testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · web viewthe main...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
A. Research design: Focus Group Discussion
Not much research has been done on AGSB students’ awareness of the
Mulat Diwa Program. The main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the
students’ consciousness and explore other methods of implementing the program in the
AGSB curriculum. Based on the initial literature search carried out by the group, a
Focus Group Discussion was identified as the research type that would be used
throughout the study.
A.1 Research design
The Focus Group Discussion is essentially a qualitative research methodology. It
offers qualitative researchers the opportunity to interview several respondents
systematically and simultaneously.1
A Focus Group is a group of people (typically 6 to 10 participants), led by a
trained moderator, who meet for 90 minutes to 2 hours. The facilitator or moderator
uses group dynamics principles to focus or guide the group in an exchange of ideas,
feelings, and experiences on a specific topic.2
FGD is applauded and widely used in recent times mainly because of its strength
of convenience, economic advantage, high face validity, and speedy results (Krueger,
1988). It is the use of social interaction which distinguishes it from other qualitative
research methodologies (Merton et al. 1990).
A.2 Reason for research design, advantages and disadvantages
The reason why an FGD was chosen as the research design for this study is 1 Babbie, E. (2011). The Basics of Research, 5th Edition (p.78). WADSWORTH CENCAGE Learning.2 Cooper, Donald R. and Schindler, Pamela S. (2008). Business Research Methods, 11th Ed. (p.147). McGraw Hill.
![Page 2: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwabecause it can provide the researchers with important information that cannot be
obtained from other research designs. The information that we can be obtained from the
free-flowing conversations of the participants will help the researchers get more
accurate opinions and reactions from the participants. An FGD would provide the
researcher with the most data with high validity based on social interaction.
Two significant points of an FGD on this research:
1. The first is that the topic be narrowly focused. A narrowly focused question will
encourage focus-group participants to give specific answers and more detailed
opinions on particular experiences with past immersion programs.
2. Secondly, the emphasis in a focus group should be on the interaction among the
group members, so as to elicit the most detailed, vivid, and valid responses from
the participants
Advantages:
The Authority Role Of The Moderator
The Ability Of Group Participants To Interact With Each Other
The Dynamic Nature Of The Methodology
The Ability To Involve The Client Personnel In The Research Process
The Capability To Utilize Non-Verbal Behavior As A Research Input
The Greater Security Associated With Traditional Focus Group Research
Disadvantages:
Less control to researchers in the interview process
There can be disagreements and irrelevant discussion which distract from
the main focus; Participants may be hard to manage
They can be difficult to encourage a range of people to participate
May be subject to groupthink which can significantly impact the output of
the research study
![Page 3: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
Focus Groups Tend To Become Influenced By One or Two Dominant
People
Focus Groups Are Not As Effective In Dealing With Sensitive Topics
Focus Group Output Is Not Projectable
Focus Groups Are A Very Artificial Environment Which Can Influence The
Responses That Are Generated
B. Construct Validity
B.1 Definition
Validity is the extent to which a test measures what we actually wish to
measure.3
A construct validity is a design test in establishing correct operational measures
for the concepts being studied.4 It is the degree to which a research instrument is able
to provide evidence based on theory.5
A Focus Group Discussion was identified as the research type that would be
used throughout the study as it would provide the researcher with the most data with
high validity based on social interaction among the participants.
B.2 How to achieve construct validity
The program will be introduced to the FGD participants as such:
The program will be called “AGSB Praxis Immersion Program”, a required
course for all students of the AGSB MBA Standard Program.
3 Cooper. Business Research Methods. p. 282.4 Yin, Robert K. (1994). Case Study Research: Designs and Method (Applied Social Research Methods), 4th Ed. (p.132) Thousand Oaks California: Sage Publications. 5 Cooper. Business Research Methods. p. 731.
![Page 4: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
Students will be working in pairs for the entire course which will consist of
three main parts:
The course will require students to look for SMEs which will be the subject
of their project. The students will study the SME and come up with the
following papers:
o Profile Report
o Marketing Plan
o Advertising Strategy
o Financial Solutions
o Total Quality Management Seminar
o Process Flow Improvement
The second part of the course will be the actual immersion where the
students will actively engage in the day-to-day activities of the business. This
will give the students a first-hand view of the different issues that the SMEs
face and be able to come up with solutions that will address them.
The final part of the course will be a report detailing their experience,
quantitative data showing the profit or loss of the business during that period,
the output of their proposed action plans, and further recommendation to
improve the business.
1. Questions
The two main objectives of the study are:
I. To know if the students will agree to the implementation of the “AGSB Praxis
Immersion Program” as a required course for all graduating students of the
AGSB MBA Standard Program.
![Page 5: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
Questions to ask the participants:
1. Mulat Diwa is a program that attempts to instill a culture that connects
business to a higher purpose. A product of this is what is now known as
AGSB’s battlecry: “Our nation is our business.” How do you think the “AGSB
Praxis Immersion Program”, as a required course, will be able to help achieve
this objective?
Reason/s for asking: This question is aimed at discovering whether or not the
participants are keen to accept the idea of an “AGSB Praxis Immersion
Program” as a required course. Do the students think that the “AGSB Praxis
Immersion Program” will be beneficial to AGSB’s Mulat Diwa Program? How
much do the participants know about Mulat Diwa and are they familiar with
the concept of an immersion program? (Respondents may share previous
experiences and cite examples of previous programs that they took.)
2. If the “AGSB Praxis Immersion Program” will be implemented as a required
course in the curriculum, under what subject should it be a part of?
Reason/s for asking: The researchers would like to know if the students are
open to the suggestion of creating the “AGSB Praxis Immersion Program” as
an independent course to itself, or if not, what subjects could they suggest
that would be best suited in adopting the program.
3. How many units should be required of the course?
Reason/s for asking: This question aims to know how much weight in the
curriculum, in the students’ opinions, should be given to the program.
Consequently, how much value will the students put on the program.
4. Should the students be given the chance to choose an SME (to be subject for
approval of the professor) or assigned by the professor? What should be the
criteria for SME selection or assignment?
![Page 6: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
Reason/s for asking: The researchers would like to know if the students are
willing to take an active part in selecting the SME that they will be working with,
and if they think there should be a particular set criteria for the selection.
II. To know if the students of the AGSB MBA Standard Program will agree to an
actual immersion where they will actively engage in real-life day-to-day activities of
SMEs.
Questions to ask the participants:
1. How do you think the “AGSB Praxis Immersion Program”, through actual
immersion, will be able to develop and nurture business leaders and managers
who realize their role in building a sustainable, and profitable nation?
Reason/s for asking: This question aims to discover whether or not the students are
open to the idea of the “AGSB Praxis Immersion Program” involving actual
immersion. Do the students think that an actual immersion would be an effective way
of learning the values of Mulat Diwa?
2. How long should the actual immersion take place?
Reason/s for asking: The researchers would like to know how much time the
students are willing to invest in the immersion part of the program. What are
respondents ideas of an actual immersion?
2. Content Analysis
Content analysis is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain
words or concepts within texts or sets of texts. It measures the semantic content or the
what aspect of a message. Content analysis has been described as “a research
![Page 7: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwatechnique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest
content of a communication.”6
Essentially content analysis is the method of categorizing content to find critical
information within the language. It can be done with data reduction, questionnaires, by
using a checklist, coding or other form of qualitative or quantitative data analysis.
Researchers quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and relationships of
such words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the texts,
the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part.
There are two general categories of content analysis: conceptual analysis and
relational analysis. This study will be adapting the conceptual analysis in analyzing the
data gathered. Conceptual analysis can be thought of as establishing the existence
and frequency of concepts in a text.7
An example of a conceptual analysis would be to examine a text and to code it
for the existence of certain words. In looking at this text, the research question might
involve examining the number of positive words used to describe an argument, as
opposed to the number of negative words used to describe a current status or opposing
argument. The researcher would be interested only in quantifying these words, not in
examining how they are related, which is a function of relational analysis. In conceptual
analysis, the researcher simply wants to examine presence with respect to his/her
research question, i.e. whether there is a stronger presence of positive or negative
words used with respect to a specific argument or respective arguments.
One's options include either deleting or skipping over unwanted material, or
viewing all information as relevant and important and using it to reexamine, reassess
and perhaps even alter one's coding scheme.6 Cooper. Business Research Methods. p. 409-410.7 “Content Analysis.” (n.d.) In The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved March 17, 2013, from https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/content.html.
![Page 8: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
Establishing reliability is easy and straightforward. Of all the research methods,
content analysis scores highest with regard to ease of replication. Usually the materials
can be made available for others to use.
Category Definition Example Coding RulesPositive words - words that are
explicitly stated and express conviction and affirmation that the “AGSB Praxis Immersion Program” is a good idea
- confident in opinion or assertion that the program would be beneficial to AGSB students
“That’s true”, “motivate”, ”best”, “help”
All aspects of the definition point to "Positive response" and confidence in the proposed program
Neutral words - words that express uncertainty, not aligned with or supporting any side or position, not
“might”, “unsure”, “maybe”
If not all aspects of definition point to "Positive" or "Negative"
Negative words - words that express a negative, pessimistic feeling about the proposed immersion program
“don’t”,“hesitant”, “hassle”
All aspects of the definition point to "Negative response" and no confidence in the proposed program
Conceptual/Frequency Analysis:
The table below displays the data comparison between frequency of positive, neutral and negative words in the responses that were given per question.
![Page 9: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
POSITIVE NEUTRAL NEGATIVEQ1 16 1 8Q2 10 0 4Q3 5 0 3Q4 10 0 5Q5 17 0 6Q6 15 1 6
Below is the same data displayed as a chart.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q60
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
PositiveNegativeNeutral
Based on the data gathered, it appears there is a greater emphasis on the
positive words towards the idea of an “AGSB Praxis Immersion Program” as opposed to
negative or negative words.
B.3 Limitations of Construct Validity
![Page 10: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
1. The questions that will be asked regarding Mulat-Diwa will only revolve around
two objectives, namely:
a. To know if the students will agree to the implementation of the “AGSB Praxis
Immersion Program” as a required course for all graduating students of the
AGSB MBA Standard Program.
b. To know if the students of the AGSB MBA Standard Program will agree to an
actual immersion where they will actively engage in real-life day-to-day activities
of SMEs.
This means that other subject matters other the implementation of the Immersion
Program as a required course will not be included.
Participants might find some of the longer questions loaded and difficult to
understand, this may cause confusion and affect their responses.
Other factors such as opinion differences and temporary variations in mood that
may already be present among the participants prior to the study may limit the
respondents ability to answer properly.
The location and setting of the FGD may provide distraction to the participants as
they may find themselves in an unfamiliar environment, some participants may even be
thinking of the distance of the location from their destinations as soon as the FGD is
completed.
Paraphrasing, rewording or use of complex words beyond participant
comprehension by the moderator may affect the participants’ interpretations of the
different questions, therefore distorting the responses.
2. Content analysis used in this study, in particular, conceptual or frequency
analysis, would not include the relationship between responses and would not be able
to provide a higher level of interpretation of the data gathered. Since it is only concerned
![Page 11: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwaabout word counts, it disregards the context of the responses given as well as the
overall idea of the response.
Content analysis is a purely descriptive method. It describes what is, but may not
reveal the underlying motives for the observed pattern, “why”.
C. Reliability
C.1 Definition
Reliability is demonstrating that the operations of a study such as the data
collection procedures can be repeated, with the same results.
A measure is reliable to the degree that it supplies consistent results.8
1. Criteria for selecting your respondents
The respondents should be currently enrolled in the AGSB MBA
Standard Program.
The respondents should be a graduate of Ateneo de Manila University.
2. Definition of sampling design
Target population are those people, events, or records that contain the desired
information and can answer the measurement questions.9
A sample examines a portion of the target population, and the portion must be
carefully selected to represent that population.10
8 Cooper. Business Research Methods. p.283.9 Cooper. Business Research Methods. p. 28310 Cooper. Business Research Methods. p. 283
![Page 12: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
Nonprobability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are
gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal
chances of being selected. It an arbitrary and subjective procedure and no attmept is
made to generate a statisticallu representative sample.11
This study will be using the purposive or judgmental sampling technique
wherein the sample is one that is selected based on the knowledge of a population and
the purpose of the study. In purposive sampling, researchers choose participants for
their unique characteristics or their experiences, attitudes, or perceptions.12
The respondents chosen for the study are students who are currently enrolled in
the AGSB MBA Standard Program and have graduated from the Ateneo de Manila
University. The second criteria has been established so that the respondents will be
able to provide a comparison of the Praxis Immersion Program that they took in college
and the proposed AGSB Praxis Immersion Program.
Who:
Participants: 6 students of AGSB MBA Standard Program who are graduates of
Ateneo de Manila University, 3 males and 3 females aged from 22-30
Moderator: Katrina Angelica Marañon
What: Focus Group Discussion
Where: Closed discussion room
When: Saturday, March 16, 2013
4:30 – 5:30 pm
11 Cooper. Business Research Methods. p. 72312 Cooper. Business Research Methods. p. 726
![Page 13: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
How: One FGD session was conducted. Six participants (3 males and 3 females)
who are current AGSB MBA Standard Program students and who have
graduated from the Ateneo de Manila University were asked to sign a consent
form to be subjects of the FGD. They received a free meal and a non-monetary
token to be part of the study. Participation was completely voluntary and
participants were told that they may withdraw from the study at any time without
penalty.
The FGD began with a welcome from the moderator and a short personal
introduction of each participant. The moderator explained the subject and the
purpose of the study to the participants. The participants were asked a total of six
main questions and some follow up questions and free discussion took place.
The discussion lasted about one hour and took place in a simple closed
discussion room around a large table. Audio recording was used as a means of
documentation. One other observer recorded significant reactions and facial
expressions that occurred during the FGD.
3. Limitations:
1. Criteria for selecting respondents
The target population of the study will only include all students of the AGSB
MBA Standard Program who are graduates of Ateneo de Manila University. It will not
cover other graduate programs of the AGSB such as the Middle Managers Program,
Regis Program, MBA in Health and Master in Entrepreneurships since these programs
require a different approach in their specific curriculums. It will also not cover potential
ideas from students who are currently enrolled in the AGSB MBA Standard Program but
are not graduates of the Ateneo de Manila University.
2. Specific type of sampling design
![Page 14: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
Results of the research may not be representative. As participants were chosen
by purposive sampling, distortion of results is fairly possible. Participants of the FGD are
students of the AGSB MBA Standard Program who are graduates of Ateneo de Manila
University, therefore, unbiased anwers of a random sample coming from a population
composed of the entire student body of the AGSB MBA Standard Program will not be
obtained.
Another limitation of the FGD is that the moderator has a central position and can
have an influence on the conduction and the results of the discussion.
Dominant participants or other participants with a strong impact can also
influence the direction of the discussion during the FGD.
3) FGD
The FGD will be conducted between 4:30 to 5:30 in the afternoon. Since it will
run for only an hour, there may not be enough to ask additional questions that may be
relevant to research. Similarly, not all respondents may be given enough time to
articulate their opinions completely. Other activities that the participants may have prior
to or after the FGD may also preoccupy their attention.
Since the target population is a small one, chosen respondents who know each
other may have an idea of the participation of other participants prior to the FGD. This
could hinder the social interaction or lead to directed answers and may result to
distortion of results.
The moderator will have to keep the session focused and sometimes may
deliberately have to steer the conversation to get back on course. The moderator's skill
in phrasing questions along with the setting can also affect responses and skew results.
D. Ethical Issues
![Page 15: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat Diwa
Voluntary participation is the principal requires that people not be coerced into
participating research. Any student of the AGSB who are graduates of ADMU could be
a subject of this research and some may not want to participate.
When selecting and involving participants, the researchers will ensure that full
information about the purpose and uses of participants’ contributions will be given. The
participants will also be asked to sign a consent form that states that their participation
is completely voluntary.
Confidentiality is commonly understood as akin to the principles of privacy and respect
for autonomy and is taken to mean that information given to another person will not be
repeated without their permission.
Given that there will be more than one participant in the group, at the onset, the
moderator will establish that each of the participant’s inputs will be shared with the
others in the group as well as with the moderator. All of the participants will be
encouraged to keep everything that happens in the FGD strictly confidential
Anonymity refers to concealing the identities of participants in all documents resulting
from the research.
In the research presented, no names and other data that may lead to thee participants’
identification will be mentioned. Only general terms such as “respondent”, “student”,
“participant”, “male”, “female” will be used in referring to them.
Bibliography:
![Page 16: testnotes.weebly.comtestnotes.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/5/14050990/team_re… · Web viewThe main intent of this paper is to investigate the extent of the ... help the researchers](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022082621/5a706fc37f8b9ab1538bf520/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vincent AcostaKatrina MaranonTeam Report 3Group J – Mulat DiwaBabbie, E. (2011). The Basics of Research, 5th Edition (p.78). WADSWORTH
CENCAGE Learning.
Cooper, Donald R. and Schindler, Pamela S. (2008). Business Research Methods, 11th
Edition International Edition, McGraw Hill.
Mitty, E. L. (2001). Assisted living. In M. D. Mezey (Ed.), The encyclopedia of elder
care: The comprehensive resource on geriatric and social care. New York: Springer
Publishing Company.
Kirk, Roger E. 1994. Experimental Design: Procedures for Behavioral Sciences, 3rd
Ed. Wadsworth Publishing.
Krueger, R. A. 1988. Focus Groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Merton R.K., Fiske M. & Kendall P.L. 1990. The Focused Interview: A Manual of
Problems and Procedures, 2nd Ed. Free Press, New York.
Yin, Robert K. (1994). Case Study Research: Designs and Method (Applied Social
Research Methods), 4th Ed. Thousand Oaks California: Sage Publications.