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Islamic Empires
Interactive Map – Interactive Map – Islamic EmpiresIslamic Empires
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter28/interactive_map_quiz.html
CCOT – Your TaskCCOT – Your Task OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1300 – 1750)
MUGHAL EMPIRE (1530 – 1750)
Describe at beginning of time period
Identify three changes and ANALYZE these changes – why did this change occur and how did that impact society? (make sure to include dates for periodization)
Identify at least one continuity
Describe at end of time period
Attempt a thesis statement
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid and MughalOttoman, Safavid and Mughal
History of Ottoman Empire actually extends before 1450
As the Mongol Empire fell, the Muslim Ottoman Empire (founded by Osman Bey) rose in Anatolia to unify the region and challenge the Byzantine Empire
However, collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 makes 1450 a good starting point for the Islamic Empires
Ottomans made Constantinople their capital city, renamed it Istanbul and converted cathedrals (i.e. Hagia Sophia) into mosques
Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their religions
Within 100 years, the Ottomans conquered most of the regions previously held by the ancient Roman Empire, except for Italy westward
As the empire grew, so did religious persecution
To conquer large territories, Ottomans used Janissaries*
Much of this expansion occurred during the reign of Selim I, who came to power in 1512
Claimed that he was the rightful heir to Islamic tradition under the Arab caliphs
Eight years later, Suleiman I (the Magnificent) rose to power and built up the Ottoman military and encouraged the development of the arts
Experienced a golden age under his reign (1520 – 1566)
Ottomans pushed through Hungary and tried to move into Austria (taking advantage of the weakening of the Roman Empire during the Protestant Reformation)
In 1529, the empire laid siege on Vienna, a significant cultural center for Europe
If they had been successful here, the Turks could have easily moved into the unstable Holy Roman Empire
Although Austrian princes and the Ottomans battled continually for the next century, Vienna was as far as the Ottomans got
Still, the Ottoman Empire lasted until 1922, making it one of the world’s most significant empires.
It greatly expanded the reach of Islam, and kept the powers of Eastern Europe unstable
Impact? Western European powers were allowed to dominate.
Western Europeans were able to circumnavigate their Eastern neighbors and trade directly with India, China and their American colonies
SafavidsSafavids Chief rivals of the Ottomans were their eastern
neighbors, the Safavids
Savafids were a centralized state based on military conquest and dominated by Shia Islam
Location between the Ottomans and the Mughals, in what is modern-day Iran resulted in:
Contentious relationships between the Muslim states
Alliances with Europeans against the Ottomans
Continuation of the rift between the Sunni and Shia sects
MughalsMughals In 1526, Babur, a leader who claimed to be descended from
Genghis Khan but was very much Muslim, invaded northern India and defeated the Delhi Sultanate (also Muslim)
Babur established a new empire, which dominated the Indian subcontinent for the next 300 years
Mughal Empire united northern and southern India for the first time
Hinduism had been firmly established in southern India
Babur’s grandson, Akbar, who ruled from 1556-1605 was able to unify much of India by governing under a policy of religious toleration
Eliminated the jizya, the head tax on Hindus and tried to improve the position of women by attempting to eliminate sati, the practice in which high-caste Hindu women would thrown themselves on their husbands’ funeral pyres
Akbar even married a Hindu woman and accepted Hindus into government positions
For nearly 100 years, Hindus and Muslims lived side-by-side and become more geographically mixed
Result: golden age of art, architecture and thought
Under Shah Jahan, Akbar’s grandson, the Taj Mahal was built (as a memorial to his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal)
However, after Akbar, two developments forever changed India
First – religious toleration ended
Muslim government reinstated the jizya and Hindu temples were destroyed.
By 1700, Muslims began to persecute Hindus and Hindus were organizing against her Muslim rulers and neighbors
Second – arrival of Europeans
In the early 17th Century, the Portuguese and British were fighting each other for Indian Ocean trade routes
In the beginning, Portugal had established trade with the city of Goa, where it also sent Christian missionaries
By 1661, the British East India Company had control of trade in Bombay
By 1691, the British founded Calcutta as a trading outpost
Mughal emperors regarded Europeans as relatively harmless and tolerated trade
However, the Industrial Revolution turned Britain into an imperial superpower
Indians had little idea that within a century, a British woman named Victoria would be crowned Empress of India
Gunpowder Empires Gunpowder Empires ReadingReading
Pages 484-485 Stearns Book
Ottoman Empire MapOttoman Empire Map
Mughal India MapMughal India Map
Suleyman & Akbar Suleyman & Akbar ComparisonComparison
Suleyman – McKay p. 683-686
Akbar – McKay p. 692-695
Suleyman Both Akbar
-Jitza toward Orthodox Christians-The Magnificent-Court Grandeur-$80 million revenues-Water systems-Golden Age - Creativity in carpet weaving, ceramics, architecture, poetry, geography, math, medicine, astronomy-Sinan (architecture)-Medicine-Code of laws
-Religious Toleration-Akbar staffed his bureaucracy with Muslim and non-Muslim well trained officials (Hindu, Spanish Jesuit)-Expanded Empire-Golden Age
-Jizya repealed for Hindus-The Great-Royal mint-Persian Language-24,000 books in his library-Rights of women
Rights of WomenRights of Women Lady Montague (British woman in the
Ottoman Empire) – from Akbar reading (p. 685-686)
How did she describe the use of the veil?
What is her POV?
Culture Shock ReadingCulture Shock Reading McKay – p. 704
1. What does the document reveal about the Jesuits’ relations with Akbar?
2. Consider the Jesuits’ reactions to the Hindu practice of suttee Should they have interfered?
3. Contrast the Jesuits’ reaction to suttee and to the transvestite prostitutes.
Decline of the Decline of the OttomanOttoman
Ottoman Empire had reached its height in the 1500s
By 1512, was the leading naval power in the Mediterranean regions
Conquered Syria in 1516 and Egypt in 1517
1526 – conquered much of Hungary in the Battle of Mohaca
After this battle, European powers feared the Turks would overrun Europe
However, the Turks failed to capture Vienna in 1683
Austrian Increase MapAustrian Increase Map
Ottoman Decline MapOttoman Decline Map
Causes for the DeclineCauses for the Decline Too large to maintain
Had been built upon war and adding territory but when new lands were unavailable, they had less of a tax base (no one else will have the wealth of Suleyman) but they didn’t reduce the bureaucracy or army as a result
Squeezed the peasants for more taxes and they rebelled
Corruption of officials
Switch from princes who were given experience in ruling to possible successors kept in confinement, who spent their time with drinking, drugs and sex
The Twentieth Wife The Twentieth Wife ReadingReading
Are all the women in the harem “equal” in power? If not, how is power distributed?
What role do the eunichs, especially Hoshiyar Khan, play?
Cage System ReadingCage System Reading Originally, the Ottoman ruler had been a tribal chief
As the Ottomans began to build a complex state, the sultan emerged
Sultan became padishah (emperor, “Shadow of the Provider”) after conquest of Constantinople and the Balkans
After the death of Suleyman, the quality of rulers declined
Due, in part, to the manner of succession to the throne (could lead to bloody struggles between rival brothers)
Mehmet II decreed the new sultan could execute his brothers in the interest of political stability
When Mehmet III took the throne in 1595, all 19 of his brothers were strangled
After Ahmed (Mehmet III’s successor), the practice stopped and the “cage system” began
All Ottoman princes were kept in a “cage” within the palace along with their entourage
Princes emerged from the cage once – to reign or to die
Few sultans raised in this system were capable, since they had no prior experience in political office
They did not keep pace with They did not keep pace with
European advancements:European advancements: Failed to recognize that Europeans had much of worth to
offer/were a threat (when has this happened before??)
Portuguese (followed by Dutch, British, French…) trade in the Indian Ocean bypassed the Ottoman controlled Silk Roads and Arab ports reducing profits
Fell behind the Europeans in the critical art of waging war: Relied on older military technology (siege guns: cannons) but
the Europeans advanced beyond this to handguns, etc. In areas that did have advanced weaponry, they lacked the
transportation and communication infrastructure to get it where they needed it QUICKLY
“Gunpowder Empires” shifted global power from China, Japan, Ottoman, to Europeans!
CapitulationsCapitulations 1536+ French merchants (later British, Austria…) could
go anywhere buying and selling in the empire
Europe flooded the empire with silver (from the Americas) to buy raw materials (wheat, wool, copper, precious metals) causing inflation AND leaving too few of these materials available for Ottoman craft industries
Europe sold finished goods back to the Turks, contributing to the financial crisis
By the mid-1800s, the empire is nicknamed: “the sick man of Europe” to its end at the conclusion of WWI
Capitulations - From Capitulations - From McKayMcKay
More than any other single factor, a series of agreements known as capitulations, which the Ottoman government signed with European powers, contributed to the Ottoman decline. A trade compact signed in 1536 and renewed in 1569 virtually exempted French merchants from Ottoman law and allowed them to travel and buy and sell throughout the sultan’s dominions and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports. In 1590, in spite of strong French opposition, a group of English merchants gained the right to trade in Ottoman territory in return for supplying the sultan with iron, steel, brass, and tin for his war with Persia. In 1615, as part of a twenty-year peace treaty, the capitulation rights already given to French and English businessmen were extended to the Hapsburgs. These capitulations progressively gave European merchants an economic stranglehold on Ottoman trade and commerce. In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire was beset by the loss of territory, the pressures of European capitalistic imperialism, and unresolved internal problems; Tsar Nicholas I of Russia (1825-1855) called it “the sick man of Europe.”