The 19th Century

The Congress of Vienna, 1814-15

• Metternich (Austria)• Talleyrand (France)• Alexander I of Russia• Louis XVIII of France• Netherlands created• Prussia got Rhineland• Switzerland neutral• Russia gets Finland

and Poland• Norway/Sweden

Greek War of Independence, 1821-1832

• Ipsilantis• Lack of support• Execution of

Patriarch Gregory• Alexander’s Third

Rome complex• Lord Byron – Don

Juan• First European

ethnic state

1848 Revolutions: “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.”

Revolutions• France – King Louis-

Philippe, 2nd republic• Budapest – Magyars• Prague, Vienna• Prussia – Kaiser Frederick

Wilhelm IV, Prussian assembly in Berlin, Frankfurt Assembly

• Young Italy Movement – Mazzini, Republic of Rome

Results• France – absolutist Louis

Napoleon• Austria – Franz Josef I• Prussia – aristocrats in

assembly• Mazzini – France and

Austria

The Communist Manifesto, 1848

• Published in London• Marx and Engels• Bourgeoisie• Proletarians• Capitalism• Exploitation• Private property• Prior revolutions• Inevitable revolution

Russia after Peter the Great• Catherine the Great 1762-1796 –

wife of Peter III, golden age, The Hermitage, Alaska, Russo-Turkish Wars, “Star of the North”, enlightenment

• Alexander I 1801-1825– grandson, Napoleon relationship, Ottoman Empire, Greek independence

• Nicholas I 1825-1855– Russo-Turkish War, Crimean War

• Alexander II `1855-1881 – freed the serfs, planned Duma, assassinated by The People’s Will

Growth of Russian Empire

The Crimean War, 1853-1856

• Fear of Russian Empire• Nicholas I• Russia vs.

France/UK/Austria/Ottoman Empire/Sardinia

• Balaclava, Siege of Sevastopol

• Florence Nightingale• The Charge of the Light

Brigade by Tennyson, Earl of Cardigan

Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson

Half a league, half a league,Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.“Forward, the Light Brigade!Charge for the guns!” he said.Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

“Forward, the Light Brigade!”Was there a man dismayed?Not though the soldier knew Someone had blundered. Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

Queen Victoria, 1837-1901

• Queen of GB and Ireland (UK)

• Married Prince Albert• Also Empress of India• 63 year reign, last Hanover• Irish Potato Famine 1845-

1852• “Victorian” – strict

personal morality, style of furniture

The First Opium War, 1839-1842

• 1832 – Jardine, Matheson &Co. in Canton

• Traders losing money• India’s opium harvest• 1839 – factory raids• 1840 – British fleet in

Pearl River delta• 1842 – Treaty of Nanking,

aka “unequal treaty” – five open ports, Hong Kong, Shanghai

Letter to Queen Victoria from Lin Zixu, 1839

Suppose there were people from another country who carried opium for sale to Englandand seduced your people into buying and smoking it; certainly your honorable ruler would deeply hate it and be bitterly aroused. We have heard heretofore that your honorable ruler is kind and benevolent. Naturally you would not wish to give unto others what you yourself do not want. We have also heard that the ships coming to Canton have all had regulations promulgated and given to them in which it is stated that it is not permitted to carry contraband goods. This indicates that the administrative orders of yourhonorable rule have been originally strict and clear. Only because the trading ships are numerous, heretofore perhaps they have not been examined with care. Now after this communication has been dispatched and you have clearly understood the strictness of the prohibitory laws of the Celestial Gourt, certainly you will not let your subjects dare again to violate the law.We have further learned that in London, the capital of your honorable rule, and in Scotland,Ireland, and other places, originally no opium has been produced. Only in several places of India under your control such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, Benares, and Malwa has opium been planted from hill to hill, and ponds h ave been opened for its manufacture. For months and years wark is continued in order to accumulate the poison. The obnoxious odor ascends, irritating heaven and frightening the spirits. Indeed you, O King, can eradicate the opium plant in these places, hoe over the fields entirely, and sow in its stead the five grains [millet, barley, wheat, etc.]. Anyone who dares again attempt to plant and manufacture opium should be severely punished. This will really be a great, benevolent government policy that will increase the common weal and get rid of evil. For this, Heaven must support you and the spirits must bring you good fortune, prolonging your old age and extending your descendants. All will depend on this act.

Second Opium War

• 1856 – taking of The Arrow caused war

• Enforcement of Treaty of Nanking

• More demands• UK and France v. China• 1858 – Treaty of Tianjin

legalized opium trade, opened China to other nations, missionary movement

Napoleon III,

• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, president of 2nd republic 1848-1852

• Emperor 1852 - 1870• 1866 Austro-Prussian War –

Austria/Italy v. Prussia, France neutral

• Mexico• Archduke Maximilian of

Austria• 1865 - USA’s Civil War ends• Manet, Salon de Refuses

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71

• Napoleon III, King Wilhelm I

• Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

• German unity• The Ems Dispatch• Hohenzollern heir in Spain• Battle of Sedan, captured• Treaty of Frankfurt –

Alsace-Lorraine to Prussia• Retired to Britain

Unification of Italy 1871, Risorgimento

• Metternich: “Italy is just a geographical expression.”

• Northern Italy – Austrian Empire weakened by war

• 1848 – Roman republic, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Napoleon III and the Papal States

• “Where we will be, there will be Rome”

• 1861 - Handed Italy to Victor Emmanuel II, first king of Italy

• Offered services to Lincoln• 1870 – France pulled out (F-P

War)

Risorgimento map

European Colonization of Africa: “White Man’s Burden”

• Raw materials, missionaries, social Darwinism, racism

• Cecil Rhodes – South Africa, De Beers, Zambesia, Rhodesia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Rhodes Scholarship

• Cape to Cairo Red Line – The French, Portuguese Pink Map

• Dr. Livingstone• Heart of Darkness by

Joseph Conrad

Origins of First Boer War, 1880-81

• Boer – Dutch for “farmer”

• Congress of Vienna 1815

• Changes in Cape Colony• The Great Trek -

Voortrekkers leave Cape Colony and est. Natal, Transvaal and Orange FS (1830s)

• Britain vs. Boers

The Battle of Blood River (Natal)Boers vs. Zulu

First Boer War, 1880-81• 1868 – diamonds in Kimberly

(Transvaal)• Lord Roberts – took

Bloemfontain, Johannesburg, Pretoria

• 1877 – Britain annexed Transvaal• Zulu War – Battle of Rorke’s Drift• 1880 – protest against tax, SAR

declared independence• Guerrilla warfare, khakis• 1881 – Pretoria Convention, PM

Gladstone, Queen Victoria

White Man’s Burden by Kipling, 1899

Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breedGo bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride;By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit, And work another's gain.

Second Boer War, 1899-1902• 1899 - Boers invaded Natal and

Cape Colony• 1900 - Lord Roberts invaded

Transvaal and took Pretoria• Guerrilla warfare• Lord Kitchener - Scorched

earth, “drives”• Concentration camps• 1902 – Treaty of Vereeniging –

Transvaal and OFS become part of British Empire

• 1910 – Union of South Africa established

Japan: 1603-1867, the Edo Period• Edo Period - Tokugawa

Shogunate• 1852-1854 – Commodore

Perry, Fillmore’s letter, bombardment, response

• 1854 - Kanagawa Treaty - ports• Boshin War 1868-1869– France

and UK• Fall of Edo (Tokyo)• Meiji Emperor – Kyoto to Tokyo• Meiji Restoration

Meiji Restoration

• Militarization• Industrialization• Education• Diet – parliament• Shinto, emperor

worship• 1894-95 – Sino-

Japanese War – gained Taiwan

Spanish-American War

• The Maine• Battle of Manila Bay –

Dewey• Battle of San Juan Hill –

Rough Riders, Roosevelt• Treaty of Paris – Guam,

Puerto Rico, Philippines• Malaria• Yellow journalism• Expansionism