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ESC 5000.2016

The Australian Battery Guide

Energy Storage Council (ESC)

The Australian Battery Guide

Guide for Energy Storage Systems (sales, design, installation and stewardship)

Revision 0.9 May 2016

Document Number: 003

Copyright and published by Energy Storage Council, ACT, Australia 2016 Author: Peter Cockburn

Release Notes: Revision 0.9 - High level overview of The Australian Battery Guide. The ESC have released this revision to actively seek feedback and comment for a rapid release of Revision 1.0.

Guide for ESS Installation - Revision 0.9 May 2016 of 36 Copyright 2016

PREFACE

This guide, prepared by the Australian Energy Storage Council (ESC), is an easy to understand framework designed to provide guidance to the energy storage industry and consumers in the interim while formal Australian Standards and being developed for the sector. Industry leading companies are committed to the highest levels of safety and performance. Together with consumers and other stakeholders the industry is actively involved in creating ‘worlds best practice’ when it comes to producing, selling, using and disposing of energy storage products. Together we have a shared responsibility to mange energy storage products and materials to reduce their impact on the environment and manage any risks they may pose to human health and safety. Over the last few years battery technology has undergone rapid change with a range of new chemistries being developed. It is no longer practical to dedicate a standard to a single battery chemistry. A new approach is required to accommodate the wide variety of battery chemistry under a single design and installation guide. Lithium-ion based batteries are quickly gaining market share in this sector. As such we have carefully considered the appropriate management required for this class of batteries in this guide. That said, this guide is designed to grow and be enhanced, augmented and updated to be applicable to all emerging ESS technologies. This approach to provide ‘just in time’ expert advice is focused in the first instance at identifying areas where the current understanding is lacking and additional work is required to maintain system safety. Feedback and comment on this guide is always welcome.


CONTENTS

1 SCOPE & GENERAL .................................................................................................. 6 1.1 SCOPE ................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ............................................................................ 6 1.3 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................... 7 1.4 ESS Installation Types ........................................................................................ 8

1.4.1 UPS ............................................................................................................. 8 1.4.2 GRID HYBRID ............................................................................................. 8 1.4.3 OFF-GRID ................................................................................................... 9 1.4.4 Other ESS Functions ................................................................................. 10 1.4.5 Renewable Output Variation Mitigation .................................................... 13

2 Energy & Power Assessment .................................................................................. 13 3 Specifying — Energy Storage System Performance ............................................... 15 4 System Configuration .............................................................................................. 16

4.1 UPS .................................................................................................................. 16 4.2 ESS T Configuration ......................................................................................... 19 4.3 ESS Critical Loads ............................................................................................ 21 4.4 ESS Off Grid (Stand Alone Power System) ...................................................... 22

5 Selection of Battery Technology ............................................................................. 23 5.1 General ............................................................................................................. 23 5.2 Safety Data Sheet (SDS) ................................................................................... 23

5.2.1 SDS - Key Information Areas .................................................................... 24 6 Hazards associated with batteries .......................................................................... 25 7 Battery Classification ............................................................................................... 25

7.1 Category 1 - Un-defined ................................................................................... 26 7.2 Category 2 - Explosive Atmospheres ............................................................... 26 7.3 Category 3 - High Temperature ........................................................................ 26 7.4 Category 4 - Toxic Atmospheres ..................................................................... 26 7.5 Category 5 - Hazardous Spills .......................................................................... 26 7.6 Category 6 - Corrosive ..................................................................................... 26 7.7 Category 7 - Inert ............................................................................................. 27

8 Battery Accommodation ......................................................................................... 27 9 Battery Enclosure Requirements ............................................................................. 27

9.1 Enclosure Categories ....................................................................................... 28 9.1.1 Category 1 - Un-defined ........................................................................... 28 9.1.2 Category 2 - Explosive Atmospheres ....................................................... 28 9.1.3 Category 3 - High Temperature ................................................................ 28 9.1.4 Category 4 - Toxic Atmospheres .............................................................. 28 9.1.5 Category 5 - Hazardous Spills .................................................................. 28 9.1.6 Category 6 - Corrosive .............................................................................. 28 9.1.7 Category 7 - Inert ...................................................................................... 28

9.2 Enclosure - Egress and Access ........................................................................ 28 10 Battery Room Requirements ................................................................................ 29 11 Installation ............................................................................................................ 29 12 Labelling ............................................................................................................... 30

12.1 FIRE EMERGENCY SERVICES INFORMATION ........................................... 30 12.1.1 Warning sign Battery ............................................................................. 31 12.1.2 ESS Sign Overview - Example .............................................................. 31

13 Documentation ..................................................................................................... 32 14 Commissioning ..................................................................................................... 32 15 Maintenance ......................................................................................................... 33 16 Stewardship ......................................................................................................... 33 17 Australian Standards ............................................................................................ 34


FIGURES Figure 1 - ESS SCOPE ...................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2 - UPS ESS SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 8 Figure 3 - AC GRID HYBRID ESS BLOCK DIAGRAM ....................................................... 8 Figure 4 - DC GRID HYBRID ESS BLOCK DIAGRAM ....................................................... 9 Figure 5 - OFF-GRID ESS BLOCK DIAGRAM ................................................................... 9 Figure 6 - LOAD SHIFTING ............................................................................................. 10 Figure 7 - TARIFF OPTIMISATION .................................................................................. 11 Figure 8 - PEAK LOPPING .............................................................................................. 12 Figure 9 - EXPORT LIMITING .......................................................................................... 12 Figure 10 - NETWORK SUPPORT ................................................................................... 13 Figure 11 - ENERGY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................... 14 Figure 12 - ENERGY & POWER ASSESSMENT .............................................................. 14 Figure 13 - ESS SYSTEMS NOT EQUAL ........................................................................ 15 Figure 14 - UPS (STANDBY) - LAYOUT EXAMPLE ......................................................... 17 Figure 15 - UPS (ESS), WITH RENEWABLE - LAYOUT EXAMPLE ................................. 18 Figure 16 - ESS T CONFIGURATION - LAYOUT EXAMPLE ........................................... 19 Figure 17 - ESS DC TO DC - LAYOUT EXAMPLE ........................................................... 20 Figure 18 - CRITICAL LOADS - LAYOUT EXAMPLE ....................................................... 21 Figure 19 - ENCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS FLOW CHART ............................................ 26 Figure 20 - BATTERY SIGN ............................................................................................. 31 Figure 21 - ESS SIGNAGE OVERVIEW ........................................................................... 32

TABLES Table 1 - SDS KEY INFORMATION AREAS .................................................................... 24

EQUATIONS Equation 1 - TOTAL ENERGY THROUGHPUT (MWh) ...................................................... 7

Guide for ESS Installation - Revision 0.9 May 2016 Page 5 of 36 Copyright 2016




Guide for ESS Installation - Revision 0.9 May 2016 Page 5 of 36 Copyright 2016





1 SCOPE & GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE This guide specifies general requirements for design and installation of all ESS, including those connected, and not connected, to a power distribution system and those that are not connected to a power distribution system. The ESC is committed to responsible product stewardship throughout the lifecycle of these products. This includes identifying and managing the impacts of these products in their production, sale, use and disposal. There is a shared responsibility to ensure that those products or materials are managed in a way that reduces their impact, throughout their lifecycle, on the environment and on human health and safety. This Guide applies to installations of all types of batteries with a total capacity of 240Wh or greater (example; 24V with capacity of 10Ah). NOTE: The Australian Battery Guide will cover these areas;

Energy Assessment(Domestic / Commercial or

Industrial)

NO Energy Storage ESS – Performance

Requirements(Grid Hybrid or Off-Grid)

Selection of Battery Technology

(Grid Hybrid or Off-Grid)

1 2 3

Battery Classification(Determining the Battery

Category (s) )

4

Hazards Associated with Batteries

( WHS aspects of ESS )

5

Scope, Referenced Documents and

Definitions

6

Battery Accommodation( Cooling, Ventilation,

Enclosure Requirements and Room Requirements )

7

ESS Configuration( UPS, ESS T Config, ESS

Critical Loads, ESS Off-Grid)

8

Battery Enclosure Requirements

( Categories 1 to 7 )

9

Battery Room Requirements

( Categories 1 to 7 )

10Installation

( Location, Earthing, Seismic, Cabling, Electrical,

Mechanical )

11Labelling

(Switchboard, ESS Equipment, Enclosures / Rooms,

Emergency Services )

12

Documentation( User Manual, Network

Operator Diagrams )

13

Commissioning( Inter-Cell, String, Array,

Protection Systems )

14

Maintenance( User , Installer )

15 ESS Owner

PRODUCTSTEWARDSHIP

(ESC Product WHITE LIST)

ESSPRODUCTTESTING

STEWARDSHIP( Product recycling

at End of Life )

16

ESS Register(ESC maintained Register of all ESS Systems Installed, for use

by emergency services and regulators )

Figure 1 - ESS SCOPE

1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The information contained in this guide has been derived from Australian Standards, research papers from CSIRO, Worksafe Australia, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), DNV GL and other energy storage industry participants.


1.3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this guide, the definitions below apply.

1.3.1. Energy Storage System (ESS) — combination of convertors, switches (for example multi-mode inverters) and energy storage devices (for example, batteries), constituting a power system that supports the load or for maintaining continuity of load power in case of input power failure or as the primary source of power. The energy may flow from input to output, output to input or a combination of both.

1.3.2. Grid — the portion of the electrical distribution system that is operated by an electrical distributor.

NOTE: An alternative term for ‘grid’ is ‘electricity distribution network’.

1.3.3. Multiple Mode Inverter (MMI) — An inverter that operates in more than one mode, for example having grid-interactive functionality when grid voltage is present and stand-alone functionality when the grid is de-energized or disconnected.

NOTES:

1 Inverters with battery storage ports are also considered multiple mode inverters.

2 As defined in IEC 62109-2, Clause 3.107.

1.3.4. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) — previously called a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), is a document that provides information on the properties of hazardous chemicals and how they affect health and safety in the workplace.

1.3.5. Stand-alone Power System (SPS) — Systems that are not connected to the power distribution network of an electricity distributor. Stand-alone systems are supplied with power from one, or more, of a number of sources including, but not limited to, a photovoltaic array, a wind turbine generator, a micro-hydro generator or an engine generator set.

1.3.6. Total Energy Throughput (TET) — a product of the usable energy that can be obtained from an ESS during a cycle and the number of cycles (charge/discharge) the ESS shall support, often measured in MWh.

Total Energy Throughput (MWh) = usable energy (kWh) x battery cycle life 1000

Equation 1 - TOTAL ENERGY THROUGHPUT (MWh)

NOTE: where batteries operate at varying discharge levels, the TET is the sum of the usable energy delivered over the total number of cycles achieved during its service life.

1.3.7. Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) — combination of convertors, switches and energy storage devices (for example, batteries), constituting a power system for maintaining continuity of load power in case of input power failure. Provides a one way flow of energy from input to output.


1.4 ESS Installation Types The ESS installation type is divided into three main categories. It should be noted at a specific site, a number of different categories of ESS may be installed. The general categories are detailed in the following list;

• UPS • Grid Hybrid • Off Grid (SPS)

1.4.1 UPS The UPS ESS system is defined as having a one way energy flow from input to output. Refer to Figure 2 for details.

UPS BLOCK DIAGRAM(STANDBY)

INVERTER

CHARGER

TRANSFER SWITCH

BATTERY

UPS BLOCK DIAGRAM(DOUBLE CONVERSION)

INVERTERCHARGER

BATTERY

INPUT(GRID)

OUTPUT INPUT(GRID)

Figure 2 - UPS ESS SYSTEM

1.4.2 GRID HYBRID The Grid Hybrid ESS system may have a bi-directional energy flow allowing energy to flow from input to output or output to input. These systems may be configured for export to the grid, limited export to the grid or not export to the grid. Refer to Figure 3 for details on AC Grid Hybrid ESS and Figure 4 for DC Grid Hybrid ESS.

GRID HYBRID BLOCK DIAGRAM

(T Configuration)

MMI INVERTER

BATTERY

INPUT(GRID)

OUTPUT

OVER CURRENTPROTECTION /

ISOLATION

GRID HYBRID BLOCK DIAGRAM

(Essential Load/s)

MMI INVERTER

BATTERY

INPUT(GRID)

OUTPUT

GRID Protection / disconnection

SOURCE LOAD

Figure 3 - AC GRID HYBRID ESS BLOCK DIAGRAM


GRID HYBRID BLOCK

DIAGRAM(DC ESS)

DC ESS

BATTERY

INPUT OUTPUT(DC PV MODULES)

SOURCE LOAD

(DC to SOLAR INVERTER)

Figure 4 - DC GRID HYBRID ESS BLOCK DIAGRAM

1.4.3 OFF-GRID The Off-Grid ESS system may be configured in many different ways, in general the system will have a bi-directional energy flow on the output and when alternative generation is installed a one way energy flow on the input as most alternative generation is not designed to have energy fed into the generation source. Refer to Figure 5 for details.

OFF-GRID BLOCK DIAGRAM

MMI INVERTER /

Battery Charger

BATTERY

ALTERNATE GENERATION

OUTPUT

Protection / disconnection

SOURCE LOAD

Figure 5 - OFF-GRID ESS BLOCK DIAGRAM


1.4.4 Other ESS Functions In addition to the general ESS types, an ESS system may be used for one or a combination of the following;

• Load Shifting • Tariff Optimisation • Load Support or Demand Reduction • Renewable Export Mitigation • Network Support

1.4.4.1 Load Shifting The surplus solar energy is stored and shifted to other time periods. Refer to Figure 6 for details.

12AM 4AM 8AM 12PM 4PM 8PM 12AM

ENERGYUSE

STORED ENERGY

STORED ENERGY

SURPLUSSOLAR

ENERGY

SOLAR GENERATION

LOAD SHIFTING

kW

Time Figure 6 - LOAD SHIFTING


1.4.4.2 Tariff Optimisation The energy is stored in ESS during times of low cost energy tariff and used during times of high cost energy tariff. Refer to Figure 7 for details, the example provide uses the Victorian network tariff, other network areas may use different tariff/s and times.


ENERGYUSE

PEAK TARIFFOFF-PEAK TARIFF

STORED ENERGY

ENERGYIMPORTED

SHOULDER TARIFF

TARIFF OPTIMISATION

kW

Time Figure 7 - TARIFF OPTIMISATION


1.4.4.3 Peak Lopping The peak energy used in many demand tariff supply arrangements can greatly affect the cost of energy for the entire billing / contract period. The ability of the ESS system to reduce the maximum demand on the network benefits both the network provider and the customer. Refer to Figure 8 for detailed example.


ENERGYUSE

PEAK TARIFFOFF-PEAK TARIFF OFFPEAK

TARIFF

STORED ENERGY

ENERGYIMPORTED

DEMAND TARIFF 2

DEMAND TARIFF 1

DEMAND TARIFF 3

PEAK LOPPING

kW

Time Figure 8 - PEAK LOPPING

1.4.4.4 Export Limiting The export of solar energy in some network operator controlled electricity distribution networks is either limited to a set maximum or not allowed at all for new solar customers. Export limiting may vary from "ZERO EXPORT" to minimal export. The ESS system can be used to store surplus solar energy for use at different time periods. Refer to Figure 9 for an example of an export limiting configuration.


ENERGYUSE

STORED ENERGY

STORED ENERGY

SURPLUSSOLAR ENERGY

SOLAR GENERATION

EXPORT LIMITING

kW

Time

EXPORTLIMITEXPORTED

ENERGY

Figure 9 - EXPORT LIMITING


1.4.4.5 Network Support The support of network capacity can take a number of different forms, this will depend of the site specific circumstances associated with the network and customer. The support may be energy, power, voltage, power factor, frequency or a combination. Refer to Figure 10 for an example of power support.


NETWORKENERGY

USESTORED ENERGY

NETWORKENERGY

IMPORTED

NETWORK SUPPORT

kW

Time

NETWORK SUPPORT REQUIRED

NETWORK ENERGY

EXPORTED

Figure 10 - NETWORK SUPPORT

1.4.5 Renewable Output Variation Mitigation Where batteries are used to offset sudden rises or fall in renewable output (e.g. PV or wind) resulting in excessive voltage fluctuations.

2 Energy & Power Assessment The energy and power assessment for the load to be supported by the ESS should be conducted in conjunction with each other, as some ESS applications may require greater emphasis on energy or power.


ENERGY ASSESSMENT

GRID HYBRID OFF GRID

DOMESTICCOMMERCIAL

& INDUSTRIAL

DOMESTICCOMMERCIAL

& INDUSTRIAL

Figure 11 - ENERGY ASSESSMENT Given that many of the ESS applications can apply equally to domestic and commercial and industrial (C&I) sites, suggestion is given to an alternate arrangement that focuses on each of the 3 installation types; grid hybrid, backup or off-grid, or the other ESS functions described above.

ENERGY & POWER ASSESSMENT

GRID HYBRID OFF GRIDBACKUPOTHER ESS FUNCTIONS

Figure 12 - ENERGY & POWER ASSESSMENT


3 Specifying — Energy Storage System Performance

Figure 13 - ESS SYSTEMS NOT EQUAL The specifying of performance parameters for an energy storage system shall be done using the following common minimum set of parameters. The common parameters allow for comparisons between system vendors quotes. The common parameters include; The Energy storage system shall be capable of at least the following;.

• Usable Energy (kWh) • Maximum Power output (kW) over what pf range (if AC output) • If AC output, operating pf range (leading to lagging) • Battery System - life time to be minimum of 8 years • ESS Maximum Surge Load (kVA) • ESS Maximum Power output • ESS output Power, time period of 1s, 30s, 1min, 30min and continuous • Maximum Recharge Power available from source or Maximum or Minimum

Recharge power allowed / required by storage device. • Battery Total Energy Throughput (MWh) • Standby SOC for storage device • Response Time in ms. • Storage Device self-discharge rate (usually %/month) • Energy Storage Device maximum prospective fault current and protective device

capability • Energy Storage Device operating DC Voltage range (if applicable) • Energy Storage Device maximum heat dissipation during operation • Backup up Power - Yes /No • Days of Autonomy - how long will the system support the load without

renewable energy input. • Warranty on equipment • Warranty on battery (including temperature ranges) • Operating temperature range • For AC Converters, fault clearance capability and protection devices included • Standards compliance eg AS3000, AS5033, AS4777, AS5603


4 System Configuration The ESS system configuration is defined by a number of factors;

• Customers' Requirements • Manufactures Documentation and Intended use • Australian Standards & Utility Requirements

Examples of possible configurations for each system type are provided in this section. It should be noted the ESS system installation and intended use follows manufactures documentation.

4.1 UPS UPS can be generally split into two categories;

• Standby • Online (with optional renewable generation)

The following diagrams show some of the possible methods that UPS system may be integrated into existing electrical systems.

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5 Selection of Battery Technology

5.1 General The ESS battery technology should be chosen to suit the application. Energy usage patterns, charge/discharge rates, and environmental characteristic are factors that need to be considered. ESS system safety shall be considered paramount in all phases of the system life cycle. The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) can provide valuable information with regards to the ESS potential hazards.

Safety Data Sheet(SDS)

v

5.2 Safety Data Sheet (SDS) The SDS shall be prepared in accordance with Safe Work Australia's "Code of Practice for Preparation of Safety Data Sheet for Hazardous Chemicals". The duty of manufacture and importer of a hazardous chemical / material. NOTES: Refer to Safe Work Australia's web site for more details, http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/publications/pages/safety-data-sheets-hazardous-chemicals-cop


5.2.1 SDS - Key Information Areas The SDS is used to provide information on hazards that may be a result of battery failure or normal operation. The key areas are detailed in Table 1.

Table 1 - SDS KEY INFORMATION AREAS

SDS Section Key Information Section 1 - Identification: Product identifier and chemical identity

Contact information for the importer / manufacture of battery technology

Section 2 – Hazard(s) identification Important information required for handling, transport and maintenance activities, this information would be an input to the Safe Method Work Statement

Section 3 - Composition and information on ingredients

The composition of the battery and in particular the electrolyte, the information from this is also critical as an input to assist with determining the battery category

Section 4 - First-aid measures Required information to provide first aid in the event of an incident

Section 5 - Fire-fighting measures The fire fighting measures provide information to the hazards created by the ESS during a fire. As fire is not part of normal operation of the ESS, this information is critical as an input to assist with determining the battery category.

Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures The accidental release measures provide information on the appropriate ways to respond to the release of chemicals, in the form of spills, leaks or other accidental release. This is so that the adverse effects on people, property and the environment at or near the incident can be prevented or minimised.

Section 14 - Transport Information This section provides basic classification information for the transportation or shipment of a hazardous chemical by road, rail, sea or air as required by relevant transport legislation. UN Number, Proper shipping name or Technical Name and Transport Hazard class

In addition to the key areas, the SDS also contains valuable information required during the ESS life cycle. As such the other sections of the SDS are required and are no less important than sections detailed in Table 1. The UN number is used in conjunction with HB 76, Dangerous Goods - Initial Emergency Response Guide, by fire fighters to expedite emergency response in the event of an accident involving dangerous goods.


6 Hazards associated with batteries The main types of hazards associated with battery systems are:

• Electric shock hazard • Stored energy hazard • Chemical hazard • Flammable emission hazard • Thermal runaway • Transportation • Kinetic energy hazard • Manual Handling

Some hazards associated with batteries are not well documented or generally understood, the next revision of this guide will expand on the hazards mentioned above along with detail information in the following areas;

• Electric Shock - new requirements detailed IEC 62109 Standard • DC Arc Flash - no details or standards currently cover this area • Toxic atmosphere - no detail on which chemistries may product this hazard

under what conditions • Thermal runaway - Chemistry dependant, some are highly unstable, greater

detail required to understand the conditions that affect each chemistry • Transportation - transportation of dangerous goods is not well understood in

the energy storage industry.

7 Battery Classification The safety classification of batteries can be determined by the information obtained from key areas of the batteries SDS, in addition to results from battery / ESS system testing. The battery should be classified as belonging to at least one category, depending on the type of battery, internal chemistry and possible failure modes, multiple categories may be applicable depend on failure modes. Battery categories are —

• Category 1 - Un-defined • Category 2 - Explosive Atmospheres • Category 3 - High Temperature (Thermal runaway) • Category 4 - Toxic Atmospheres • Category 5 – Hazardous Spills • Category 6 – Corrosive • Category 7 – Inert

As such, a battery technology may under normal operation be classed as Category 7, but under fault conditions be classed as Category 2. Thus the enclosure shall be compliant to the requirements of Category 2 and Category 7.


Overall Enclosure Requirements

(Category / Categories)

Category 4(Toxic

Atmospheres)

Category 3(High

Temperature)

Category 2(Explosive

Atmospheres)

Category 1(Un-Defined)

Category 5(Hazardous

Spills)

Category 6(Corrosive)

Category 7(Inert)

Enslosure Requirements Flow Chart

Figure 19 - ENCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS FLOW CHART The requirements for each category flow up to the overall enclosure requirements.

7.1 Category 1 - Un-defined This category is used if insufficient information is provided in the SDS and battery performance testing, it is the catch all category, and enclosure capable of this type of battery shall be compliant to categories 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

7.2 Category 2 - Explosive Atmospheres A category 2 battery will produce an explosive atmosphere during normal operation or under fault conditions.

7.3 Category 3 - High Temperature A category 3 battery will either operate at high temperatures or under fault conditions burn at very high temperatures. These types of batteries may also include chemistry that required specialised fire fighting equipment or materials to extinguish.

7.4 Category 4 - Toxic Atmospheres A category 4 battery will emit toxic fumes that would create a toxic atmosphere that is either fatal or causes long term medical condition even in very low consternations.

7.5 Category 5 - Hazardous Spills A category 5 battery will produce a hazardous spill if the battery electrolyte were to leak or be spilt. Toxic fumes or other issues may arise from the toxic spill that could cause long term health affects or be fatal. In general, the electrolyte will remain as a liquid and not vaporise completely upon leaking from the battery.

7.6 Category 6 - Corrosive A category 6 battery will produce a corrosive atmosphere if the electrolyte were to be leak or be spilt. Toxic fumes or other issues may arise from the corrosive atmosphere that could affect the battery storage enclosure or cause long term health effects or be fatal.


7.7 Category 7 - Inert A category 7 battery system will not produce explosive atmosphere, emit toxic fumes, be subject to thermal runaway, produce toxic atmospheres, and produce hazardous spills or corrosive atmosphere. As such the battery still stores energy. There are other potential hazards that still require this category of battery to be protected.

8 Battery Accommodation Batteries should be protected by means of a suitable enclosure. This may take the form of a box, a room or a combination. It should be clean, dry, adequately ventilated, cooled, and provide and maintain protection against detrimental environmental conditions. The enclosure may be supplied by the battery manufacture as part of the overall ESS or be an additional component The following should be considered to determine the enclosure for the battery system;

• Cooling requirements - to maintain temperature within manufactures specifications

• Ventilation requirements - to maintain safety under normal operation and fault conditions

• Vermin - protection from. • Maintenance requirements

Some aspects associated with batteries are not well documented or generally understood with regards to the requirements for different chemistry, especially some of the more recent battery chemistries. The next revision of this guide will expand on the points mentioned above along with detail information in the following areas;;

• Ventilation - how should the enclosure be ventilate, where should the exhaust gas go

• Ventilation - of potentially toxic atmosphere for domestic installations • Cooling Requirements - how will the enclosure or ESS system maintain the

battery within a safe operation range in Australia's very hot climate. • Fire Protection - does an enclosure need a particular Fire Rating Level (FRL),

what conditions determine when an FRL is required. • Vermin - what level of vermin protection is required, with system having BMS

that maintain the system operation inside safe limits, do you need to prevent vermin from affecting the operation of the BMS and possible catastrophic failure of the ESS.

9 Battery Enclosure Requirements The battery enclosure shall provide suitable protection from the battery technology for the worst case, either during normal operation, during maintenance and under fault conditions. The battery enclosure may be provided by the battery manufacture or as an additional component. The battery enclosure is effectively the last line of defence, and provides the customer (user) and maintainer the PE (Protective Equipment) to remove the hazard. The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), recommend for Li-Ion battery system be housed in a suitable enclosure.


The specific requirements for each enclosure categories are not well documented for many of the newer chemistries. The next revision of this guide will provide detailed information in the following areas;

• FRL requirements • High temperature - requirements for time, thermal protection, what temperature • Toxic Atmospheres - levels of toxic atmosphere, controls to prevent the

enclosure being opened if a toxic atmosphere exists, alarms, ventilation. • Hazardous spill - how long is the spill need to be contained, are in built spill kits

/ controls required.

9.1 Enclosure Categories In general, a battery may be classified in one or more categories depending on the mode of operation (normal / fault condition). The enclosure for that battery may need to comply with the requirements of more than one category.

9.1.1 Category 1 - Un-defined The Battery Enclosure shall be designed to accommodate batteries of category 1 type.

9.1.2 Category 2 - Explosive Atmospheres The Battery Enclosure shall be designed to accommodate batteries of category 2 type.

9.1.3 Category 3 - High Temperature The Battery Enclosure shall be designed to accommodate batteries of category 3 type.

9.1.4 Category 4 - Toxic Atmospheres The Battery Enclosure shall be designed to accommodate batteries of category 4 type.

9.1.5 Category 5 - Hazardous Spills The Battery Enclosure shall be designed to accommodate batteries of category 5 type.

9.1.6 Category 6 - Corrosive The Battery Enclosure shall be designed to accommodate batteries of category 6 type.

9.1.7 Category 7 - Inert The Battery Enclosure shall be designed to accommodate batteries of category 7 type.

9.2 Enclosure - Egress and Access The Battery Enclosure shall have access to the batteries with sufficient space for safe installation, testing and maintenance. Suggest at least 900mm for batteries up to 150kg in weight, and 1200mm of space for battery cells / mono-blocks that weigh more than 150kg.


10 Battery Room Requirements The Battery Room requirements are similar to the requirements of a battery enclosure, however as the battery room can be walked into, and then additional requirements may need to apply for some categories. The specific requirements for battery rooms are not well documented for many of the newer chemistries. The next revision of this guide will provide detailed information in the following areas;

• Toxic atmosphere - detection systems, which chemistries need this, and what levels are safe.

• Toxic / corrosive spill - requirements and other systems that need to be in place to mitigate disaster.

• High temperature batteries / faults - do rooms require fire suppression systems, and which type are suited to which chemistry

• Egress and Access - what requirements around larger batteries, some weights are up around 300kg per cell

• Remote shutdown • Remote monitoring - of system health and safety

11 Installation The current National Construction Code (NCC) divides buildings into classes. Class 1 & 10 are domestic dwellings where as class 2 through 9 are non-domestic dwellings. The NCC provides guidance for class 2 through 9 however does not cover class 1 & 10 in detail. The Australian Standard AS4086, AS3011 and AS4509 cover installation of battery systems. The standards are written around Lead Acid technology and don't account for the new chemistries and grid hybrid systems. The metrology detailed in the current standards can be applied, a chemistry non specific standard is required to cover a broad range of possibilities. The specific requirements for installation are not well documented for many of the newer chemistries. The next revision of this guide will provide detailed information in the following areas;

• Detailed requirements - domestic ESS installation locations, permissible locations

• Physical requirements - (size, weight), minimum area, access • Battery technology - additional requirements based on chemistry • Ventilation requirements - how venting is to be achieved, where is it

permissible and not permissible • Environmental considerations, e.g. temperature, exposure to direct sunlight,

weather, etc. • Intended use of the location • Access for emergency services • Remote shutdown capability - when is it required • Access control • Cabling - methods of protection, sizing • Electrical - installation, switchboards, control systems, layouts • Network - information required by network operators


12 Labelling All electrical equipment shall be marked (labelled) according to the requirements for marking to local standards and regulations when applicable. The labelling for battery storage system is more extensive than a standard grid connected solar system. Also additional labels will be require for ESS system that are not currently covered by AS4777, AS5033 or AS4509. As such this section will provide guidance on how the ESS system should be labelled. The specific requirements for additional battery signage are not well documented for many of the newer chemistries. The next revision of this guide will provide detailed information in the following areas;

• Warning sign Battery - for use by emergency services • Labelling of switchboards - greater details and information on how UPS,

Normal Supply and Off-Grid switchboards should be labelled. • Labelling requirements - chemistry specific, what information needs to be

provided • Spark & Arc Flash Hazards - what signs and information is required. • Battery Rooms - requirements for additional information • Installer Guides - Quick Reference for labelling. • Label Quality - requirements on how long a label should last, UV, fire, heat

12.1 FIRE EMERGENCY SERVICES INFORMATION The introduction of different battery chemistries presents a significant risk to emergency service personal. As chemistry specific response methods are required. The Australian Standard HB76 Dangerous Goods - Initial Emergency Response Guide details how the emergency service should respond.


12.1.1 Warning sign Battery In addition to other signs specified by Australian Standards, a sign with a rectangular green reflector at least 150 mm (wide) and 100 mm (high) shall state the following inside the battery picture: BATTERY CHEMISTRY (Predominate) UN No: (UN number associated with predominate battery chemistry) NOTE: The chemistry and UN No shall also be engraved / stamped into the steel sign. The sign shall be placed on or immediately adjacent to the meter box and main switchboard, so as to be readily visible to approaching emergency workers.

BATTERYCHEMISTRY

UN No:

CHEM: UN:

Figure 20 - BATTERY SIGN

12.1.2 ESS Sign Overview - Example The labelling of ESS system is complex and requires many different signs that are dependant on chemistry of the batteries and the configuration of the system. The following diagram provides an example for label requirements.


Figure 21 - ESS SIGNAGE OVERVIEW

13 Documentation The documentation require for the ESS life cycle is defined by the following areas;

• Manufactures Documentation - Installation Manual, product specifications, data sheets, certificates of compliance, warranty statements

• Information relating to operation - information derived from manufactures manual and site specific information

• Information relating to maintenance - information derived from manufactures manual and site specific information

• Network Operator - minimum information required by network operator • HAZCHEM Register - register of all ESS systems for use by emergency

services Additional information is required in the following areas; Manufactures Documentation - only maintained for manufacturing life of product, not the service life of product Installation Manual - minimum required information to complete installation safely User manual - minimum required information to be included Maintenance - minimum required information to be included Stewardship - information relating to recycling and disposal of ESS

14 Commissioning The process for commissioning of the ESS system is dependant on ESS equipment and configuration. Australian Standards detail mainly lead acid based commissioning. Manufactures documentation details chemistry specific.


Additional detail covering the following areas will be provided in the next revision of this guide;

• Check List - covering chemistry non-specific checks • Check List - covering chemistry specific checks, this may include brand specific

checks • Audits - what level of auditing is required to ensure compliance and safety.

15 Maintenance The frequency of maintenance to be carried out on an ESS system is dependant of the type of technology, manufactures recommendations, customer site, network operator requirements and customer requirements. The current Australian Standards provide some guidance on the frequency of maintenance. Different network operators require different frequency of maintenance. Additional detail covering the following areas will be provided in the next revision of this guide;

• General Maintenance Requirements - non chemistry specific and chemistry specific

• Electrical equipment - manufactures, network operators and site specific requirements for particular types of ESS equipment.

• User Accessible Areas - maintenance is suitable for user, access & egress for user, requirements for hazard mitigation during user maintenance

• Maintainer Accessible Areas - access & egress for maintainer, requirements for hazard mitigation during maintainer maintenance activities, WHS requirements

• Training and accreditation for maintainer - manufacture specific and national accreditation

16 Stewardship At a point in time after the ESS system has been commissioned, the ESS system will reach the end of it's life. As a number of new chemistries currently don't have common recycling process in place it is difficult for the consumer to ensure the equipment is recycled correctly. Without a pre-defined process in place, hazardous materials may end up in land fill creating environmental issues. Product stewardship is critical to the ESS system life cycle, and planning for the disposal should be undertaken at the installation stage.


Additional information is required in the following areas; • Chemistry specific stewardship guidelines • Lists of recycling centre/s - that will accept the various chemistry • Manufacture based recycling - fall back plan if manufacture / importer no

longer exists • Education and Training - training of existing recycling centres to understand

the various chemistries / equipment that may be presented to them and the associated hazards

17 Australian Standards The current Australian Standards don't cover many critical areas creating potential safety hazards for ESS installers, ESS owners / operators and the general public. The number of ESS systems are steadily increasing, the quality and safety of these systems ranges from barely adequate to systems that employ multiple levels of redundant safety systems. As a matter of urgency, a new Australian Standard is required to ensure that the barely adequate ESS systems are moved into an adequate safety zone. A non chemistry specific standard is required to address the impending safety issues associated with the increasing number of ESS systems being installed. The research conducted by CSIRO, KIT and DNVGL along with many other organisations indicates unless a new standard is developed and released soon the potential for damage to property and life will be much greater than the issues associated with installation of insulation in Australian houses. URGENT ACTION is required in the following areas;

• Development of ESS Best Practice Guide - interim standard for ESS sales, design and installation

• Development of ESS Australian Standards AS5139.1 - Sales, Design & Installation

• Development of ESS Battery Safety Testing - AS5139.2 - Chemistry specific safety tests for batteries, BMS, ESS systems

• Approved products list - whitelist of products approved for use in Australia and network operator areas


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