1. Oceanography

2. 1. Define water vapor. A cloud droplet. 3. 2. Most abundant gases in todaysatmosphere? (%) Nitrogen (78 %) Oxygen (21 %) 4. 3. Most abundant gas in thestratosphere? Ozone 5. 4. Why does the temperature inthe stratosphere increase? Absorbtion of ultraviolet radiation by ozone. 6. 5. Formal name of a stormy andpuffy cloud? Cumulonimbus. 7. 6. Freezing point of water inCelsius? 0 (zero) 8. 7. Define Latent Heat. hidden heat. Energy released or radiated during a phase change of water without changing the temperature. 9. 8. Solar energy reaches the Earthby radiation 10. 9. What part of theelectromagnetic spectrum do wesee? Visible light. 11. 10. In general, where is the bestplace to see the aurora borealis? at the magnetic north pole. 12. 11. Instrument to measurerelative humidity? psychrometer 13. 12. Define: Dew Point The temperature to which air must be cooled in order to become saturated. 14. 13. Give characteristics of Cirrostratus Cumulus Altostratus Stratus 15. 14. Condensation nuclei? Microscopic dust or ice where water vapor can condense on to form a water droplet. 16. 15. What is the standard unit areair pressure? millibars 17. 16. Instrument that measures airpressure? barometer 18. 17. Describe offshore (seabreeze)winds. Heat rises over land, cool air sinks, convection currentcauses winds to blow from the sea. 19. 18. What is the main reason thatcauses sea and land breezes? Temperature differences. Heat capacity. 20. 19. Describe a mountain breeze(orographic lifting). Warm air rises on the windward side of a mountain. Cool air interacts with warm moist air to form clouds. Dry air sinks on the leeward side. 21. 20. If wind is blowing SLOWER than therotation of Earth, what direction wouldthe wind appear to the observer? west 22. 21. What latitudinal areas wouldhave low air pressure? Equator (Doldrums) 60 degrees (Polar Easterlies) 23. 22. Describe the following airmasses: cP, cT, mP, mT. cP Dry and cool. cT Dry and warm mP Moist and cool. mT Moist and warm. 24. 23. Draw a cold front symbol.What color is it? 25. 24. Name and describe the 3 stages of theThunderstorm cycle. Note when updraftand downdrafts occur! Cumulus updraft, all upward movement. Mature downdrafts & downdrafts. Severe weather Dissipation downdrafts. Severe weather is diminished. 26. 25. What is Lightning? A discharge on electricity from or within a thunderstorm. 27. 26. Where is Tornado Alley? In the Central Plains of the United States. 28. 27. What is need to fuel andhurricane? Moisture, preferably over water. Once it hits land, energy is diminished. 29. 28. Describe the following: tropicaldisturbance, tropical depression, tropicalstorm, and typhoon. Tropical Disturbance first indication of a hurricaneformation. Sustained winds. Unorganized. Tropical Depression thunderstorms begin to takecircular shape. Winds are less than 39 mph. Tropical Storm Just before a storm becomes a fullydeveloped hurricane. Winds are 39 73 mph. Typhoon Hurricanes in the Western North Pacific. 30. 29. What part of a hurricane has thestrongest winds (use cardinal direction)? Northern side 31. 30. What part of Earth do mosthurricanes form? Equator 32. 31. Define heat capacity. Which has ahigher heat capacity? The oceans orcontinents? Describes how quickly or slowly a substance retainsheat. Oceans has a high heat capacity. It has the ability toretain heat longer. 33. 32. Name the formal names of theseasons. Autumnal Equinox Winter Solstice Vernal Equinox Summer Solstice 34. 33. How are clouds formed? Warm moist air + Cool moist air + condensationnuclei. 3 ways:a. Warm air risingb. Orographic Liftingc. Fronts 35. 34. Compare and contrast the generaltemperatures in the equator and the poles. Equator = warm (sun hits it directly) Poles = cool (sun hits it indirectly) 36. 35. What happens to the temperatureas you increase in elevation? It decreases 4 degrees Celsius/1000 meters. 37. 36. What is the scale used to measuretornado intensity? Fujita Enhanced Tornado Scale: F0 F5 38. 37. Define wind shear. A sudden change in wind speed & direction with height. 39. 38. What is the scale used tomeasure hurricane intensity? Saffir-Simpson Scale (Categories 1 5). 40. 39. Define a hurricane. An intense tropical weather system with a welldefined circulation and maximum sustained winds of74 mph (64 knots) or higher. In the western Pacific, hurricanes are called"typhoons. In the Indian Ocean, they are called "cyclones." 41. 40. What is a storm surge? Storm surge is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide.