Asia and Islamic Empires in Transition

Time to pull out those maps....

ChinaMing and Qing

Dynasties

Ming and Qing EmpiresHere is your reference point - BEIJING

MINGQing

Ming Dynasty of China 1368-1600

Ming Foreign Policy

•Early experienced sailors - used boats called junks

•Instead spent $ on northern defense rather than explorations•fortified Great Wall in N. China.•gave land in area to soldiers for defense.

Ming Dynasty of China 1368-1600

Trade•Wiped out all Mongol influence

•Restored Confucian ways. Based on relationships•Scholar gentry most important•merit system in securing gov’t offices•farmers •artisans•merchants (lowest b/c they produce nothing)

•Nothing foreign allowed - no trade - no foreign people - they considered themselves self sufficient

•Not like Europeans looking for colonies under economic policy of mercantilism

Mercantilism

• Economic theory that says the mother country should get as much gold and silver from trade as possible and the colonies should just supply raw materials

• colonies should only sell to mother country

• gov’t involved in trade

Ming Dynasty of China 1368-1600

DECLINE 1644 Northern tribes united under Manchurian ruler take over. Ming dynasty dies out. Qing dynasty is born

Qing Dynasty of China 1644-1850

•Qing made

•Made native traditional Han Chinese wear queue (tail) to signify submission

Economy, Culture, Society

Qing Dynasty of China 1644-1850

•Economy - Trade is important

http://artstyleonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/chinese-tea-set-small.jpg

•Society•literature flourished. Philology - study of history of languages

http://www.thebeijingguide.com/francais/panjia_market/porcelin2.jpg http://yayashoes.com/Images%5Cex313b.jpg

The Biggest Impact on China

• Opium

• Christianity

Both threaten to rip apart traditional Chinese society

Why oh why, did the Europeans put up with all the trade restrictions in China and Japan?

everyone in Europe wanted those Asian goods - silk, porcelin, tea, gunpowder, etc.

China and the Europeans

The Britisho 1600 Tea – all the rage in Br. - British East India Tea Company monopolized trade

o Restrictions: must deal w/ only few Ch merchants. Special foreign settlements called enclaves

o Free trade replaces mercantilsmFree trade is the idea that anyone should sell and buy from anyone that you can. Best deal works. No gov’t involvement. Not obligated to sell to mother country

Now, for an interesting story....

The Great Appeal of China

If only we could sell one _________ to each Chinese person our factories could be in business forever.

Entering China Through Trade

It’s the early 1800s and William Delano went out in the world to make money. He went to China but the Chinese didn’t need anything and he didn’t have anything unusual to offer.

http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/data/upimages/us_opium.jpg

Trade Wars

British owned East India Tea Company became the biggest drug dealer in the world....and the Chinese people became the victims

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/images/opium.gif

The Opium Wars of 1839Not only was the war the most humiliating defeat the Chinese had ever suffered, but it was also an example of how weak and vulnerable the Chinese are once their doors are opened to foreigners. For this reason, and many others, nationalist societies in China have struggled (and continue) to keep the destructive foreigners out.

Trade Wars lead to Civil Wars in China

With the Opium introduction, the British also introduced missionaries to spread the word of Christianity. Missionaries in China become a well-established pattern that continues today.

The mix of drug and religion contributes to MAJOR CIVIL WAR 1850s

Begins with the Taiping Rebellion - strange mixture of gender equality and sex.

25 Million Dead!US Civil War 1861-1865 620,000 dead

What happened to William Delano?

He made a fortune in the Opium trade. Married and moved his family to New York City.

He had a daughter named Sarah. She married the neighbor’s son James Roosevelt.

They had a son.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

China and the Europeans

The British

o Opium Trade♣Trade w Ch meant lots of silver flowing out of Ch economy♣Trade was for cotton from India but not enough Ch buy♣Intro new product: Opium♣Devasted Ch society♣Huge trade imbalance. ♣Br refuse to stop

China and the EuropeansThe Britisho o Opium War - 1839-1842o British defeat the Chineseo 1842 Treaty of Nanjingo Hong Kong to Br. Special living places, enclaves, special rules, extraterritoriality - until 1999 when it reverted back to Chinao Moreo Unequal treatieso More concessions Kwoloon land more portso Now other foreign powers – RussiaFrance, etc. but not the U.S.

Mark Hong Kong on your

map

Mark Taiwanon your map

China and the Europeans

Chinese culture views outsiders as inferior barbariansThe Portugueseo Early 1500 Portuguese sailors work around coast to China. Some tradeo 1557 – Trading station allowed at Macaoo Jesuit missionarieso Astronomy opens the imperial court (they who had to predict such things)o Powerful positions allowed.o Catholic converts w/in high officialso Influence imperial policy

Mark Macao on your map

Qing Dynasty of China 1644-1850

Declinecorruption, disasters, foreigners pressure to be allowed to trade

Rebellions That Weaken Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty of China 1644-1850

Rebellions1) White Lotus Rebellions - Religous based - peasants rebel.

1796-1800 then off/on ‘til 1850

mid 1800s Hong Xiuguan Christian convert. Wants new dynasty. Lots of destruction lots of damange in Yangtze River Valley and in southern China

China and the EuropeansRebellions

2) Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 (this after the White Lotus Rebellion of earlier times (1796-1850)o Seriously weakened Qing dynastyo Foreign powers take advantage and estb more footholds

Japanese Shogunate

Mark Japan on your map

1500-1860

3 Shogun-(real power - military power)

In Japan, the Emperor is only a figurehead.

3 Shogunates (rulers)

Tokugawas and the Shoguns in Japan

o 1467 +100 yrs of bitter fighting among Ashikaga family in Japan.

o Local daimyo fought for control

o Late 1500s 3 daimyo emerge as leaders

o Built a centralized feudal system in Japan

Japanese Shogunate1) Oda Nobunaga

Couldn’t control rivals

Japanese Shogunate2) Toyotomi Hideyoshi

o Weakened diamyo by reducing territory and with sword hunt among peasants.

oInvaded Korea 2x but Chinese helped Korea defeat Toyotomi

Japanese Shogunate2) Tokugawa Ieyasu

oCapitol at Edo (now known as Tokyo).

oTokugawa shogunate ruled for 200+ yrs

o Feudalism + central monarchy.

o Peasants paid taxes to daimyo who were supported by samurai

Japanese Shogunate2) Tokugawa Ieyasu

o*Japan remained politically and economically decentralized

o kept diamyo from making allies by requiring that they live in Edo every other year – families in Edo as hostages – that was expensive for diamyo.

o *Tokugawa helped b/c strong central gov’t meant stability 200 yrs

o*kept trade restrictions and limited foreigners.

Japanese Shogunate

Foreign Control

o mid 1500s Portuguese in Japan. Broughto Christianity - Jesuitso Muskets – anti Samurai lifestyle

o Tokugawa shoguns conclude Christianity was threat – it weaken their authority

o Evicted Portuguese

o *island nation meant better able to achieve isolation than China

Japanese Shogunate

Change in Japan

US Pres Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into Tokyo bay in 1853 – amazing technology

Japanese Shogunate

Change in Japan

o negotiated 1854 – Treaty of Kanagawa. 2 ports to US for food, sheltero signed similar treaties with GB, Fr etco foreigners estb. consulates – diplomatic offices

Japanese Shogunate

Change in Japan

o *1860 civil war in Japan…anti Tokuguawa forces calling for change. o New emperor – Meiji Rule

How did Japan and China feel about trade with the Europeans?

Japan and China loved to sell goods to Europeans but

did not like European

influences in their own empires

Isolationism as a term means what?

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

Mughal EmpireMostly traded.....

Textiles Mughal empire spread the religion....?

IslamUnder Mughal rule Europeans established what

kind of cities on the coast?

Trading Outposts

India - new trading outposts on the coasts

Songhai

Songhai

• Empire based on trade

• Trade of gold and slaves in exchange for raw materials

Songhai

What 2 products introduced to Africa from the New World radically changed the economy of Africa?

The Global Commercial Revolution

Columbian Exchangewool, cloth, leather, florins

ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, saffron, pepper, silk

maize, cacao, potatoes, tobacco, lima beans, tomatoes, pineapples, squash

horses, oranges, rice, sugar cane, wheat, coffee, bananas

African Slaveswhich one could not have been made to

Europe before 1492?

Columbian Exchange

Columbian exchange impacted the world in the following ways

a shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to using African slaves

new foods and products were introduced to Europe and the Americas

slavery was based on race

Mercantilsm

Know the economic theory!

what purpose does a colony serve in mercantilism?

what is the single most important thing in this newly created economic plan called mercantilism?

gold - silver - the huge wealth in the colonies

What is...

Joint Stock Company - company where people buy a “share” or a “Stock” which they jointly own. Everyone pays up part of the costs of the company (usually an exploration party to the new world) and then if there is any profit everyone gets to split it.

a plan for the average man - new wealth results in a new middle class

Leads to another new economic theory

Free trade - economic theory stating gov’ts should not be involved in trade. Not about serving the mother country but about individual wealth