The Age of European ImperialismThe Age of European Imperialism

Definition Definition Imperialism – Imperialism –

““the process by which one state, with superior the process by which one state, with superior military strength and more advanced technology, military strength and more advanced technology, imposes its control over the land, resources, and imposes its control over the land, resources, and population of a less-developed region.”population of a less-developed region.”

Simply put, the building of an empire.Simply put, the building of an empire.

E.M.P.I.R.EE.M.P.I.R.E EE = Exploration = Exploration

Map new territories Map new territories Locate native peopleLocate native people Identify natural resources Identify natural resources

MM = Militarism = Militarism Build up defensesBuild up defenses Protect global interestsProtect global interests

E.M.P.I.R.EE.M.P.I.R.E

PP = Politics = Politics Control another govt. Control another govt. More resources than others More resources than others

II = Ideology = Ideology Make others like EuropeansMake others like Europeans ““White Man’s Burden” White Man’s Burden”

E.M.P.I.R.EE.M.P.I.R.E

RR = Religion = Religion Convert natives to their beliefsConvert natives to their beliefs The native religion is wrongThe native religion is wrong

EE = Economics = Economics Increase supply and demandIncrease supply and demand Make MONEYMake MONEY

Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa

Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa Before the 1800s, European contact was largely Before the 1800s, European contact was largely

limited to the coastal areas. limited to the coastal areas.

Europeans were largely ignorant of the interior Europeans were largely ignorant of the interior locations within Africa.locations within Africa.

They were content to let African rulers and They were content to let African rulers and merchants represent European interests. merchants represent European interests.

Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa Slave trading declared to be an illegal practice—Slave trading declared to be an illegal practice—

1808, United States and Great Britain. 1808, United States and Great Britain.

Europe increased their interest in other forms of Europe increased their interest in other forms of trade, particularly natural resources. trade, particularly natural resources.

Europeans began to seek a more permanent Europeans began to seek a more permanent influence in Africa. influence in Africa.

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

Growing tensions Growing tensions between Europeans and between Europeans and African governments. African governments.

South Africa a notable South Africa a notable target of imperialism.target of imperialism.

This area first settled by This area first settled by the Dutch. the Dutch.

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa In 1795, the British seized the Dutch occupied In 1795, the British seized the Dutch occupied

CAPE TOWN CAPE TOWN and local surrounding areas. and local surrounding areas.

Discovery of diamonds and gold by the British. Discovery of diamonds and gold by the British.

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa Boer Wars Boer Wars (1880-1881 and 1899-1902).(1880-1881 and 1899-1902).

British fight the Boers (Dutch) to obtain resources. British fight the Boers (Dutch) to obtain resources.

Guerilla resistance from Boers = British respond with Guerilla resistance from Boers = British respond with crop burning and detention camps. crop burning and detention camps.

Victory for the British results in an addition of the Victory for the British results in an addition of the entire South African region to their empire.entire South African region to their empire.

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa South Africa was allowed to draft a constitution. South Africa was allowed to draft a constitution.

Only white men could vote—concession to the Boers. Only white men could vote—concession to the Boers. African people had very few rights.African people had very few rights. System of legal segregation. System of legal segregation. Apartheid (1948-1994). Apartheid (1948-1994).

System comparable to the Jim Crow South in the System comparable to the Jim Crow South in the United States. United States.

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire since 1517.Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire since 1517.

Becomes increasingly industrialized over time—Becomes increasingly industrialized over time—modern army, public schools, businesses. modern army, public schools, businesses.

1869 – Suez Canal construction was finished. 1869 – Suez Canal construction was finished.

Connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas.

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa Egypt borrowed money to Egypt borrowed money to

construct the canal. construct the canal.

Stock sold to investors to Stock sold to investors to pay off debt—Britain was pay off debt—Britain was the biggest.the biggest.

1882 – Britain controlled 1882 – Britain controlled the Suez Canal and Egypt.the Suez Canal and Egypt.

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa Otto von Bismarck – “All this colonial business is a Otto von Bismarck – “All this colonial business is a

sham, but we need it for elections.” sham, but we need it for elections.”

Germany and Britain would become colonial rivals.Germany and Britain would become colonial rivals.

1884 – Berlin Conference to settle conflicts. 1884 – Berlin Conference to settle conflicts. Agreement on rules for colonizationAgreement on rules for colonization Nations must notify each other (Effective Occupation) Nations must notify each other (Effective Occupation) NO AFRICAN REPRESENTATIVES WERE INVITEDNO AFRICAN REPRESENTATIVES WERE INVITED

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa By 1914, nearly all of Africa was controlled by By 1914, nearly all of Africa was controlled by

European powers—Ethiopia and Liberia, exceptions.European powers—Ethiopia and Liberia, exceptions.

Impact on Africa included –Impact on Africa included – Europeans placed into positions of powerEuropeans placed into positions of power Western culture was spreadWestern culture was spread Traditional African culture was shattered Traditional African culture was shattered Africans forced to work for the benefit of EuropeansAfricans forced to work for the benefit of Europeans Original African boundaries not honored (conflict) Original African boundaries not honored (conflict)

British Rule in IndiaBritish Rule in India

Objective: Objective: Students will examine the impact of Students will examine the impact of

British rule in India and how the cultural British rule in India and how the cultural practices of the Indian people were practices of the Indian people were disrupted throughout the region. disrupted throughout the region.

British Rule in IndiaBritish Rule in India Over the course of the eighteenth century, British Over the course of the eighteenth century, British

influence in India had increased. influence in India had increased.

British East India Company given power to become British East India Company given power to become involved in India’s political and military affairs. involved in India’s political and military affairs.

SepoysSepoys, Indian soldiers, assigned the role of , Indian soldiers, assigned the role of protecting company interests. protecting company interests.

British Rule in India British Rule in India 1857 – Sepoy Mutiny 1857 – Sepoy Mutiny

Revolt against the British Revolt against the British East India CompanyEast India Company

1858 – Britain declares 1858 – Britain declares India a royal colony and India a royal colony and Queen Victoria gains Queen Victoria gains power. power.

British Rule in IndiaBritish Rule in India British government ruled directly through an official British government ruled directly through an official

known as a known as a viceroyviceroy—governor who ruled as a —governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch. representative of a monarch.

Staff of 3,500 officials were responsible for around Staff of 3,500 officials were responsible for around 300 million people. 300 million people.

This was the largest colonial population in the This was the largest colonial population in the world. world.

British Rule in India British Rule in India BenefitsBenefits of British Rule: of British Rule:

Order and StabilityOrder and Stability Efficient GovernmentEfficient Government School SystemsSchool Systems RailroadsRailroads Postal ServicePostal Service

CostsCosts of British Rule: of British Rule: Elite EconomyElite Economy Damaged Local IndustryDamaged Local Industry Increased TaxesIncreased Taxes Loss of individual landLoss of individual land Food shortage Food shortage StarvationStarvation Indians considered Indians considered

unequal unequal

British Rule in India British Rule in India Although Britain had a firm hold on India, many Although Britain had a firm hold on India, many

individuals dreamed of independence. individuals dreamed of independence.

Middle class and well-educated citizens would be the Middle class and well-educated citizens would be the first to take action. first to take action.

1885: Indian National Congress (INC) was formed.1885: Indian National Congress (INC) was formed. Call for greater Indian involvement in government.Call for greater Indian involvement in government. Wanted to create a path toward independence.Wanted to create a path toward independence.

British Rule in IndiaBritish Rule in India

Mohandas Gandhi Mohandas Gandhi

Studied law in LondonStudied law in London

Assisted in South Africa Assisted in South Africa against racial exploitationagainst racial exploitation

Nonviolent ResistanceNonviolent Resistance

East Asia Under Challenge East Asia Under Challenge

East Asia Under Challenge East Asia Under Challenge China was isolated China was isolated

throughout much of its throughout much of its history.history.

As industrialized nations As industrialized nations in Europe became more in Europe became more powerful, they were able powerful, they were able to push China around. to push China around.

East Asia Under ChallengeEast Asia Under Challenge European trading was limited to a small outlet, European trading was limited to a small outlet,

known as Canton. known as Canton.

The British did not like this arrangement and The British did not like this arrangement and wanted change. wanted change.

OpiumOpium—a highly addictive drug—was a major —a highly addictive drug—was a major product the British imported into China. product the British imported into China.

East Asia Under ChallengeEast Asia Under Challenge The Chinese government The Chinese government

bans Opium on moral bans Opium on moral grounds. grounds.

Once again, the British Once again, the British were not pleased. were not pleased.

Result = Opium WarsResult = Opium Wars

East Asia Under ChallengeEast Asia Under Challenge Two separate wars, both British victories. Two separate wars, both British victories.

China forced to give in to western influences. China forced to give in to western influences.

The island of The island of Hong Kong Hong Kong now British territory. now British territory.

Marked beginning of Western influence in China. Marked beginning of Western influence in China.

East Asia Under ChallengeEast Asia Under Challenge Open Door Policy Open Door Policy – proposed by – proposed by John Hay John Hay to ensure to ensure

equal access to the Chinese market for all nations. equal access to the Chinese market for all nations.

Basically, served as Basically, served as picking the pocketspicking the pocketsof the Chinese.of the Chinese.

It did calm down the It did calm down the imperialist frenzy.imperialist frenzy.

East Asia Under ChallengeEast Asia Under Challenge The Society of Harmonious The Society of Harmonious

Fists Fists (AKA: The Boxers) (AKA: The Boxers) organized a rebellion.organized a rebellion.

Goal was to drive Europe Goal was to drive Europe and Japan out of China.and Japan out of China.

Guerilla tactics used to Guerilla tactics used to murder Christians. murder Christians.

East Asia Under Challenge East Asia Under Challenge

The rebellion was eventually put down by the major The rebellion was eventually put down by the major powers—British, French, Germans, Americans, etc. powers—British, French, Germans, Americans, etc.

China had to sign the China had to sign the Boxer Protocol.Boxer Protocol.

Forced to apologize and take the blame. This Forced to apologize and take the blame. This included paying back lost money to the other included paying back lost money to the other European nations. European nations.

Rise of Modern Japan

Rise of Modern Japan

Japan had traditionally avoided foreign influence.

They even had restricted their own citizens from traveling abroad.

Their long-held isolation prevented them from adopting new techniques over time.

Rise of Modern Japan

United States was the first foreign power to succeed with Japan.

Matthew Perry

Arrived by steamship—new to Japan.

Rise of Modern Japan

Japan slowly opened itself up to foreign influence.

Treaties were signed with Europeans, granting access to Japanese markets.

Opposition to foreign influence and ultimately act against the shogunate—commonly known as the Meiji Restoration.

Rise of Modern Japan

Widespread changes to modernize Japan.

1870s – Industrial Revolution.

New Emperor = New Laws.

Restricted voting rights.

Rise of Modern Japan

Implementation of a modern military.

Private industry, corporations, land ownership all were economic changes.

Higher emphasis on the importance of education.

All helped bring more power to the Japanese state.

Rise of Modern Japan

Equal footing with other European powers.

Wanted to expand

1895 – War with China to acquire Korea and Taiwan.

Rise of Modern Japan

1904 – Russo-Japanese War.

Victory for Japan to gain access to Manchuria.

Also establishes a sphere of influence for Japan.

War solidifies Japan’s place as a new world power.