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ANTHROP. HUNG. XVI. 1978-1979. The application of a new combined index in home anthropology By Sándor WENGER Anthropological Department, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest Abstract. Craniometric survey concerning the Giardina index and the application of a combined index in comparing certain male and female series deriving from the Avar period. Since the subsequently adapted method is fairly well spread in the Italian anthro- pological school, I deem it worthwhile to discuss the theoretical antecedents in more detail. According to Renato Biasutti (1953) the human skull, disregarding the facial part, is irregular, approximating an ovoid outline presenting various measurements either as regards its parts or its entirely. The measurements of the entire skull are in direct proportion with the measure- ments of the brain, the former encasing the latter, and differ from a series of factors. One of the most primary factors is the somatic development of the individual that may synthetic- ally be characterized by the physique of the individual, in other words, the measurements strictly follow the changes of the physique with regard to age, sex and race. Of course, there is further interdependence with the thickness of the bone, that, besides numerous fossilic human forms, may readily be appreciated in certain living races too, as for example, in certain Australian and Melanesian groups. It is common knowledge that a large head coupled with a smaller or medium physique characterizes the so-called "primitive" forms, while upon a rapid bodily development, the head i.e. the measurements of the skull do not pro- portionally increase, thus, we encounter small-headed adults, e.g. savannah negroes or North European individuals. The deviations of the skull measurements may be determined either by direct methods, i . e. measuring the volume, or by the help of a formula based on the external measurements of the skull (we shall return to this topic later). As it is stated by Biasutti'the parts of the skull: irons, occiput, the base of the skull reveal morphological deviations which occasionally are significant and again are subject to age, sex and race peculiarities. Thus, we may speak about an infantile or senile, masculine or feminine, then Australoid, negroid, etc. external appearance. In identifying the morpho- logical deviations of the "habit" the irregularities and the robusticity of the skeleton, the presence of various protuberances at the place of mascular attachment, the superciliary brow especially as far as thickness and prominence are concerned are of paramount importance. Such morphological features may appear in groups of people having no affinity of any kind, consequently, these features may lend rather illusoric similarities to these groups. This phenomenon is brought about rather by environmental and habitual factors influencing the en- docrine system" 1 . Coming back to the craniometric topic, according to Biasutti the morphological de- viations of the entire skull maybriefly be called the "constitution of the skull", that can read- ily be interpreted by three linear measurements: the maximum length of the skull, the max- imum width of the skull and the height of the skull. Since the skull is a body with three dimensions its morphological deviations can be expressed in the proportions existing between these three measurements taken simultane- ously. However, this was not the case for quite some time, since many research workers were engaged in dealing with only length and width proportions. Thus, came into being the

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ANTHROP. HUNG. XVI. 1978-1979.

The application of a new combined index in home anthropology

By Sándor WENGER Anthropological Department, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest

A b s t r a c t . C r a n i o m e t r i c s u r v e y c o n c e r n i n g the G i a r d i n a index and the app l i ca t ion of a c o m b i n e d index in c o m p a r i n g c e r t a i n m a l e and female s e r i e s d e r i v i n g f r o m the A v a r p e r i o d .

S ince the subsequent ly adapted method i s f a i r l y w e l l s p r e a d i n the I t a l i a n a n t h r o ­p o l o g i c a l s choo l , I deem it w o r t h w h i l e to d i s c u s s the t h e o r e t i c a l a n t e c e d e n t s i n m o r e d e t a i l .

A c c o r d i n g to R e n a t o B i a s u t t i (1953) the h u m a n s k u l l , d i s r e g a r d i n g the f a c i a l p a r t , i s i r r e g u l a r , a p p r o x i m a t i n g an ovoid out l ine p r e s e n t i n g v a r i o u s m e a s u r e m e n t s e i t h e r a s r e g a r d s i t s p a r t s or i t s e n t i r e l y .

T h e m e a s u r e m e n t s of the e n t i r e s k u l l a r e i n d i r e c t p r o p o r t i o n wi th the m e a s u r e ­m e n t s of the b r a i n , the f o r m e r e n c a s i n g the l a t t e r , and differ f r o m a s e r i e s of f a c t o r s . One of the m o s t p r i m a r y f a c t o r s i s the s o m a t i c deve lopment of the i n d i v i d u a l that m a y s y n t h e t i c ­a l l y be c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the p h y s i q u e of the i n d i v i d u a l , in other w o r d s , the m e a s u r e m e n t s s t r i c t l y follow the c h a n g e s of the phys ique with r e g a r d to age, s ex and r a c e . Of c o u r s e , t h e r e i s f u r t h e r i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e wi th the t h i c k n e s s of the bone, that, b e s i d e s n u m e r o u s f o s s i l i c h u m a n f o r m s , m a y r e a d i l y be a p p r e c i a t e d in c e r t a i n l i v i n g r a c e s too, a s for e x a m p l e , in c e r t a i n A u s t r a l i a n and M e l a n e s i a n g r o u p s . It i s c o m m o n knowledge that a l a r g e h e a d coupled wi th a s m a l l e r o r m e d i u m p h y s i q u e c h a r a c t e r i z e s the s o - c a l l e d " p r i m i t i v e " f o r m s , w h i l e upon a r a p i d bodi ly deve lopment , the h e a d i . e . the m e a s u r e m e n t s of the s k u l l do not p r o ­p o r t i o n a l l y i n c r e a s e , thus , we e n c o u n t e r s m a l l - h e a d e d a d u l t s , e . g . s a v a n n a h n e g r o e s o r N o r t h E u r o p e a n i n d i v i d u a l s . T h e d e v i a t i o n s of the s k u l l m e a s u r e m e n t s m a y be d e t e r m i n e d e i t h e r by d i r e c t m e t h o d s , i . e. m e a s u r i n g the v o l u m e , o r by the he lp of a f o r m u l a b a s e d on the e x t e r n a l m e a s u r e m e n t s of the s k u l l (we s h a l l r e t u r n to th i s topic l a t e r ) .

A s i t i s s ta ted by B i a s u t t i ' t h e p a r t s of the s k u l l : i r o n s , o c c i p u t , the base of the s k u l l r e v e a l m o r p h o l o g i c a l dev ia t ions w h i c h o c c a s i o n a l l y a r e s ign i f i cant and again a r e s u b j e c t to age , s ex and r a c e p e c u l i a r i t i e s . T h u s , we m a y speak about an in fant i l e o r s e n i l e , m a s c u l i n e o r f e m i n i n e , then A u s t r a l o i d , n e g r o i d , e t c . e x t e r n a l a p p e a r a n c e . In ident i fy ing the m o r p h o ­l o g i c a l dev ia t ions of the "habit" the i r r e g u l a r i t i e s and the r o b u s t i c i t y of the s k e l e t o n , the p r e s e n c e of v a r i o u s p r o t u b e r a n c e s at the p l a c e of m a s c u l a r a t t a c h m e n t , the s u p e r c i l i a r y b r o w e s p e c i a l l y a s f a r a s t h i c k n e s s and p r o m i n e n c e a r e c o n c e r n e d a r e of p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e . S u c h m o r p h o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s m a y a p p e a r in groups of people h a v i n g no aff inity of any k i n d , consequent ly , these f e a t u r e s m a y l e n d r a t h e r i l l u s o r i c s i m i l a r i t i e s to these groups . T h i s phenomenon i s brought about r a t h e r by e n v i r o n m e n t a l and h a b i t u a l f a c t o r s in f luenc ing the e n ­d o c r i n e system" 1 .

C o m i n g back to the c r a n i o m e t r i c topic , a c c o r d i n g to B i a s u t t i the m o r p h o l o g i c a l de ­v i a t i o n s of the e n t i r e s k u l l m a y b r i e f l y be c a l l e d the "const i tut ion of the sku l l" , that can r e a d ­i l y be i n t e r p r e t e d by t h r e e l i n e a r m e a s u r e m e n t s : the m a x i m u m length of the s k u l l , the m a x ­i m u m width of the s k u l l and the height of the s k u l l .

S ince the s k u l l i s a body wi th t h r e e d i m e n s i o n s i t s m o r p h o l o g i c a l dev ia t ions c a n be e x p r e s s e d in the p r o p o r t i o n s e x i s t i n g between these t h r e e m e a s u r e m e n t s taken s i m u l t a n e ­o u s l y . H o w e v e r , th i s w a s not the c a s e for quite some t i m e , s i n c e m a n y r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s w e r e engaged in dea l ing wi th only length and width p r o p o r t i o n s . T h u s , c a m e into being the

r a t i o between length and width , that i s today known a s the c r a n i a l index d e s c r i b i n g c r a n i a l p h y s i q u e . C o n s i d e r i n g even e x t r e m e c a s e s t h i s index f luc tuates be tween 58 and 98, m e a n i n g that the width of the s k u l l m a y v e r y f r o m a l i t t l e m o r e than h a l f to the whole length of the s k u l l . On l i v i n g i n d i v i d u a l s , n a t u r a l l y , the soft p a r t s somewhat modi fy t h i s v a l u e , u s u a l l y i n ­c r e a s e s i t by a l m o s t 2 un i t s on the a v e r a g e . A n d for the v e r y r e a s o n that the length c r a n i a l i n d e x i s taken f r o m l i v i n g i n d i v i d u a l s gained t h i s method a wide r e c o g n i t i o n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , a huge m a s s of data h a s a c c u m u l a t e d w h i c h can r e a d i l y be b r o k e n down to e t h n i c a l or g e o g r a p h ­i c a l gr oups . O n the o ther hand , o b s e r v a t i o n s c o n c e n t r a t i n g on the he ight index a r e m u c h s m a l l e r i n n u m b e r . T h u s , t h i s l a t t e r v a l u e should , for the t ime be ing , be s e p a r a t e l y ex ­a m i n e d .

T h e m a x i m u m d e v i a t i o n s of the c r a n i a l index have for a long t i m e been grouped in t h r e e p r i n c i p a l c l a s s e s : up to 75 d o l i c h o c r a n y , i . e. hav ing a long s k u l l ; between 75 and 80 m e s o c r a n y , i . e . hav ing a m e d i u m s k u l l ; and f r o m 80 o n w a r d s b r a c h y c r a n y , i . e . h a v i n g a s h o r t s k u l l . Unfor tunate ly , the w e a k point of this grouping i s the n a r r o w l i m i t s of the m e s o ­c r a n y . A c c o r d i n g to B i a s u t t i , S e r g i ' s s ta t ement that in fact no m e d i u m group e x i s t s i s t r u e , i n o ther w o r d s , a v a l u e below 80 y i e l d s d o l i c h o c r a n y , above i t b r a c h y c r a n y . T h e f o r m s c o m ­p r i s i n g the m a j o r groups i n fact give r i s e through the f r e q u e n c y v a r i a t i o n of the m e a n v a l u e s . M y r e s u l t s who l ly c o n f o r m wi th t h i s t h e o r y .

A c c o r d i n g to B i a s u t t i i t i s quite l i k e l y that "the c x a n i a l index i s r e l a t e d w i t h the s t a t u r e , or r a t h e r the p h y s i q u e of tne r a c e : so that d o l i c h o c r a n y i s coupled wi th l e p t o s o m a t i c , of t a l i s t a t u r e , w h i l e b r a c h y c r a n y wi th e u r y s o m a t i c , of r o b u s t s t a t u r e , f o r m . W h e n m e a s u r i n g the he ight of the s k u l l we should u s e the p r e s e n t l y m o s t w i d e ­l y e m p l o y e d method: the d i s t a n c e between the b a s i o n ( e x t e r n a l o c c i p i t a l t u b e r c l e - at the f r o n ­t a l m a r g i n of the f o r a m e n m a g n u m ) and the b r e g m a (the point w h e r e the f r o n t a l bone m e e t s the p a r i e t a l bone on the c a l v a r i a ) . H o w e v e r , some r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s use the s o - c a l l e d height above the e a r , i . e . the p r o j e c t i o n of the d i s t a n c e between the opening of the e a r and the c a l ­v a r i a . T h i s m e a s u r e m e n t m a y be taken a l s o on l i v i n g i n d i v i d u a l s " .

A c c o r d i n g to B i a s u t t i the height v a l u e c o m p a r e d to the two h o r i z o n t a l d i a m è t r e s m a k e s i t p o s s i b l e to c a l c u l a t e f u r t h e r two c r a n i a l i n d i c e s . T h e s e a r e the l o n g i t u d i n a l - v e r t i c a l index (the r a t i o of height to the m a x i m u m length of the s k u l l ) and the w i d t h - v e r t i c a l index (the r a t i o of height to the m a x i m u m width of the s k u l l ) . H o w e v e r , attent ion i s drawn to the fact that d i s c o r d a n t r e s u l t s a r e obta ined when the v a r i a t i o n s of these two v e r t i c a l i n d i c e s a r e ex­a m i n e d s e p a r a t e l y . Thu-s, i t w a s n e c e s s a r y to w o r k out such a f o r m u l a w h i c h e v a l u a t e s the height of the s k u l l wi th r e l a t i o n to the o ther two m e a s u r e m e n t s . Such a method w a s put f o r ­w a r d by T o p i n á r d , that i s known today a s the "combined" height index , i . e . u s i n g the a v e r ­age of the two v e r t i c a l i n d i c e s . A f t e r s o m e t i m e , h o w e v e r , t h i s method w a s d i s c a r d e d , nev­e r t h e l e s s , H r d l i i k a r e v e r t e d to i t i n the U S A , thus , it g r a d u a l l y ga ined r e c o g n i t i o n t h e r e . M a n y I t a l i a n s c i e n t i s t s , l i k e B i a s u t t i , M o c c h i , s t r o n g l y supported by the r e s e a r c h of S e r a , through G i a r d i n a ' s index a r r i v e d to a m o r e p r e c i s e f o r m u l a :

Y = height

length X width

P r o f . F i o r e n z o F a c c h i n i ( A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l Ins t i tu te , U n i v e r s i t y of Bo logna) w a s kind enough to i n f o r m m e through a l e t t e r (dated 18th J u n e , 19 76) of the m o s t r e c e n t f indings and s u r r e n d e r e d to m e the G i a r d i n a index e l a b o r a t e d for h i s t o r i c a l f inds a s w e l l a s for l i v i n g i n ­d i v i d u a l s :

height of b a s i o n - b r e g m a x 100

m a x i m u m length x width of s k u l l

a u r i c u l o - b r e g m a height x 100

m a x i m u m length x width of head

In the f i r s t c a s e the fo l lowing c a t e g o r i e s m a y be d i s t i n g u i s h e d : f r o m x to 8 2 . 5 index p l a t y c r a n i a l , i . e . r a t h e r low, be t ween 82 . 6 to 87 . 5 o r t h o c r a n i a l , m e d i u m high , f r o m 87 . 6 to y h y p s i c r a n i a l , i . e. h igh s k u l l .

In the s e c o n d c a s e , i . e. the v a l u e s r e f e r r e d to l i v i n g p e r s o n s , the c a t e g o r i e s show the fo l lowing d i s t r i b u t i o n : f r o m x to 70 p l a t y c e p h a l o u s , i . e . low, be tween 71 .0 and 7 4 . 9 o r -thocepha lous , m e d i u m high, w h i l e f r o m 75 .0 to x h y p s i c e p h a l o u s , i . e . h igh s k u l l .

I should l i k e to point out that c e r t a i n I t a l i a n r e s e a r c h e r s u s e the cepha lous n o m e n ­c l a t u r e both for h i s t o r i c a l f inds a n d for v a l u e s obta ined f r o m l i v i n g i n d i v i d u a l s , too. I h o l d the v i ew that a d i f ferent ia t ion between the two i s m o r e c o r r e c t , i . e . u s i n g " c r a n i a l " for the h i s ­t o r i c a l f inds , and " c e p h a l o u s " for the l i v i n g p e r s o n s .

T a b l e 1.

T h e m e a n v a l u e s of the G i a r d i n a index for m a l e a n d f e m a l e s e r i e s f r o m the A v a r p e r i o d

L o c a l i t y N G I A R D I N A index (M)

L o c a l i t y 3 8 2

1. A d o r j á n I . 7 7 8 3 . 28 78. 64 2 . A d o r j á n I I . 15 15 7 8 . 9 8 7 9 . 9 3 3. K e c e l I . 22 13 80 . 76 79. 36 4. Ü l l ő I . 23 21 8 0 . 8 3 80 . 20 5. Ü l l ő I I . 18 21 8 0 . 8 9 80. 52 6. H o m o k m é g y - H a l o m 29 28 8 1 . 0 7 80 . 39 7. S z e g e d - K u n d o m b 38 48 7 9 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 0 8. " F e h é r t ó - A " 55 56 8 2 . 8 4 8 0 . 8 0 9 . S z e k s z á r d - P a l á n k p. 12 16 8 3 . 4 4 83 . 15

10. S z e b é n y I . 12 5 8 2 . 55 82 . 13 11. C s á k b e r é n y 12 7 8 2 . 04 82 . 00 12. H e g y k ő 10 6 8 3 . 12 83 . 33 13. Szentes - K a j á n 19 9 84 . 82 82 . 76 14. A l a t t y á n - T u l á t 54 53 79 . 37 78. 86 15. E l ő s z á l l á s - B a j c s i h e g y 10 6 81 . 48 82 . 89 16. K é k e s d 16 6 84. 57 84. 63 17. T i s z a v a s v á r 6 7 86 . 75 85 . 69 18. T o p o n á r 30 21 84. 79 84. 69 19. F é s z e r l a k p u s z t a 9 9 86 . 37 84. 02

I be l i eve that the g r a p h i c a l p r o j e c t i o n method m a y r e a d i l y be e m p l o y e d a l s o in H u n ­g a r i a n c r a n i o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h , t h e r e b y the const i tut ion of the s k u l l c a n be d e t e r m i n e d wi th e a s e . T h e two f i g u r e s show the length - breadth and length - height a s w e l l a s the c o r r e l a t i o n topography of the G i a r d i n a index a p p l i e d to the fo l lowing m a l e and f e m a l e s e r i e s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m the A v a r p e r i o d : A d o r j á n I , I I ( B a r t u c z - F a r k a s 1957) , K e c e l I ( L i p t á k 1954), Ü l l ő I , I I ( L i p t á k 1955) , H o m o k m é g y - H a l o m ( L i p t á k 1957), S z e g e d - K u n d o m b ( L i p t á k - B . M a r c s i k 1966) , " F e h é r t ó - A " ( L i p t á k - V á m o s 1969) , S z e k s z á r d - P a l á n k p u s z t a ( L i p t á k 1974) , S z e b é n y ( T ó t h 1961) , C s á k b e r é n y ( T ó t h 1962), , H e g y k ő ( T ó t h 1964), S z e n t e s - K a j á n ( W e n g e r 1955), A l a t t y á n -T u l á t (Wenger 1957), E l ő s z á l l á s - B a j c s i h e g y (Wenger 1966) , K é k e s d ( W e n g e r 1968), T i s z a v a s ­v á r (Wenger 1972), T o p o n á r (Wenger 1974) , F é s z e r l a k p u s z t a (Wenger 1975) .

T h e a v e r a g e v a l u e s g iven i n the two f i g u r e s r e f e r to 1146 i n d i v i d u a l s of w h i c h 609 a r e m a l e s and 537 f e m a l e s d e r i v i n g f r o m 19 l o c a l i t i e s .

T h e above d i s c u s s e d g r a p h i c a l method of the three c a t e g o r i e s y i e l d the fo l lowing c l a s s e s b a s e d on f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n ( B i a s u t t i 1953):

I . M o s t l y p l a t y c r a n i a l : 2 / 3 , or m o r e , I I . M a j o r i t y p l a t y c r a n i a l : 1/2 - 2 / 3 ,

I I I . M a j o r i t y o r t h o c r a n i a l , I V . M a j o r i t y h y p s i c r a n i a l : 1/2 - 2 / 3 ,

V . M o s t l y h y p s i c r a n i a l : 2 / 3 , or m o r e .

A c c o r d i n g to m y r e s u l t s the m a l e s e r i e s f r o m the A v a r p e r i o d be longs to the o r t h o ­c r a n i a l (10 c a s e s ) and the p l a t y c r a n i a l (9 c a s e s ) g r o u p s .

A r c h e o l o g i c a l f inds d e r i v i n g f r o m the fo l lowing l o c a l i t i e s be long to the o r t h o c r a n i a l c a t e g o r y : A d o r j á n I , " F e h é r t ó - A " , S z e k s z á r d - P a l á n k p u s z t a , S z e b é n y I , H e g y k ő , S z e n t e s -K a j á n , K é k e s d , T i s z a v a s v á r . T o p o n á r . F é s z e r l a k p u s z t a .

T h o s e belonging in the p l a t y c r a n i a l c a t e g o r y w e r e e x c a v a t e d at A d o r j á n I I , K e c e l I , Ü l l ő I , Ü l l ő I I , H o m o k m é g y - H a l o m , S z e g e d - K u n d o m b , C s á k b e r é n y , A l a t t y á n - T u l á t , E l ő s z á l ­l á s - B a j c s i h e g y .

In the c a s e of the f e m a l e s e r i e s p l a t y c r a n i a w a s d e t e r m i n e d in 11 c a s e s , w h i l e o r -t h o c r a n i a only in 8 c a s e s .

A r c h e o l o g i c a l f inds d e r i v i n g f r o m the fo l lowing l o c a l i t i e s belong to the p l a t y c r a n i a l c a t e g o r y : A d o r j á n I , A d o r j á n I I , K e c e l I , Ü l l ő I , Ü l l ő I I , H o m o k m é g y - H a l o m , S z e g e d - K u n ­domb, " F e h é r t ó - A " , S z e b é n y I , C s á k b e r é n y , A l a t t y á n - T u l á t .

T h o s e belonging i n the o r t h o c r a n i a l c a t e g o r y w e r e e x c a v a t e d at S z e k s z á r d - P a l á n k , H e g y k ő , S z e n t e s - K a j á n , E l ő s z á l l á s - B a j c s i h e g y , K é k e s d , T i s z a v a s v á r , T o p o n á r , F é s z e r l a k ­p u s z t a .

H y p s i c r a n i a l f ea ture , i . e . a v a l u e s u r p a s s i n g 87. 5 G i a r d i n a index w a s not e n c o u n ­t e r e d e i t h e r i n the m a l e or the f e m a l e s s e r i e s .

T a b l e 1 p r e s e n t s the m e a n v a l u e s of the G i a r d i n a index b r o k e n down to the m a l e and f e m a l e s s e r i e s a c c o r d i n g to l o c a l i t i e s . T h e n u m e r i c a l data of the m e a n v a l u e s of the G i a r d i n a i n d e x for the m a l e and f emale s e r i e s a s f i g u r e d i n T a b l e I c o r r e s p o n d wi th the g r a p h i c a l r e p ­r e s e n t a t i o n of the l i m i t i n g v a l u e s for the p l a t y c r a n i a l ( from x to 82 . 5) and the o r t h o c r a n i a l ( f rom 82. 6 to 8 7 . 5) c a t e g o r i e s .

In conc lud ing we m a y u n e q u i v o c a l l y s tate that d u r i n g c o m p a r a t i v e e x a m i n a t i o n s the G i a r d i n a index i s s ign i f i cant , s i n c e by i t s a p p l i c a t i o n , c o m p a r a t i v e l y m o r e p r e c i s e d e l i m i t ­i n g of the c a t e g o r i e s i s p o s s i b l e .

R E F E R E N C E S

B A R T U C Z , L . - F A R K A S , G y . (1957) : Z w e i A d o r j á n e r G r a b e r f e l d e r d e r A w a r e n z e i t a u s a n ­t h r o p o l o g i s c h e n G e s i c h t s p u n k t e b e t r a c h t e t . - A c t a B i o l . S z e g e d , 3 : 3 1 5 - 3 4 7 .

B I A S U T T I , R . (1953): L e r a z z e e i popol i d e l l a t e r r a . - Unione t i p o g r a f i c o - é d i t r i c e T o r i n e -se , p . I . 2 3 7 - 2 5 0 .

L I P T Á K , P . (1954): K e c e l k ö r n y é k i a v a r o k . - B i o l . K ö z i . , 2: 1 5 9 - 1 8 0 .

L I P T Á K , P . (1955): R e c h e r c h e s an thropo log iques s u r l e s o s s e m e n t s A v a r e s des e n v i r o n s d ' Ü l l ő . - A c t a . H u n g . , 6: 2 3 1 - 3 1 6 .

L I P T Á K , P . (19 56): H o m o k m é g y - H a l o m a v a r k o r i n é p e s s é g e . - A n t h r . K ö z i . , 4: 2 5 - 4 5 .

L I P T Á K , P . - B . M A R C S I K (1966) : S z e g e d - K u n d o m b a v a r k o r i n é p e s s é g é n e k e m b e r t a n i v i z s ­g á l a t a . - A n t h r . K ö z i . , 1 -3 : 1 3 - 5 6 .

L I P T Á K , P . - V Á M O S , K . (1969): A " F e h é r t ó - A " m e g n e v e z é s ű a v a r k o r i t e m e t ő c s o n t v á z ­a n y a g á n a k e m b e r t a n i v i z s g á l a t a . - A n t h r . K ö z i . , 1-2: 3 - 3 0 .

L I P T Á K , P . (1974): A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l A n a l y s i s of the A v a r - P e r i o d P o p u l a t i o n of S z e k s z á r d P a l á n k p u s z t a . - A c t a B i o l . Szeged , 20: 199 -211 .

T Ó T H , T . (1961): Mog i ln ik I . a v a r s k o g o v r e m e n i v s . S z e b é n y ( V I I I . v . ) . Pa leoantropolog i -c s e s z k i j o c s e r k . - A n n . H i s t . - n a t . M u s . N a t . H u n g . , 53: 5 7 1 - 6 1 3 .

T O T H , T . (1962): L e c i m e t i è r e de C s á k b e r é n y provenant des d é b u t s de l ^ é p o q u e a v a r e ( V I e

et V I I e s i è c l e s ) . - A n n . H i s t . - n a t . M u s . N a t . H u n g . , 54: 521- 549.

T Ó T H , T . (1964): T h e G e r m a n C e m e t e r y of H e g y k ő (VIth c . ) . - A n n . H i s t . - n a t . M u s . Nat . H u n g . , 56: 529-558 .

W E N G E R , S. (1955): S z e n t e s - K a j á n n é p v á n d o r l á s k o r i n é p e s s é g é n e k e m b e r t a n i t i p u s a i ( V I I -

V I I I . s z d . ) . - A n n . H i s t . - n a t . M u s . N a t . H u n g . , 6: 3 9 1 - 4 1 0 .

W E N G E R , S. (1957): D o n é e s o s t e o m e t r i q u e s s u r le m a t e r i a l anthropolog ique de c i m e t i è r e

d ' A l a t t y á n - T u l á t , p r o v e n a n t de l ' é p o q u e a v a r e . - * C r a n i a H u n g . , 1: 1-55.

W E N G E R , S. (1966): A n t h r o p o l o g i e de l a populat ion d ' E l ő s z á l l á s - B a j c s i h e g y provenant des t e m p s a v a r s . - A n t h r . H u n g . , 7: 115-206 .

W E N G E R , S. (1968): D a t a to the Anthropo logy of the A v a r P e r i o d Popu la t ion of the T r a n s -danubia (The anthropology of the A v a r p e r i o d c e m e t e r y at K é k e s d ) . - A n t h r . H u n g . , 8: 5 9 - 9 6 .

W E N G E R , S. (1972): A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l E x a m i n a t i o n of the O s t e o l o g i c a l M a t e r i a l D e r i v i n g f r o m the A v a r P e r i o d C e m e t e r y at T i s z a v a s v á r ( H u n g a r y ) . - A n t h r . H u n g . , 11: 5 - 8 1 .

W E N G E R , S. (1974): D é l d u n á n t u l a v a r k o r i n é p e s s é g é n e k e m b e r t a n i p r o b l é m á i . - A n t h r . H u n g . 13: 5 -86 .

W E N G E R , S. (1975): P a l e o a n t h r o p o l o g y of the P op u la t ion D e r i v i n g f r o m the A v a r P e r i o d at F é s z e r l a k - p u s z t a ( T r a n s d a n u b i a ) . - A n t h r . H u n g . , 14: 5 7 - 1 1 0 .

A u t h o r ' s a d d r e s s : D r . S. W E N G E R A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l D e p a r t m e n t of the

H u n g a r i a n N a t u r a l H i s t o r y M u s e u m H - 1062 B u d a p e s t , B a j z a u t c a 39 .

H u n g a r y

Fig.1

MALE SERIES

CRANIAL INDEX (8:1 )

- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r—i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

y=87.5

AVAR PERIOD

1. Adorján Ï 2 Adorján H. 3. Kecel I A. Ùllô I 5 Ûtlô TL 6. Homokmégy -Ha lom 7. Szeged-Kundomb ft. ^Fehértó-A' 9 Szekszárd - Ralánkpuszta

10. Szebény I 11 Csákberény 12. Hegykő 13 Szentes-Kaján

y=82.5 14 Alattyán-Tulát 15 Előszál lás - Bajcsihegy 1 6 Kékesd 17. Ti szavasvár 18. Toponár 19 Fészerlakpuszta

Hg. 2.

FEMALE SERIES

CRANIAL INDEX (8-1) AVAR PERIOD

• • I

85

y-82.5

"y-87.5

1. Adorján I. 2. Adorján E . 3. Kecel I. 4. Üllő I. 5. Úlló IL 6. Homokmégy-Halom 7- Szeged-Kundom b S. „Fehértó-A' 9 Szekszárd-FhLánkpuszta

10- Szebény I 11. Csákberény 12. Hegykő 13. Szentes-Kaján 14. A lottyan - T i á t 15. Előszállás-Bajcsihegy 16. Kékesd 17 Tiszavasvár 18 Toponár 19 Fészenakpuszb