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Pak. Entomol. Vol. 32, No.1, 2010

PAKISTAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ISSN 1017-1827

http://www.pakentomol.com

email: [email protected]

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH ANDPHYTOSEIULUSPERSIMILIS ATHIAS-HENRIOT ON THREE HOST PLANTS

Muhammad Fazlul Hoque, Muhammad Khalequzzaman and Wahedul Islam

Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae: Acari) and its predator Phytoseiulus

persimilis Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae: Acari) were recorded on three host plants. The highest number of T.

urticae were recorded on bean (153.2) and eggplant (172.3) in the month of May 2006 whereas (174.35) onladys finger in August but the lowest (22.0, 8.99 and 9.81) in December 2006 only. The number of mite in

three host plants differed significantly (P


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Many physical and environmental factors interact to

influence the likelihood of a spider mite outbreak.

Identifying a single factor as solely responsible for a

population explosion of mites is too simplistic.

Huffaker et al. (1970) listed the four elements that

contribute to spider mite dynamics including weather

factors and natural enemies.

Bean, ladys finger and eggplants are very popular

and important vegetable crop in Bangladesh and

often attacked by TSSM causing great damage to the

plant resulting yield loss (Gapud, 1981). The

population study of the pest and its natural enemy is a

must in any control measure and this form objective

of present study of determining the abundance of T.

urticae and P. persimilis on the above plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Counting of population density of T. urticae and P.

persimilis was conducted separately on three host

plants viz., bean, ladys finger and eggplant in the

experimental plots of the Institute of Biological

Science, Rajshahi University. These host plants were

bedded from February 2005. The bean was allowed

to grow on bamboo framed platform placed at a

height of 1.75m from the ground and other host

plants were grown in the field as usual. No

insecticide, miticide or any other chemicals were

applied to control the pest during the survey period.

The plant was attacked naturally by TSSM and P.persimilis. The survey was made by bringing three

bean leaves every day from the each host plant. The

leaves were collected randomly. The leaves were

examined under stereo-binocular microscope in the

laboratory. All stages of mite viz. egg, larva, nymph

and adult were considered for counting. Different

stages were recorded separately. The survey was

started from the first week of June 2005 to May 2006.

RESULTS

Population density ofT. urticae

The average number of different life stages like egg,

larva, nymph and adult in different months are shown

in Tables 1-3 along with the mean temperature. On

bean plant, eggs per leaf disc was found maximum

(92.43.87) in the month of May, whereas it was

minimum (12.71.67) in February. The larval

population was maximum (39.64.21) in the month

of August and minimum (1.50.56) during January.

The nymphal population showed similar patternhaving maximum (31.44.00) in August and

minimum (1.00.33) in January. In case of adults the

minimum (1.50.30) number per leaf disc was

recorded in January but the maximum (29.12.67)population was recorded in May. Total population

(eggs to adult stage) was maximum (153.2) in May

and minimum (22.0) in December. The regression

equation of number of TSSM per leaf disc on

temperature was y= 134.733+8.170x with

correlation coefficient value as 0.69 indicating

positive relationship of population number with

increasing temperature. On lady's finger plant, eggs

per leaf disc was found maximum (106.617.59) in

the month of August, whereas it was minimum

(4.20.68) in December. The larval population was

maximum (60.910.85) in the month of August andminimum (1.90.66) during January. The nymphal

population showed similar pattern being maximum

(40.76.73) in August and minimum (1.30.27) in

December. In case of adults, the minimum number

(1.90.37) was recorded in December but the

maximum (32.73.49) population was recorded in

May. Total population was maximum (240.0) in

August and minimum (9.81) in December (Table 2).

The regression equation of number of TSSM per leaf

disc on temperature was y= 304.317+15.499x with

correlation coefficient value as 0.83. On eggplant,

mite eggs per leaf disc was found maximum(79.44.78) in the month of May, whereas it was

minimum (3.60.91) in December. The larval

population was maximum (69.01.88) in the month

of October and minimum (1.60.69) during

December. The nymphal population showed similar

pattern being maximum (32.47.44) in August and

minimum (1.40.30) in December. In case of adults,

the minimum number (2.30.61) was recorded in

December but the maximum (41.22.78) was

recorded in May. Total population was maximum

(172.3) in August and minimum (8.99) in December

(Table 3). Regression equation of population ofTSSM on leaf disc of eggplant is y = -221.507 +

11.476x. The positive correlation (r = 0.78) indicate

that the population increased with the temperature in

this case also.

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Table 1. Population density of different stages ofT. urticae on bean plant

Month Egg Larva Nymph Adult Total Temp.(oC)

June05 56.58.77c

26.83.82c

22.92.66b

11.81.52 118.0 29.60

July05 55.88.69c

31.24.28cd

23.14.48bc

17.11.92de

127.8 29.64

Aug05 59.86.03c 39.64.21d 31.54.00c 19.21.66e 150.1 29.98

Sept05 48.87.95c

24.14.07c

17.32.88b

6.91.46bc

97.1 29.80

Oct05 21.05.09a 6.61.91ab 6.71.91a 3.61.05ab 37.9 27.85Nov05 26.04.87

ab10.12.92

ab5.91.76

a4.00.77

ab46.0 22.42

Dec05 15.31.82a 3.820.81ab 1.090.28a 1.80.46ab 22.0 19.27

Jan06 53.01.07c 1.50.56a 1.00.33a 1.50.30a 57.0 18.25

Feb06 12.71.67a

1.70.33a

2.70.39a

8.11.19c

25.2 23.90

Mar06 17.61.29a

3.90.75ab

2.40.45a

7.10.50c

31.0 25.10

April06 42.03.46bc

4.00.21ab

6.70.59a

13.30.87d

66.0 27.80

May06 92.43.87d 13.00.56b 18.70.59b 29.12.67f 153.2 28.25

F 23.09 25.03 21.46 35.89

LSD 19.81 9.76 8.39 5.11

Table 2. Population density of different stages ofT. urticae on lady finger plant

Month Egg Larva Nymph Adult Total Temp. (oC)

June-05 92.14.97 27.62.62 22.52.88c

22.42.46 164.6 29.60

July-05 80.97.80 35.33.97 37.56.38d 20.53.73cd 174.4 29.64

Aug-05 106.617.6d 60.910.8d 40.76.73d 31.83.79e 240.0 29.98

Sept-05 69.89.54c

35.74.09c

22.83.91c

24.84.43de

153.1 29.80

Oct-05 19.63.45a

13.93.22ab

10.23.24abc

3.70.33ab

47.4 27.85

Nov-05 26.42.93ab

8.01.84a

6.01.04ab

6.71.70ab

47.1 22.42

Dec.-05 4.20.68a 2.40.52a 1.30.27a 1.90.37a 9.8 19.27

Jan.-06 4.31.04a 1.90.66a 1.60.4a 2.50.42ab 10.3 18.25

Feb.-06 23.82.15ab

4.00.55a

3.30.7ab

8.01.11ab

39.1 23.90

March-06 17.01.25ab

4.31.03a

11.51.73abc

7.71.35ab

40.5 25.10

April-06 46.75.62bc 11.20.57a 15.11.05bc 11.70.86bc 84.7 27.80

May-06 96.05.25d 26.61.95bc 15.72.29bc 32.73.49e 171.0 28.25F 30.42 22.32 15.42 20.78

LSD 25.56 14.27 12.52 9.20

Table 3. Population density of different stages ofT. urticae on eggplant

Month Egg Larva Nymph Adult Total Temp. (oC)

June-05 74.08.68f

23.53.73cd

18.81.63cd

12.71.35bc

129.0 29.60

July-05 68.66.39ef 42.56.62e 28.43.04de 24.63.78d 164.16 29.64

Aug-05 49.76.07de 43.67.77e 32.47.44e 15.53.13c 141.2 29.98

Sept-05 55.611.04ef

19.53.16bc

17.23.16bc

10.13.17ab

102.4 29.80

Oct-05 12.82.70ab

69.01.88 5.71.57a

4.51.24ab

29.9 27.85

Nov-05 23.12.30bc

5.71.46a

6.50.81a

4.1133a

39.4 22.42

Dec.-05 3.60.91a 1.60.69a 1.40.30a 2.40.57 8.99 19.27

Jan.-06 4.71.17ab

3.40.62a

2.00.25a

2.30.61a

12.4 18.25

Feb.-06 18.21.99ab

2.90.62a

3.60.80a

4.80.70ab

29.5 23.90

March-06 11.61.20ab

4.30.77a

3.80.46a

7.41.83ab

27.1 25.10

April-06 35.41.28cd

7.40.49ab

9.40.70abc

12.30.47bc

64.5 27.80

May-06 79.44.78f 32.92.00de 18.81.58cd 41.22.78e 172.3 28.25

F 29.79 21.10 16.24 28.87

LSD 19.06 12.87 9.79 7.80

8


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Table 4. Population density of different stages ofP. persimilis on bean plant

Month Egg Immature Adult Total Temp. (oC)

Sept-05 4.30.83bc 3.90.73bc 2.00.47ab 10.2 29.80

Oct-05 6.00.76c

3.90.52bc

3.30.44bc

13.2 27.85

Nov-05 3.80.86abc

3.70.51bc

3.80.75bc

11.3 22.42

Dec.-05 5.70.76

bc

2.90.81

ab

3.50.36

bc

12.1 19.27Jan.-06 6.00.91c 6.21.17c 3.90.73bc 16.1 18.25

Feb.-06 5.41.05bc 5.00.60bc 5.00.64c 15.4 23.90

March-06 2.50.34ab

2.80.51ab

2.20.35ab

7.5 25.10

April-06 1.00.33a

0.70.22a

1.20.49a

2.9 27.80

F 5.49 4.96 4.77

LSD 2.87 2.63 2.05

Table 5. Population density of different stages ofP. persimilis on ladys finger plant


Sept-05 4.41.00abc 3.20.48ab 3.70.73bc 11.3 29.80

Oct-05 6.30.76c

4.10.58ab

3.80.41bc

14.2 27.85

Nov-05 6.20.84

c

3.30.47

ab

3.40.42

bc

12.9 22.42Dec.-05 3.20.55ab 4.20.80ab 4.20.60bc 11.5 19.27

Jan.-06 7.20.94c

5.20.99b

4.71.02c

17.1 18.25

Feb.-06 5.70.89b

4.30.83ab

4.70.66c

14.7 23.90

March-06 2.90.53ab

2.20.48a

2.20.42ab

7.3 25.10

April-06 2.00.47a

1.90.51a

0.90.30a

4.6 27.80

F 5.97 2.74 4.28

LSD 2.88 2.53 2.31

Table 6. Population density of different stages ofP. persimilis on eggplant


Sept-05 3.90.91abc

3.50.40ab

2.50.61a

9.9 29.80

Oct-05 3.30.53ab

3.60.74ab

3.30.49ab

10.2 27.85Nov-05 4.01.01abc 3.40.30ab 2.60.52a 10.0 22.42

Dec.-05 3.50.56ab 5.10.68b 3.50.67ab 12.2 19.27

Jan.-06 6.70.97c

3.00.61a

4.80.95b

14.5 18.25

Feb.-06 4.40.80b

3.40.58ab

4.30.66ab

12.2 23.90

March-06 2.30.57ab

1.70.46a

1.20.40a

5.2 25.10

April-06 1.20.32a 1.70.40a 1.90.42a 4.8 27.80

F 4.48 4.15 3.88

LSD 2.81 2.07 2.32

Population density ofPhytoseiulus persimilis

The population density ofPhytoseiulus persimilis in

different life stages, egg, immature and adult, in

different months are shown in Tables 4-5 along with

the mean temperature. On bean plant, number of eggs

per leaf disc was maximum (6.00.91) in the month

of January, but it was minimum (1.00.33) in April.

The immature population was maximum (6.21.17)

in January and minimum (0.70.22) during April. In

case of adults, the minimum number (1.220.49) was

recorded in April but the maximum (5.00.64) inFebruary. Total population was maximum (16.1) in

January and minimum (2.9) in April (Table 4). The

regression equation of P. persimilis is y = 24.394

0.548x. On lady's finger, number of eggs per leaf disc

was maximum (7.20.24) in the month of January,

whereas it was minimum (2.00.47) in April. The

immature population was maximum (5.20.99) in the

month of January and minimum (1.90.51) during

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April. In case of adults, the minimum number

(0.970.30) was recorded in April but the maximum

(4.71.02) population was recorded in January. Total

population was maximum (17.1) in January and

minimum (4.6) in April (Table 5). The regression

equation was y = 23.0780.468x. On eggplant the

egg stage per leaf disc was maximum (6.70.97) inJanuary, whereas it was minimum (1.20.32) in

April. The immature population was the maximum

(5.10.68) in the month of December and minimum

(1.70.40) during April. In case of adults, the

minimum number (1.20.40) was recorded in March

but the maximum (4.80.95) population was recorded

in January. Total population was the maximum (14.5)

in January and minimum (4.8) in April (Table 6). The

regression equation was y = 22.1010.503x.

DISCUSSION

Spider mites are highly mobile, and the redistribution

of populations among hosts seems to be an important

part of their life history. Two-spotted spider mite

disperse from host to host primarily as adult females.

Mites required both wind and light as proximate cues

for initiating the aerial dispersal behaviour at times

that appear to be most favorable to becoming

airborne. Starvation or desiccation are necessary

preconditions for mites to engage in dispersal

behaviour, and wind and light are necessary triggers

for initiation of the behaviour (Kennedy and Smitely,

1985).

Gotoh (1997) studied the population of T. urticae in

four different Japanese pear orchards in Ibaraki

prefecture. He found the seasonal prevalences of

mite populations in the four pear orchards were

similar, but their abundances varied greatly. He

observed two types of seasonal peak population

trends: one population peak from September to

early October and the other in July and September in

T. urticae. In orchards, there was a population peak

in July, a relatively large number of mites infesting

the ground cover vegetation the proceeding spring,showing that the population peak originated from the

mites that migrated from weeds to pear trees.

Thereafter, mite densities remained at lower levels

throughout summer, but a second peak in September

was produced by the mites remaining on the pear

leaves. Takafuji and Kamibayashi (1984) also

reported the similar phenomenon in the population

trend of T. urticae while studying the population in

Okkayama, Japan.

Hare and Phillips (1992) reported the peak density of

citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) on

September in 1989 and October in 1990. Gotoh and

Kubota (1997) studied the population dynamics ofthe citrus red mite, P. citri in Japanese pear orchards

in 1993 and 1994. They observed the maximum

density of the mite in late May 1993 and mid-June

1994 respectively. Many other workers have done

extensive research on spider mites relating population

fluctuation (Grafton-Cardwell et al.. 1997; Kim et al.,

1997; Stanyard et al., 1997, 1998; Walsh et al., 1997;

Beers et al., 1998; Sclar et al., 1998) but on plants

other than vegetables.

The preferred temperature for the rapid development

ofT. urticae is 25 to 27C (Jeppson et al., 1975). Inthis study, the average temperature was between 25

to 27C during April and August. After April,

temperature increased rapidly during May. After

August temperature decreased gradually to welcome

winter. The population then decreased gradually in

relation to temperature fall.

In the present investigation it was found that both

mite species were maximum on ladys finger plant

followed by bean and eggplants. It was also noted

that T. urticae increased with the rise of atmospheric

temperature whereas P. persimilis were negativelycorrelated with the temperature.

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