clothing

• Clothing – baby’s weight & age (weight is typically more reliable)

• Most parents – buy sizes a little larger due to extended wear – be careful

• Snaps in the inner legs – diaper changing• Shirts that snap rather than pull over – easier

to use with young babies

• Complete the worksheet at your table!!

How to bathe a baby• Prepare for the baby’s bath

– Gather everything you need prior to

• Put the baby in the tub– Check temperature with elbow– Support baby’s head and neck– Lower baby into bath, feet first

• Wash the baby’s face– Clean water, pat dry

• Wash the baby’s body• Wash and rinse baby’s hair• Dry the baby

– Immediately wrap baby in towel– Pat dry

Bathing a Baby

• NEVER leave baby alone• Cradle cap – skin condition known for

yellowish, crusty patches on the scalp– Most cases – disappear after or few weeks or

months– Treatments – washing scalp daily with mild

shampoo, baby oil• Excessive washing/baby oil – worsen

• Good time to trim nails

Diapering a Baby• Most essential part of baby’s wardrobe• Young babies = 12 - 15 changes a day – Wet diaper – uncomfortable = cry

• Common problem – diaper rash – a condition that includes patches of rough, red, irritated skin in the diaper area– Treatments – changing the diaper frequently &

thoroughly cleaning the baby– Medicated cream– Exposing area to air

Diaper Options

• Disposable Diapers – More convenient & effective at keeping babies dry

& comfortable– Babies may develop a sensitivity to the diapers– Adds significantly to environmental waste– Expensive

• Cloth Diapers – Most economical choice if washed at home – Cost more if washed and provided by a service– More environmentally friendly

How to change diaper

• Remove the diaper and clean the baby• Put on fresh diaper• Dispose of used supplies

Teething

• Develop of teeth – 6th week of pregnancy• Teeth normally break through gums at 4 - 6

months or later• Complete set – 20 months • Teething – is the process of the teeth pushing

their way through the gums– Gums – tends and swell = painful– Cranky, fuss during meals, low-grade fever &

chews on everything

Teething

• Most physicians do not recommend using medications – Numbing medications – difficult for baby to eat and

swallow

• Fever – check with pediatrician • Once baby’s teeth, emerge (appear) – clean

them regularly– Wipe with a soft, damp cloth– Gently brush them– Some dentist recommend cleaning gums prior to

Safety Concerns

• List safety concerns that you feel would be important for all caregivers to be aware of

Safety Concerns

• Choking• Suffocation• Water• Fall• Poisoning• Burns

• Sun • Animals• Clothing

Regular Check Ups

• 2 weeks• 2 months• 4 months • 6 months• 9 months• 12 months

• Immunization – shot of a small amount of dead or weakened disease-carrying germ given so baby can build resistance

• Vaccine – disease carry germ that is injected in the body