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WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION ON TEXTILE FIBER IDENTIFICATION

Presented by

Fuad Ahmed

Department: Textile Engineering

DUET

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Identification of fiber is a process to determine the composition of a textile materials.

It is very important in textile sector for dyeing, printing, finishing and caring the textile materials.

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Fiber identification method

Non-technical method Technical method

Feeling test Burn test Microscope test

Chemical test

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FEELING TEST

It is based on the handling properties and do not give accurate result because handling properties can be changed due to applying finishing chemical.

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As example cotton gives cooling feel in touch where wool fiber gives warm feel.

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BURN TEST

Different fiber shows different burning behavior. But it is difficult to identify fiber when it is blended yarn or fabric.

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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF SOME NATURAL FIBER

Fiber Name Approaching flame

In Flame Removed From Flame

Odor Residue/Ash

Cotton Scorches, Ignites readily.

Burns quickly with yellow flame.

Continues to burn rapidly.

Burning paper.

Light, soft, grey in color. Black ash for mercerized cotton.

Linen Scorches, Ignites readily

Burns with yellow flame and slower burning rate than cotton.

Continues to burn slowly.

Burning paper.

Feathery grey ash.

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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF SOME NATURAL FIBER

Fiber Name Approaching flame

In Flame Removed From Flame

Odor Residue/Ash

Wool Melts and curls away from flame.

Burns slowly. Self extinguishing.

Burning hair. Easily crushable dark ash.

Silk Melts and curls away from flame.

Burns and melts slowly, sputters.

Self extinguishing.

Burning hair. Easily crushable, round, shiny black ash.

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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF SOME SYNTHETIC FIBER

Fiber Name

Approaching flame

In Flame Removed From Flame

Odor Residue/Ash

Polyester Fuses and shrinks away from flame.

Burns slowly with melting.

Burns with difficulty.

Slightly sweetish.

Hard, round, brittle black

bead.Nylon Fuses and

shrinks away from flame.

Burns slowly with melting.

Self-extinguishing.

Amine Hard, round, tough, grey bead.

Glass No effect Not burn. Become harder.

No Hardens to glass.

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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF SOME SYNTHETIC FIBER

Fiber Name Approaching flame

In Flame Removed From Flame

Odor Residue/Ash

Acrylic Fuses and shrinks away from flame.

Burns rapidly without flame, sputtering, melts.

Continues to burn and melt.

Slightly like burning meat.

Brittle, hard, irregular black bead.

Acetate Fuses away from flame and turn back.

Burns quickly. Continues to burn and melt.

Vinegar or acetic acid.

Hard, irregular black ash.

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MICROSCOPE TEST

Microscope test is mostly effective for natural fiber but not for synthetic fiber cause the cross-section of synthetic fiber is not fixed and depend on the shape of spinneret.

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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF COTTON

Cross-sectional Longitudinal view view

Longitudinal view

Cross-sectional view

Collapsed, spirally twisted tube with rough surface.

Normally kidney-bean shape. Mercerized cotton round shape.

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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF WOOLLongitudinal view Cross-sectional

view

Irregular, roughly cylindrical multi-cellular structure. Outer layer consists of scales pointing towards the tip of the fibers.

Oval to circular shape with variation in diameter.

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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF SILK

Longitudinal view

Cross-sectional view

Irregular elliptical ribbons and rod like structure.

Triangular with rounded corners.

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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF JUTE

Longitudinal view

Cross-sectional view

Crosswise marks known as nodes or joints.

A small central canal similar to the lumen in cotton and polygonal with rounded edges.

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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF LINEN

Cross-sectional view Longitudinal view

Longitudinal view

Cross-sectional view

Looks like bamboo stick having joints in interval.

Multiple sided cylindrical filaments with fine pointed edges.

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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF RAYONLongitudinal

viewCross-sectional

viewUniform diameter with striations running parallel to the fiber axis.

Differ in cross-sectional view according to manufacturing process.

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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF ACETATE

Longitudinal view

Cross-sectional view

Striation and no cross markings in length direction.

Like clover leaf.

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CHEMICAL TEST

Chemical test gives the most accurate result than other identification method.Chemical test is divided into two class:-

1. Stain method

2. Solvent method

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STAIN METHOD

Stain method is applicable for those fiber which shows special behavior in acid and alkali.

As example, Acetate fiber changes to light green and orange color when acetic acid and sodium carbonate is used respectively.

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SOLVENT METHOD

Different solvents are used in this method and fiber can be distinguished for their different behavior in different solvent.

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SOLVENT METHODFiber type Solvent Identification of fiber

Vegetable + Animal

Acid Vegetable fiber destroyedAlkali Animal fiber destroyed

Cotton + Linen

Sulfuric acid and weak ammonia.

Cotton dissolved and linen unaffected.

Iodine and zinc chloride. Cotton stained reddish purple and linen stained blue to purple.

Caustic Soda (NaOH) Cotton remains white and linen turns to yellowish.

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SOLVENT METHOD (CONTINUE)

Fiber type Solvent Identification of fiberSilk +Wool

Concentrated cold hydrochloric (HCl) acid.

Silk will dissolved in the solventWool fiber become swell.

Viscose Rayon +Acetate

Sulfuric acid and equal amount iodine.

Dark-blue color indicates viscose rayon.Yellow color indicates acetate.

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SOLVENT METHOD (CONTINUE)Fiber type Solvent Identification of fiber

Di-acetate +Tri-acetate / Modacrylic

80 % Acetone Di-acetate will dissolve.Tri-acetate / Modacrylic will not dissolve.

Nylon +Acetate

Acetone Acetate will dissolve.

Nylon will not dissolve.

Nylon +Wool

Boiling solution of NaOH

Wool will dissolve.Nylon will not dissolve.

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SOLVENT METHOD (CONTINUE)Fiber type Solvent Identification of fiberPolyester +Other fiber

Hot metacresol / Acetone / Formic acid

Polyester, acetate, nylon soluble in hot metacresol.Acetate soluble in acetone but not polyester.Nylon soluble in formic acid but not polyester.

Acrylic +Other fiber

70 % solution of Ammonium thiocyanate.

Acrylic will dissolve but cotton, wool, silk, rayon, acetate, nylon, polyester will not dissolve.

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THANKS TO ALL