Test Results: Working Fluids Tests

Horizontal heat mode

For the similar system, water can maintain evaporator temperature (@ 250 W): 1.6 times lower than Ethanol 1.3 times lower than Methanol

For the similar system, water can achieve total resistance (@ 250 W): 2 times lower than Ethanol 1.5 times lower than Methanol

1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

Vo

lum

etri

c Sh

rin

kage

, %

Po

rosi

ty, %

Sintering Temperature, ºC

Wick Flow Properties

5% Up

Nickel wick

TILOP – 45 µm TC459 – 24 µm TC200 – 17 µm

Titanium wick

Merits: High porosity with fine pore size Low thermal conductivity

Conditions: 900 - 950 °C / 1 hr

2

Small Scale Loop Heat Pipe Performance

3

10 mm

30 mm

150 mm

10 mm

250 mm

125 mm

Flat Evaporator

Round evaporator

Small scale prototype has: High heat flux capability High thermal resistance

for lower input powers

4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 20 40 60 80

Heat Load, W

Tem

peratu

re,

°C

Loop heat pipe: Technology Comparison

mLHP

solution

Heat Pipe

solution

Liquid Cooling

solution

20 W/cm2 45 W/cm2 60 W/cm2

Amb

LHP#1

LC LHP#2

HP

Low heat flux

HP & Liquid

cooling comparable

LHP resistance

high

Medium heat flux

Liquid cooling

better than LHP and

HP

HP resistance high

High heat flux

LHP performs

superior than liquid

& HP cooling

1 2 3

1 2 3

Condenser - 2

Condenser - 1

Evaporator#1

Evaporator

# 2

Evaporator

#3

Liquid Line

Vapour Line

Loop heat pipe for multiple heat source cooling

Evaporator #1 Evaporator #2

Fin-and-tube type condenser

Details: Two separate loops with separate evaporator and single condenser

Heat Pipe material: Copper

Wick material: Sintered copper (-350 Mesh number)

Working Fluid: Deionised, degassed and distilled water

Operating Configuration: Condenser Above Evaporators

Vapour line #1

Vapour line #2 Liquid line #1

Liquid line #2

Loop heat pipe with Dual Evaporator

Energy Conservation Applications

7

Heat Pipe Snow Melting System Using Geothermal Heat

8

Heat Pipes

Corrugated Flexible Heat Pipes, Stainless steel & R-134a.

Aomori city

3 Hps / 1 hole Installation

Heat Pipe Snow Melting System Using Natural and Waste Heat

9

Heat Source: Electric Transformer Heat Source: Underground Water

Heat Source: Waste Hot Spa Water Heat Source: Storage

Solar Heat Heat Source: Geothermal

Partial Heating

Snow damage prevention system for electric pole branch wire

Snow melting for electric pole branch wire using a heat pipe.

Electric pole

Wire

Heat Pipe

Heat dissipation

Snow

Snow-melted hole

Soil temperature : 2 to 6 deg.C

Soil

Heat collection

Thermal insulation

A Photograph of Field test in Hokkaido

10

Artificial Permafrost Storage System

Φ46㎜ OD heat pipes (216pcs)

Condenser

Thermal insulation

Thermo-Siphon

Frozen soil

Cold air

Cold storage

Food Freezing Index Definition of Freezing Index: Minus average temperature x days

1500

1000

500

0 10 15 20 25

Warmest Monthly Average temperature ℃

Fre

ezin

g In

dex

(℃・

Day

)

Edmonton

Anchorage Moscow

Helsinki Obihiro

Toronto New York Stockholm

Munich Warsaw Aomori

11

Natural Cold Energy Storage by Heat Pipes for Data-Center in Cold Region

Heat Pipes

Ice storage

Servers

Natural cold energy

Cooling Fins

Data-Center may be constructed in the Cold Region to conserve the Cooling Energy.

Heat pipe does not work.

(At Top heat mode)

- Summer -

GL

- Winter -

GL

Vapor

Liquid

Heat pipe works.

(At Bottom heat mode)

Fins

Heat Pipe

Ice

12

Heat Pipe Ice Storage System for Data Center

Chiller

Cooling Tower

Data Center: 200 kW

Cold storage discharging line

Tcp-in = 22 ℃

Tcp-out = 32 ℃

22℃

32℃

32℃

22℃

Heat Pipe Ice Storage System

Cold storage charging during below zero winter season

ΔT =10℃

Indirect Water-to-Air Hx

Air mover (fan)

Failure support requirement

~ 6 hours chiller downtime

3 Way control valve

Green data center support system

No running cost

Smaller system size

Lower capital cost nprp

Indirect ice/water to Water/Propylene Glycol Hx

+

+

13

Electric Power : 168 KW Electric generator

Geothermal temperature :400 ℃ Rock

L: 1

0K

m

Vapor flow

Tv:200℃

Impulse Turbine

P

Hot water supply: 100℃ - 1,927KW

Condenser & Reservoir

Liquid flow

Showering nozzles

Control Valve

Double Loop Tube Heat Pipe for Geothermal Extraction System

Le:1Km Q: 2,095 KW

Corrugate Heat pipe OD:1m

14

Nuclear Fuel Cooling

18

Proposed Heat Pipe ECCS System for BWR Plant

Condenser

Reactor Building

Concrete Chamber

Vapor (282℃,

66.8Kg/cm2)

Control Rod

Suppression Pool 1,750 Ton

Vent

Turbine Generator

Water Pump

Cooling Pump

Circulation Pump

180℃

282℃

Reactor Vessel

460MW-e BWR (Thermal Power:1,380KW)

Fuel

ECCS/ Water Spray for Chamber

ECCS/ High Pressure Water Spray for Core

ECCS/ Low Pressure Water Spray for Core

Turbine Building

Water Water

Valve Water reservoir

Heat Pipe Condenser

Heat Pipe Evaporator

Sea water Inlet

Waste Water

19

Vapor

Flow Reservoir

Water

Valve

Liquid

Flow

Evaporator

with needle

Reactor

Vessel

Gravity Water

Charge Tank

Air Cooled Condenser

Fuel Rod

Valve

Summary of Heat Pipe ECCS Design

20

Pre-heating zone

Water Charge nozzle

Summary Design of Heat Pipe Based ECCS Air cooled condenser

Initial water charge system Reactor vessel

Evaporator section

Vapour line Liquid line

Fuel rods

Control rods 21

17m

5m

7m

Concrete Chamber

Spent Fuel Cooling System by

Thermal Diode Heat Pipe

Spent Fuel Bundles

Water Level

Heat Pipes 1 inch SUS-Anmonium

Air Cooled Condenser

of Heat Pipes(Thermal Diode

Function)

Water Pool

(1,400Tons)

12m x 12m

4m

10m

22

4.5m

Heat Pipe Specification

23

Flexible Corrugated heat pipes

4m

Evaporator

Condenser

6m

Tube: SUS tube JIS G 3459-1976

25A Schedule 5s OD:34.0mm, ID:

30.7mm, t:1.65mm 1.32Kg/m

Flexible region

100mm

8mm

Aluminum

fins

1.5mm T

Working fluid: Ammonium