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The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206 by adulthood. Mice and giraffes have the same number of bones in their neck as a human: 7. The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5 mph.

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Page 1: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Axial Skeleton

Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as

limestone.

Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206 by

adulthood.

Mice and giraffes have the same number of bones in

their neck as a human: 7.

The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph.

The human skull will fracture at 5 mph.

Page 2: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

About 206 bones Sesamoid bones range

from (2-26)

2 major divisions: Axial

Appendicular

Page 3: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Axial Skeleton

Head, neck, trunk

Skull

Hyoid bone

Vertebral Column

Thoracic Cage (12 pairs

of ribs)

Sternum

Page 4: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Axial Skeleton

Fig 7-1

Page 5: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Axial Skeleton

Functions of the Axial Skeleton

Supports and protects organs in body cavities

Attaches to muscles of

Head, neck, and trunk

Respiration

Appendicular skeleton

Page 6: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

The skull protects The brain Entrances to respiratory system Entrance to digestive system

The skull contains 22 bones 8 cranial bones:

Form the braincase or cranium

14 facial bones: Protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory

tracts

Page 7: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

The cranial part of the skull is composed of 8 curved plates of bone that interlock with each other

Fig 7-3© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 8: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

Fig 7-3© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 9: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

14 bones form the face

Fig 7-3d© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 10: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

Fig 7-3e© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 11: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

Fig 7-4

Page 12: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

Fig 7-4

Page 13: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

Superficial Facial Bones (for muscle attachment) Maxillae = maxillary bones Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Mandible

Deep Facial Bones 1. Separate the oral and nasal cavities 2. Form the nasal septum Palatine bones Inferior nasal conchae Vomer

Page 14: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

Sinuses Cavities that decrease the weight of the skull

Lined with mucous membranes

Protect the entrances of the respiratory system

Sutures The immovable joints of the skull

The four major sutures Lambdoid suture

Coronal suture

Sagittal suture

Squamous suture

Page 15: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

__________________ Suture Between occipital & parietal

bones May contain sutural (Wormian)

bones

__________________ Suture Between frontal & parietal bones The calvaria (skullcap)

Consists of occipital, parietal, and frontal bones

__________________ Suture Between the parietal bones From lambdoid suture to coronal

sutureFig 7-3

Page 16: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Skull

___________________ Sutures Form boundaries between temporal bones and parietal bones

Fig 7-3

Page 17: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The Cranial Bones Occipital bone

Parietal bones

Frontal bone

Temporal bones

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Page 18: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The _________________ Bone Functions of the occipital bone

Forms the posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium

Articulations of the occipital bone Parietal bones Temporal bones Sphenoid (underneath) First cervical vertebra (atlas)

Marks of the occipital bone External occipital protuberance (bulge) External occipital crest (prominent ridge):

– to attach ligaments

Page 19: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull The Occipital Bone

Marks of the occipital bone

Occipital ________: articulate with

neck

Inferior and superior nuchal

lines: attachment site of muscles

and ligaments

Foramina of the occipital bone

____________________: connects

cranial and spinal cavities

Jugular foramen: for jugular vein

_________________________: for

hypoglossal nerves Fig 7-5

Page 20: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The ___________________ Bones Functions of the parietal bones

Forms part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium

Articulations of the parietal bones Other parietal bone

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

Frontal bone

Sphenoid

Page 21: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The Parietal Bones

Marks of the parietal

bones

Superior and inferior

temporal lines:

– to attach temporalis

muscle

Grooves for cranial

blood vessels

Fig 7-5

Page 22: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The __________________ bone

Functions of the frontal bone

Forms the anterior cranium and upper eye sockets

Contains frontal sinuses

– Cavities lined with mucous membranes that protect the entrances of

the respiratory system

Articulations of the frontal Bone

Parietal bone

Maxilla

Metopic suture

Ethmoid

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Sphenoid

Nasal bone

Page 23: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The Frontal Bone Marks of the frontal bone

Frontal squama (forehead) Supra-orbital margin (protects

eye) _________________(for tear ducts) Frontal sinuses

Foramina of the frontal bone Supra-orbital foramen:

– for blood vessels of eyebrows, eyelids, and frontal sinuses

Supra-orbital notch:– an incomplete supra-orbital

foramen Fig 7-6

Page 24: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The Temporal Bones Functions of the temporal bones

Part of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches

Articulate with mandible Surround and protect inner ear Attach muscles of jaws and head

Articulations of the temporal bones Zygomatic bone Sphenoid Parietal bone Occipital bone Mandible Fig 7-7

Page 25: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

Marks of the Temporal Bones Squamous part: borders the squamous suture

Mandibular fossa (depression): articulates with the

mandible

___________________ process (projection or bump) Inferior to the squamous portion

Articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone

Forms zygomatic arch (cheekbone) ______________________ (canal): ends at tympanic

membrane Mastoid process

For muscle attachment

Page 26: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The _________________

Functions of the Sphenoid

Part of the floor of the cranium

Unites cranial and facial bones

Strengthens sides of the skull

Contains sphenoidal sinuses

Articulations of the Sphenoid Ethmoid Frontal bone Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Palatine bones Zygomatic bones Maxillae Vomer

Page 27: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

Greater wing forms part of the cranial floorHypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica holds the ____________Foramens hold blood vessels & nerves of the face and jaws

Fig 7-8

Page 28: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

The ______________

Functions of the ethmoid

Forms anteromedial floor

of the cranium

Roof of the nasal cavity

Part of the nasal septum

and medial orbital wall

Contains ethmoidal air

cells (network of sinuses)

Fig 7-4

Page 29: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

Articulations of the Ethmoid Frontal bone Sphenoid Maxillary bones Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Palatine bone Inferior nasal conchae Vomer

Page 30: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Cranial Bones of the Skull

Parts of the Ethmoid The _______________ plate

Floor of the cranium

Roof of the nasal cavity

Contains crista galli

The 2 lateral masses Superior and middle nasal conchae

The perpendicular plate Part of the nasal septum

__________________ foramina In the cribriform plate

For olfactory nervesFig 7-9

Page 31: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Facial Bones of the Skull

The Facial Bones Maxillae (2 maxillary bones - upper jaw)

Palatine bones (2, posterior portion of hard palate)

Nasal bones (2, support bridge of nose & connect to cartilage)

Vomer (1, forms inferior portion of the bony nasal septum)

Inferior nasal conchae (2) 1. Creates air turbulance in nasal cavity to warm and humidify

inhaled air 2. increases epithelial surface area

Zygomatic bones (2, lateral wall of the orbit and cheeks)

Lacrimal bones (2, medial wall of the orbit)

Mandible (1, lower jaw)

Page 32: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Facial Bones of the Skull

The Hyoid Bone

Functions of the

hyoid bone Supports the ______

Attaches muscles of

the larynx, pharynx,

and tongue

Fig 7-12

Page 33: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Orbital Complex

Fig 7-13

Page 34: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Vertebral Column

The spine or vertebral column

Protects the spinal cord

Supports the head and body

26 bones

24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and

the coccyx

Fig 7-16

Page 35: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Vertebral Column

Vertebrae The neck

7 ___________________ vertebrae

C1 (superior) to C7 (inferior)

C1 articulates with the skull

The upper back (T1-T12) 12 __________________ vertebrae

Each articulates with one or more pair of ribs

The lower back (L1-L5) 5 ___________________ vertebrae

L5 articulates with the sacrum

Page 36: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Vertebral Column

The Sacrum (S) and Coccyx (Co)

The fifth lumbar vertebra articulates with the

____________________

The sacrum articulates with the

____________________

Page 37: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Vertebral Column

Structure of a Vertebra

The vertebral body (________)

Transfers weight along the spine

Intravertebral discs provide

flexibility and protection

The vertebral arch

Vertebral foramen encloses the

_______________________

The articular processes

Lateral projections between

laminae and pediclesFig 7-18

Page 38: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Vertebral Column

Fig 7-18

Intervertebral discs are pads of cartilage that (1) separate the ________________________(2) absorb shock(3) provide flexibility

Page 39: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

Distinctive features:1._____________________ for passage of vertebral arteries to brain.2.Prominent dorsal spinous processes3.___________ vertebral body (only have to support the head)4.Large vertebral ________ (passage of largest part of spinal cord) Fig 7-19

Page 40: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions The Cervical Vertebrae

Atlas (_________) Articulates with occipital condyles of skull

Has no body or spinous process (the others do)

Has a large, round foramen within anterior and posterior arches

Fig 7-19

Page 41: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)

Have heart-shaped bodies

________bodies than in C1–C7

Smaller vertebral _________

than in C1–C7

Long, slender spinous

processes

Dorsolateral surfaces of body

have costal facets:

Which articulate with heads of ribs Fig 7-20

Page 42: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions Thoracic vertebrae

(T1–T12) Ribs at T1–T10

Contact costal and transverse costal facets

T1–T8 articulate with two pairs of ribs At superior and inferior

costal facets

T9–T11 articulate with one pair of ribs

T10–T12 transition to lumbar vertebrae

Fig 7-20

Page 43: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) ___________ vertebrae Thicker bodies than T1–

T12

Transverse processes Slender Project dorsolaterally

Spinous process: Short, heavy For attachment of lower

back musclesFig 7-21

Page 44: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) Oval-shaped bodies No costal or transverse

costal facets (Why?) Triangular vertebral foramen Superior articular processes

Face up and in

Inferior articular processes Face down and out

Larger _______ (supporting weight of upper skeleton)

Fig 7-21

Page 45: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Vertebral Regions

Page 46: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 47: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 48: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Vertebral Column

Figure 7–17 Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine.

Page 49: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

The __________________ Is curved, more in males than in females

Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs

Attaches The axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton

Broad muscles that move the thigh

The adult sacrum Consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

Fuses between puberty and ages 25–30

Leaving transverse lines

Page 50: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

The __________________ Attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the

anus Mature coccyx

Consists of three to five fused coccygeal vertebrae

Fig 7-21

Page 51: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

Vertebral Regions

Ilium

Ischial bone

Ishial tuberosityPubis

Acetabulum

Page 52: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Thoracic Cage

Fig 7-23a

The skeleton of the chest Supports the thoracic

cavity Consists of:

– thoracic vertebrae

– ribs

– sternum (breastbone)

The Rib Cage Formed of ribs and

sternum

Page 53: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Thoracic Cage

Functions of the Thoracic Cage

Protects organs of the thoracic

cavity Heart, lungs, and thymus

Attaches muscles For respiration

Of the vertebral column

Of the pectoral girdle

Of the upper limbsFig 7-23b

Page 54: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Thoracic Cage

Ribs

Are mobile

Can absorb shock

Functions of ribs Rib movements (breathing):

– affect width and depth of

thoracic cage

– changing its volume

Fig 7-24c

Page 55: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Thoracic Cage

Ribs 1–7 (true ribs) Vertebrosternal ribs Connected to the sternum by __________ cartilages

Ribs 8–12 (false ribs) Do not attach directly to the sternum _________________________ribs (ribs 8–10)

Fuse together Merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum

___________________ or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12) Connect only to the vertebrae and back muscles Have no connection with the sternum

Page 56: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Thoracic Cage

Structures of the Ribs

The head (capitulum)

At the vertebral end of the rib

Has superior and inferior articular facets

The neck

The short area between the head and the tubercle

Page 57: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Thoracic Cage

Structures of the Ribs

The tubercle (tuberculum) A small dorsal elevation

Has an auricular facet that contacts the facet of its

thoracic vertebra (at T1–T10 only)

The tubercular body (shaft) Attaches muscles of the pectoral girdle and trunk

Attaches to the intercostal muscles that move the

ribs

Page 58: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Thoracic Cage

Fig 7-24

Page 59: The Axial Skeleton Fun Facts About Bones Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. Babies are born with 300 bones, but only have 206

The Thoracic Cage

The sternum

A flat bone

In the midline of the

thoracic wall

Three parts of the

sternum

The __________

The sternal body

The xiphoid process

- articulates with the clavicles & 1st ribs

- attaches to costal cartilages of ribs 2-7

- attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles


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