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Pak. Entomol. Vol. 32, No.1, 2010
PAKISTAN ENTOMOLOGIST
ISSN 1017-1827
http://www.pakentomol.com
email: [email protected]
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH ANDPHYTOSEIULUSPERSIMILIS ATHIAS-HENRIOT ON THREE HOST PLANTS
Muhammad Fazlul Hoque, Muhammad Khalequzzaman and Wahedul Islam
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae: Acari) and its predator Phytoseiulus
persimilis Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae: Acari) were recorded on three host plants. The highest number of T.
urticae were recorded on bean (153.2) and eggplant (172.3) in the month of May 2006 whereas (174.35) onladys finger in August but the lowest (22.0, 8.99 and 9.81) in December 2006 only. The number of mite in
three host plants differed significantly (P
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Many physical and environmental factors interact to
influence the likelihood of a spider mite outbreak.
Identifying a single factor as solely responsible for a
population explosion of mites is too simplistic.
Huffaker et al. (1970) listed the four elements that
contribute to spider mite dynamics including weather
factors and natural enemies.
Bean, ladys finger and eggplants are very popular
and important vegetable crop in Bangladesh and
often attacked by TSSM causing great damage to the
plant resulting yield loss (Gapud, 1981). The
population study of the pest and its natural enemy is a
must in any control measure and this form objective
of present study of determining the abundance of T.
urticae and P. persimilis on the above plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Counting of population density of T. urticae and P.
persimilis was conducted separately on three host
plants viz., bean, ladys finger and eggplant in the
experimental plots of the Institute of Biological
Science, Rajshahi University. These host plants were
bedded from February 2005. The bean was allowed
to grow on bamboo framed platform placed at a
height of 1.75m from the ground and other host
plants were grown in the field as usual. No
insecticide, miticide or any other chemicals were
applied to control the pest during the survey period.
The plant was attacked naturally by TSSM and P.persimilis. The survey was made by bringing three
bean leaves every day from the each host plant. The
leaves were collected randomly. The leaves were
examined under stereo-binocular microscope in the
laboratory. All stages of mite viz. egg, larva, nymph
and adult were considered for counting. Different
stages were recorded separately. The survey was
started from the first week of June 2005 to May 2006.
RESULTS
Population density ofT. urticae
The average number of different life stages like egg,
larva, nymph and adult in different months are shown
in Tables 1-3 along with the mean temperature. On
bean plant, eggs per leaf disc was found maximum
(92.43.87) in the month of May, whereas it was
minimum (12.71.67) in February. The larval
population was maximum (39.64.21) in the month
of August and minimum (1.50.56) during January.
The nymphal population showed similar patternhaving maximum (31.44.00) in August and
minimum (1.00.33) in January. In case of adults the
minimum (1.50.30) number per leaf disc was
recorded in January but the maximum (29.12.67)population was recorded in May. Total population
(eggs to adult stage) was maximum (153.2) in May
and minimum (22.0) in December. The regression
equation of number of TSSM per leaf disc on
temperature was y= 134.733+8.170x with
correlation coefficient value as 0.69 indicating
positive relationship of population number with
increasing temperature. On lady's finger plant, eggs
per leaf disc was found maximum (106.617.59) in
the month of August, whereas it was minimum
(4.20.68) in December. The larval population was
maximum (60.910.85) in the month of August andminimum (1.90.66) during January. The nymphal
population showed similar pattern being maximum
(40.76.73) in August and minimum (1.30.27) in
December. In case of adults, the minimum number
(1.90.37) was recorded in December but the
maximum (32.73.49) population was recorded in
May. Total population was maximum (240.0) in
August and minimum (9.81) in December (Table 2).
The regression equation of number of TSSM per leaf
disc on temperature was y= 304.317+15.499x with
correlation coefficient value as 0.83. On eggplant,
mite eggs per leaf disc was found maximum(79.44.78) in the month of May, whereas it was
minimum (3.60.91) in December. The larval
population was maximum (69.01.88) in the month
of October and minimum (1.60.69) during
December. The nymphal population showed similar
pattern being maximum (32.47.44) in August and
minimum (1.40.30) in December. In case of adults,
the minimum number (2.30.61) was recorded in
December but the maximum (41.22.78) was
recorded in May. Total population was maximum
(172.3) in August and minimum (8.99) in December
(Table 3). Regression equation of population ofTSSM on leaf disc of eggplant is y = -221.507 +
11.476x. The positive correlation (r = 0.78) indicate
that the population increased with the temperature in
this case also.
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Table 1. Population density of different stages ofT. urticae on bean plant
Month Egg Larva Nymph Adult Total Temp.(oC)
June05 56.58.77c
26.83.82c
22.92.66b
11.81.52 118.0 29.60
July05 55.88.69c
31.24.28cd
23.14.48bc
17.11.92de
127.8 29.64
Aug05 59.86.03c 39.64.21d 31.54.00c 19.21.66e 150.1 29.98
Sept05 48.87.95c
24.14.07c
17.32.88b
6.91.46bc
97.1 29.80
Oct05 21.05.09a 6.61.91ab 6.71.91a 3.61.05ab 37.9 27.85Nov05 26.04.87
ab10.12.92
ab5.91.76
a4.00.77
ab46.0 22.42
Dec05 15.31.82a 3.820.81ab 1.090.28a 1.80.46ab 22.0 19.27
Jan06 53.01.07c 1.50.56a 1.00.33a 1.50.30a 57.0 18.25
Feb06 12.71.67a
1.70.33a
2.70.39a
8.11.19c
25.2 23.90
Mar06 17.61.29a
3.90.75ab
2.40.45a
7.10.50c
31.0 25.10
April06 42.03.46bc
4.00.21ab
6.70.59a
13.30.87d
66.0 27.80
May06 92.43.87d 13.00.56b 18.70.59b 29.12.67f 153.2 28.25
F 23.09 25.03 21.46 35.89
LSD 19.81 9.76 8.39 5.11
Table 2. Population density of different stages ofT. urticae on lady finger plant
Month Egg Larva Nymph Adult Total Temp. (oC)
June-05 92.14.97 27.62.62 22.52.88c
22.42.46 164.6 29.60
July-05 80.97.80 35.33.97 37.56.38d 20.53.73cd 174.4 29.64
Aug-05 106.617.6d 60.910.8d 40.76.73d 31.83.79e 240.0 29.98
Sept-05 69.89.54c
35.74.09c
22.83.91c
24.84.43de
153.1 29.80
Oct-05 19.63.45a
13.93.22ab
10.23.24abc
3.70.33ab
47.4 27.85
Nov-05 26.42.93ab
8.01.84a
6.01.04ab
6.71.70ab
47.1 22.42
Dec.-05 4.20.68a 2.40.52a 1.30.27a 1.90.37a 9.8 19.27
Jan.-06 4.31.04a 1.90.66a 1.60.4a 2.50.42ab 10.3 18.25
Feb.-06 23.82.15ab
4.00.55a
3.30.7ab
8.01.11ab
39.1 23.90
March-06 17.01.25ab
4.31.03a
11.51.73abc
7.71.35ab
40.5 25.10
April-06 46.75.62bc 11.20.57a 15.11.05bc 11.70.86bc 84.7 27.80
May-06 96.05.25d 26.61.95bc 15.72.29bc 32.73.49e 171.0 28.25F 30.42 22.32 15.42 20.78
LSD 25.56 14.27 12.52 9.20
Table 3. Population density of different stages ofT. urticae on eggplant
Month Egg Larva Nymph Adult Total Temp. (oC)
June-05 74.08.68f
23.53.73cd
18.81.63cd
12.71.35bc
129.0 29.60
July-05 68.66.39ef 42.56.62e 28.43.04de 24.63.78d 164.16 29.64
Aug-05 49.76.07de 43.67.77e 32.47.44e 15.53.13c 141.2 29.98
Sept-05 55.611.04ef
19.53.16bc
17.23.16bc
10.13.17ab
102.4 29.80
Oct-05 12.82.70ab
69.01.88 5.71.57a
4.51.24ab
29.9 27.85
Nov-05 23.12.30bc
5.71.46a
6.50.81a
4.1133a
39.4 22.42
Dec.-05 3.60.91a 1.60.69a 1.40.30a 2.40.57 8.99 19.27
Jan.-06 4.71.17ab
3.40.62a
2.00.25a
2.30.61a
12.4 18.25
Feb.-06 18.21.99ab
2.90.62a
3.60.80a
4.80.70ab
29.5 23.90
March-06 11.61.20ab
4.30.77a
3.80.46a
7.41.83ab
27.1 25.10
April-06 35.41.28cd
7.40.49ab
9.40.70abc
12.30.47bc
64.5 27.80
May-06 79.44.78f 32.92.00de 18.81.58cd 41.22.78e 172.3 28.25
F 29.79 21.10 16.24 28.87
LSD 19.06 12.87 9.79 7.80
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Table 4. Population density of different stages ofP. persimilis on bean plant
Month Egg Immature Adult Total Temp. (oC)
Sept-05 4.30.83bc 3.90.73bc 2.00.47ab 10.2 29.80
Oct-05 6.00.76c
3.90.52bc
3.30.44bc
13.2 27.85
Nov-05 3.80.86abc
3.70.51bc
3.80.75bc
11.3 22.42
Dec.-05 5.70.76
bc
2.90.81
ab
3.50.36
bc
12.1 19.27Jan.-06 6.00.91c 6.21.17c 3.90.73bc 16.1 18.25
Feb.-06 5.41.05bc 5.00.60bc 5.00.64c 15.4 23.90
March-06 2.50.34ab
2.80.51ab
2.20.35ab
7.5 25.10
April-06 1.00.33a
0.70.22a
1.20.49a
2.9 27.80
F 5.49 4.96 4.77
LSD 2.87 2.63 2.05
Table 5. Population density of different stages ofP. persimilis on ladys finger plant
Month Egg Immature Adult Total Temp. (oC)
Sept-05 4.41.00abc 3.20.48ab 3.70.73bc 11.3 29.80
Oct-05 6.30.76c
4.10.58ab
3.80.41bc
14.2 27.85
Nov-05 6.20.84
c
3.30.47
ab
3.40.42
bc
12.9 22.42Dec.-05 3.20.55ab 4.20.80ab 4.20.60bc 11.5 19.27
Jan.-06 7.20.94c
5.20.99b
4.71.02c
17.1 18.25
Feb.-06 5.70.89b
4.30.83ab
4.70.66c
14.7 23.90
March-06 2.90.53ab
2.20.48a
2.20.42ab
7.3 25.10
April-06 2.00.47a
1.90.51a
0.90.30a
4.6 27.80
F 5.97 2.74 4.28
LSD 2.88 2.53 2.31
Table 6. Population density of different stages ofP. persimilis on eggplant
Month Egg Immature Adult Total Temp. (oC)
Sept-05 3.90.91abc
3.50.40ab
2.50.61a
9.9 29.80
Oct-05 3.30.53ab
3.60.74ab
3.30.49ab
10.2 27.85Nov-05 4.01.01abc 3.40.30ab 2.60.52a 10.0 22.42
Dec.-05 3.50.56ab 5.10.68b 3.50.67ab 12.2 19.27
Jan.-06 6.70.97c
3.00.61a
4.80.95b
14.5 18.25
Feb.-06 4.40.80b
3.40.58ab
4.30.66ab
12.2 23.90
March-06 2.30.57ab
1.70.46a
1.20.40a
5.2 25.10
April-06 1.20.32a 1.70.40a 1.90.42a 4.8 27.80
F 4.48 4.15 3.88
LSD 2.81 2.07 2.32
Population density ofPhytoseiulus persimilis
The population density ofPhytoseiulus persimilis in
different life stages, egg, immature and adult, in
different months are shown in Tables 4-5 along with
the mean temperature. On bean plant, number of eggs
per leaf disc was maximum (6.00.91) in the month
of January, but it was minimum (1.00.33) in April.
The immature population was maximum (6.21.17)
in January and minimum (0.70.22) during April. In
case of adults, the minimum number (1.220.49) was
recorded in April but the maximum (5.00.64) inFebruary. Total population was maximum (16.1) in
January and minimum (2.9) in April (Table 4). The
regression equation of P. persimilis is y = 24.394
0.548x. On lady's finger, number of eggs per leaf disc
was maximum (7.20.24) in the month of January,
whereas it was minimum (2.00.47) in April. The
immature population was maximum (5.20.99) in the
month of January and minimum (1.90.51) during
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April. In case of adults, the minimum number
(0.970.30) was recorded in April but the maximum
(4.71.02) population was recorded in January. Total
population was maximum (17.1) in January and
minimum (4.6) in April (Table 5). The regression
equation was y = 23.0780.468x. On eggplant the
egg stage per leaf disc was maximum (6.70.97) inJanuary, whereas it was minimum (1.20.32) in
April. The immature population was the maximum
(5.10.68) in the month of December and minimum
(1.70.40) during April. In case of adults, the
minimum number (1.20.40) was recorded in March
but the maximum (4.80.95) population was recorded
in January. Total population was the maximum (14.5)
in January and minimum (4.8) in April (Table 6). The
regression equation was y = 22.1010.503x.
DISCUSSION
Spider mites are highly mobile, and the redistribution
of populations among hosts seems to be an important
part of their life history. Two-spotted spider mite
disperse from host to host primarily as adult females.
Mites required both wind and light as proximate cues
for initiating the aerial dispersal behaviour at times
that appear to be most favorable to becoming
airborne. Starvation or desiccation are necessary
preconditions for mites to engage in dispersal
behaviour, and wind and light are necessary triggers
for initiation of the behaviour (Kennedy and Smitely,
1985).
Gotoh (1997) studied the population of T. urticae in
four different Japanese pear orchards in Ibaraki
prefecture. He found the seasonal prevalences of
mite populations in the four pear orchards were
similar, but their abundances varied greatly. He
observed two types of seasonal peak population
trends: one population peak from September to
early October and the other in July and September in
T. urticae. In orchards, there was a population peak
in July, a relatively large number of mites infesting
the ground cover vegetation the proceeding spring,showing that the population peak originated from the
mites that migrated from weeds to pear trees.
Thereafter, mite densities remained at lower levels
throughout summer, but a second peak in September
was produced by the mites remaining on the pear
leaves. Takafuji and Kamibayashi (1984) also
reported the similar phenomenon in the population
trend of T. urticae while studying the population in
Okkayama, Japan.
Hare and Phillips (1992) reported the peak density of
citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) on
September in 1989 and October in 1990. Gotoh and
Kubota (1997) studied the population dynamics ofthe citrus red mite, P. citri in Japanese pear orchards
in 1993 and 1994. They observed the maximum
density of the mite in late May 1993 and mid-June
1994 respectively. Many other workers have done
extensive research on spider mites relating population
fluctuation (Grafton-Cardwell et al.. 1997; Kim et al.,
1997; Stanyard et al., 1997, 1998; Walsh et al., 1997;
Beers et al., 1998; Sclar et al., 1998) but on plants
other than vegetables.
The preferred temperature for the rapid development
ofT. urticae is 25 to 27C (Jeppson et al., 1975). Inthis study, the average temperature was between 25
to 27C during April and August. After April,
temperature increased rapidly during May. After
August temperature decreased gradually to welcome
winter. The population then decreased gradually in
relation to temperature fall.
In the present investigation it was found that both
mite species were maximum on ladys finger plant
followed by bean and eggplants. It was also noted
that T. urticae increased with the rise of atmospheric
temperature whereas P. persimilis were negativelycorrelated with the temperature.
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