chapter 6: the baby’s arrival
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Chapter 6: The Baby’s Arrival. Section 1: The Birth Process. Objectives. Recognize the ways in which labor may begin Outline the 3 stages of labor Describe a newborn’s physical changes and appearance at birth. The Beginning of Labor. Many changes within the last days - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 6:THE BABY’S
ARRIVALSection 1: The Birth Process
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OBJECTIVES Recognize the ways in which labor may
begin Outline the 3 stages of labor Describe a newborn’s physical changes
and appearance at birth
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THE BEGINNING OF LABOR Many changes
within the last days
Different for each woman
One of the first signs is lighteningthe baby
“dropping”
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DEFINITE SIGNS Show, bloody
show– “losing the mucus plug”Cervix: lower part
of uterus Sealed with mucus
throughout pregnancy Prevents bacteria &
infection Before labor, mucus
starts to liquefy Woman may notice a
few drops of blood
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DEFINITE SIGNS Water breaking
Range from trickle to gush
The membrane holding the amniotic fluid has broken
For many: doesn’t happen until she is at the hospital
When it breaks woman should note details and tell doctor
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CONTRACTIONS Only clear sign that
labor is underway Tightening and
releasing of the uterine muscle
Follow a characteristic pattern Over time they get
longer, stronger, and closer together
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FETAL MONITORING DEVICE Used during
labor to record infant’s heart rate & contractions
Medical staff determines the degree of stress on the fetus
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STAGES OF LABOR Progresses
through 3 stages:
1. Contractions open the cervix
2. Baby is born3. Placenta is
expelled
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FIRST STAGE During each
contraction, the muscles shorten and thickenPulling open the
cervixSlowly thinning and
opening until it is wide enough for the baby
Cervix dilates (widens)4 in or 10 cm
Cervix becomes thinner¾ in sheet of
paper“Effacement”
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FIRST STAGE: CONTRACTIONS Longer= 60
seconds Stronger Closer together 5-6
min Needs increasing
support from partner
Should be at the hospital by this time
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POSITIONING Baby should be
head down If not= breech
positioningDoctor evaluates
to determine vaginal delivery or cesarean birth
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1ST STAGE: THE MOTHER Needs to stay relaxed Fear & tension cause
muscles to tighten Can slow down labor Make it more
uncomfortable Childbirth classes can
help with breathing & relaxation techniques
Find a comfortable position
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END OF 1ST STAGE Contractions are
90 seconds and 2-3 minute apart
Fully dilated This time is
called “Transition”
Most difficult part of labor to cope with
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HEALTH TIP If the mother finds
the 1st stage difficult and very long May choose to use
medication Dull pain or
completely numb an area
Benefits & risks are involved
Possible side effects
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2ND STAGE Cervix is completely
dilated Baby’s head has
entered the vagina Contractions no
longer stretch cervix they push the baby down
May only last several minutes and up to several hours
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THE PELVIS How does a baby
fit through a small opening?
The bones of pelvis are connected by ligaments which stretch
Pregnancy hormones help to stretch
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2ND STAGE: THE BABY Body is specially
adapted for birth Skull is soft and
flexible Becomes longer and
narrower than normal 5 Bones of skull can
overlap to fit through the pelvis and vagina
If baby is not fitting properly, several procedures may occur
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2ND STAGE: POSSIBLE PROCEDURES Episiotomy: widening
the vaginal opening with a surgical incision
Many doctors and midwives try to avoid this if possible
Women need to be able to relax all muscles to allow for stretching
Doctors may need to use forceps Specialized tongs
that are molded to fit the shape of the baby’s head
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END OF THE 2ND STAGE Women can give birth
in a variety of positions Most common:
semisitting position with legs apart and knees bent
Usually a special delivery bed is used
As the baby moves down the birth canal, the head appears first, then one shoulder, and then the other, then: The baby is born!
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3RD STAGE OF LABOR Uterus gives birth to the
placenta May be as brief as 2
minutes or may last up to half an hour
After a period of rest, mother may feel more contractions Help the placenta separate
from wall of uterus Placenta is soft and comes
away easily Once placenta is delivered,
the process is complete!
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CESAREAN BIRTH Not all births progress through the 3
stages Cesarean birth: delivery of a baby
through a surgical incision in the mother’s abdomen
Mother may remain awake, father may be present
If known beforehand, special childbirth class may be recommended
After surgery, mother and baby usually stay for 4 days
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CULTURAL EXCHANGE Julius Caesar’s
doctor realized Julius’ mother was dying during childbirthPerformed a
radical surgery Now called
Caesarean Section!
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PAST VS. PRESENT Past: if a woman had a
C-section generally would always have C-sections Due to scar
Concern would rupture the uterine wall
Present: improvement in surgery increases safety Incision is made very low Receives little stress during
contractions Physicians will encourage
vaginal births for the 2nd child unless medical reasons prohibit
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NEWBORN AT BIRTH First several hours, the
baby goes through amazing changes
Throughout pregnancy the baby’s lungs are filled with fluid Oxygen through blood in
umbilical cord Pressure through birth
canal expels the fluid When baby is delivered
the lungs expand and the baby takes first breath
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BREATHING AT BIRTH Breathing reflex
continues on own May need help from
doctor or nurse Suctioned out Rub baby’s back
Baby takes in oxygen from air & circulatory system changes A valve in the heart
closes and becomes permanently sealed
Blood now circulates to and from the lungs, rather than bypassing the lungs
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UMBILICAL CORD No longer
needed Within a few
minutes, the cord stops pulsing and begins to shrink
The cord is clamped, tied, and cut off
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HOW DOES THE NEWBORN LOOK? Head: wobbly &
largeAccounts for ¼ of
the body lengthMay be lopsided or
pointed Temporary
2 fontanels: open spaces where the bones of baby’s skull have not permanently joined
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FONTANELS “Soft spots” Largest is just above
the baby’s forehead Second is toward
the back Spaces allow for the
bones to move together
6-18 months the bone covers the spaces completely
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OTHER FEATURES Fat cheeks Short, flat nose Receding chin These features make
the baby’s face well adapted for sucking Nose & chin are out of
the way Eyes are near adult
sized Dark graying-blue Permanent eye color
within several months
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SKIN COLORING At time of birth
Dusky color After breathing skin
color improves Circulatory system
takes time to adjust Fingers and toes may
remain bluish, cooler Baby needs to stay
warm Wrapping in blanket Cap on head
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HAIR & SKIN Soft, fine hair may
cover babies skin Baby is covered in
vernix Rich, creamy substance Protects skin from
amniotic fluid At birth, some may be
left in the skin folds Tiny white bumps
“Milia” plugged oil ducts Disappears after week
or two
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KANGAROO CARE Research into
immediate skin-to-skin contact Mother & baby
Debate between benefits & risks
Kangaroo Care