Test Day

October 3-4

Sit Wherever

● Turn in your Study Guide to me● When done with test,

○ Turn in to the correct area up front (follow sticky notes)○ Pick up outline for Unit 3○ Pick up a survey for Unit 3○ Pick up Articles of Confederation Reading/Guided notes○ Check folder for quiz

● Be silent until the entire class is done● Work on (follow sticky notes for turning things in!)

○ Reflection○ Diagnostic survey (turn in to me)○ Articles of Confederation Reading/Guided notes

Day 1: Articles of Confederation

WarmUp

● Pick up:○ WarmUp/Exit ticket, Articles of Confed. notes, Articles

of Confed Graphic Organizer○ Continue working (or start) on Articles of Confederation

reading and guided questions○ Complete Prediction and WarmUp

By the end of today...

● Identify problems facing the 2nd Continental Congress after the war● Identify the purpose of the Articles of Confederation● Define the major points and weaknesses of the Articles of

Confederation● Explain the significance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the

Northwest Ordinance● Explain the causes of Shays’ Rebellion and evaluate its effects● Assess the need for the Constitutional Convention

Let’s look at your Surveys

1. Should there be one person in charge?a. George Washington should be King!

i. 1st: 0ii. 4th: 0iii. 6th: 3

b. Let the Congress appoint a presidenti. 1st: 0ii. 4th: 2iii. 6th: 4

c. Let everyone vote for a presidenti. 1st: 21ii. 4th: 16iii. 6th: 12

d. Who needs a leader? Just let Congress do it

i. 1st: 0ii. 4th: 0iii. 6th: 0

2. How powerful should the new national government be?

a. Very powerful - we need strong unified leadership to build our nation

i. 1st: 4ii. 4th: 1iii. 6th: 6

b. The national govt should share power with the states--cooperate but still keep our power

i. 1st: 15ii. 4th: 17iii. 6th: 12

c. I don’t want another Parliament telling my state what to do! All the real power should stay with the states. The national govt is just for coordinating things

i. 1st: 1ii. 4th: 0iii. 6th: 2

Surveys (cont.)

3. How should the states be represented?

a. Each of the 13 states gets an equal say, of course

i. 1st: 13ii. 4th: 11iii. 6th: 7

b. The states with more people should get more votes. It should be based on population

i. 1st: 8ii. 4th: 7iii. 6th: 11

4. How should the land won in the war (everything past the Appalachian Mountains) be handled?

a. The states bordering the new lands should just keep expanding--they’ve already started to

i. 1st: 9ii. 4th: 7iii. 6th: 8

b. Why should NY, PA, VA, and NC get all the new land? Let’s divide it equally

i. 1st: 5ii. 4th: 1iii. 6th: 5

c. Give all the new land to the new national government, and we’ll decide later

i. 1st: 8ii. 4th: 10iii. 6th: 4

Surveys (cont.)

5. How many states should have to agree to pass a law or take any action in the new government?

a. All 13i. 1st: 5ii. 4th: 5iii. 6th: 5

b. More than ⅔ - maybe 9 out of 13i. 1st: 12ii. 4th: 7iii. 6th: 11

c. A simple majority - 7 out of 13i. 1st: 4ii. 4th: 5iii. 6th: 3

6. What if this govt doesn’t work, and we need to revisit some of these decisions? How many votes are needed to amend our government?

a. All 13i. 1st: 8ii. 4th: 8iii. 6th: 4

b. More than ⅔ - maybe 9 out of 13i. 1st: 9ii. 4th: 7iii. 6th: 7

c. A simple majority - 7 out of 13i. 1st: 3ii. 4th: 2iii. 6th: 7

Problems after the War

● The 2nd Continental Congress faced numerous issues in the final years of the war

1. The former colonies (now states) needed a new form of government

a. The chose a republic (representative democracy)

but had no modern day example to follow

2. What laws would govern the land?a. Many state constitutions were similar, but which to

choose became an issue for the 13 states

Problems after the War

3. State Representation and Sharing of Power

- How would the different states be represented in the new republic?

- Who would have the power and authority? The states? Or the national government?

4. Land Issues and Debt

- Who owned and controlled new lands in the west? How would the nation and states pay their debts to citizens and foreign countries?

The Articles of Confederation

● In 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified

● The Articles formed a “confederation”-- a loose alliance between the states

● The Articles provided a unified front for the country but the government had no real power to enforce its actions

Activity

● In groups of 3, you will look at the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

● You will look at different cards that explain the weaknesses and fill out the necessary box on their worksheet

Weaknesses of the Articles

● Provided a weak national government● Congress had no power to tax or regulate trade between the states● Provided for no common currency (money)● Gave each state one vote, regardless of size/population● Provided for no executive or judicial branches (no president or national court

system)

Check for Understanding

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUVbIGBvLHM - Mr. Betts

Successes of the Articles of Confederation

● Land settlement was the only real success of the Articles

● Land Ordinance of 1785○ Since the government could not tax, it needed a source

of money

○ Sold land to settlers west of the Appalachians, used the

money to run the government

● Northwest Ordinance - 1787○ Opened up the Northwestern territories to settlement○ Established the process for territories to become states

○ Banned slavery in those territories and made the Ohio

River the dividing line between free and slave states

The New Nation’s Money Problems… too much for the Articles of Confederation?● Foreign Debt

○ The nation owed 190 million dollars to foreign countries

for their assistance during the war○ How will they pay it back?

● Foreign Relations○ Because the US owed money to Loyalists for property

damage and were in debt to British merchants, Britain stationed troops and built forts in the Great Lakes area

○ Spain closed the Mississippi River to US trade because

the US government owed Spain money

Shays’ Rebellion

● A rebellion led by farmer Daniel Shays to protest taxes and debt after the war in Massachusetts

● Shays’ Rebellion showed the inability of the national government to act

○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCBaTV_sKvM

● Shays’ Rebellion also showed the weakness of the government as far as dealing with financial and military problems

The Annapolis Convention

● A delegation meeting was called at Annapolis to discuss the weaknesses of the Articles

● Only 12 delegates from 5 states showed up and nothing was accomplished

● The failure of the Annapolis Convention prompted Alexander Hamilton to call for another convention to be held in Philadelphia in 1787 to discuss amending the Articles

○ (This convention would lead to the writing and

signing of the Constitution

Check for Understanding - Complete Exit Pass!

● What were the 2 main successes of the Articles of Confederation?

● What were the major economic failures of the Articles of Confederation?

● What was the cause and effect of Shays’ Rebellion and the Annapolis

Convention?

● What was called for in 1789 in Philadelphia?

Turn in Exit Ticket Questions before leaving!

Day 2: The Plans and Compromises

Oct 7/11

WarmUp

Turn in HW in to me

Review

Working toward a New Union - What are the Problems?

● Unpaid debts, social unrest, unorganized states, hostilities, what’s happening out West

● Lack of centralized authority and purpose ● How will the United States survive?

The Annapolis Convention - Effect of Shays’ Rebellion!● A delegation meeting was called at

Annapolis to discuss the weaknesses of the Articles

● Only 12 delegates from 5 states showed up and nothing was accomplished

● The failure of the Annapolis Convention prompted Alexander Hamilton to call for another convention to be held in Philadelphia in 1787 to discuss amending the Articles

○ (This convention would lead to the writing and

signing of the Constitution

Surprise!!!

● You all must agree on a restaurant for Mr. Wilburn to take you all (and pay for it too)

● Gift on your excellent performance on the last unit test (and in your classes as 11th graders!)

YOU ALL MUST AGREE ON YOUR FIRST CHOICE!

(if you don’t all agree, then this will NOT happen)

Constitutional Convention

● Philadelphia, May 1787● 12 states attended - no Rhode

Island :/● 55 men attended

○ Mainly intellectuals, politically involved,

wealthy

● Common goal○ Commitment to a nationalist solution to

the country

● What about the supporters of the Articles?? (Patrick Henry was one of them)

The Constitutional Convention, 1787

Key leaders in the Convention

● George Washington: President (chairman) of the Convention

○ Quiet but very respected○ Kept tempers cool

● James Madison: “The Father of the Constitution”○ Author of the Virginia Plan (three branches of govt)○ Kept detailed notes○ Would later write the Bill of Rights

Poll Everywhere

Link: pollev.com/savannahtren136 Directions

● Questions will display and you will RANK them ○ First choice = best option○ Last choice = worst option

Compromises Simulation - A Letter from James Madison

Dear Fellow Delegates,

Welcome to Independence Hall in the city of Philadelphia! As you know, you have been selected as a delegate to represent your home state during these proceedings. Our purpose is to discuss the defects found in our current government under the Articles of Confederation. Your input is not only desired, but necessary so that we can guarantee “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” to all Americans. I ask you to remember that whatever is said in these meetings is to be held in the strictest of confidence.

Sincerely,

James Madison

Your Task

You are a delegate from one of the 12 states attending the Convention in 1787

1. Read through the Census Data2. Read and answer questions on James Madison’s letter3. Fill in the Chart about your state4. Be ready to “reflect” and answer questions about your state’s attitudes toward

the answers in the chart

Feelings on slavery: count them in population? (yes or no)

Feelings on representation: based on population or “one state, one vote”

Constitutional Compromises - Balancing Power between Large and Small States● Virginia Plan by James Madison

○ 2 Houses of Congress (bicameral)■ House of Representatives■ Senate

○ Representation determined by population size in both houses

● More people → MORE REPRESENTATION

BIG STATES: like this plan!

Constitutional Compromises - New Jersey Plan

● New Jersey Plan by William Patterson○ 1 House of Congress (unicameral)

■ House of Representatives ONLY

● Representation determined by the states: equal representation (like the Articles of Confederation)

● ONE STATE → ONE VOTE

SMALL STATES: like this!

Constitutional Compromises - Great Compromise

Mr. Betts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YtfPCMF47U (or Crash Course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHu6yTDflL4)

● Also called the Connecticut Compromise (by Robert Sherman)● 2 Houses of Congress (bicameral): House of Representatives and a Senate● Senate

○ Equal representation in Senate○ Each state gets 2 Senators○ Elected by the state legislature/assembly

● House of Representatives○ Representation based on population○ More people → more representatives○ Reps elected by the people

Constitutional Compromises - Balancing Sectional/Regional Interests of the States● Northern States● Southern States● 3/5s Compromise

Northern States (Compromises)

● Slaves should NOT be counted for representation, but SHOULD be counted for taxation

● This position was best for the non-slavery states (mostly northern and smaller)

Southern States (Compromises)

● Slaves SHOULD be counted for representation, but they should NOT be counted for taxation

● This position was best for the slave-holding states ○ Mostly southern with large numbers of slaves

Three-Fifths (3/5th) Compromise

● How should population be counted for representation and taxation?● Count some of the slaves● For every 5 slaves, 3 would be counted for population and taxation

Before you leave...

● Complete Reflection Questions from Compromise Simulation Packet (turn these in for classwork grade!)

● Turn in WarmUp/Exit Pass from Day 1

Day 3: The Constitution Run-Thru/Federalists vs. Anti-Feds

Oct 12/13

WarmUp

● Pick up Day 3 WarmUp/Exit pass from front table● Check your folder for graded/returned work!

Talking about the WarmUp...

●

Talking about the “Compromises Reflection”

● “Feelings about Slavery”○ Answers should either be:○ Included in population○ Not included in population

● NOT → “yes” or “no”... all states (but Massachusetts) had slaves!

Constitutional Convention● Who?

○ Mostly people who want to change (amend) the Articles of Confederation; intellectuals/college-educated

● What? ○ People wanting to change/amend the Articles

● When?○ Begins in 1787; ratified in 1789

● Where?○ Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

● Why? Significance?○ ?????

George Washington

Why is George Washington significant?

● President of the Constitutional Convention● Respected

James Madison

What is his significance?

● “Father of the Constitution”● Wrote the Virginia Plan● Eventually wrote the Bill of Rights

Vocab Activity

For every vocabulary term, the definition will be on the slides. You will be asked to write the definition and then complete a drawing/picture.

Use color!

If you don’t want to draw, do fancy letters/word-art.

Features of the Constitution

● Federal law is the supreme law of the land, as long as it follows the Constitution. States have a lot of power to govern themselves, but they can’t go against a Federal Law.

● Popular Sovereignty (rule by the people)○ Power comes from the people’s consent

● Limited Government○ Limited the powers of the Government to those powers in the Constitution

Features of the Constitution

● Separation of Powers○ Three co-equal branches of government○ 1) Legislative: Congress (makes the law) → Senate and House of Representatives ○ 2) Executive: President (enforces the law)○ 3) Judicial: Supreme Court (interprets the law)

● Checks and Balances○ Each branch has some control over the others○ No branch can get too powerful

Features of the Constitution

● Judicial Review○ The courts (judicial branch) can declare laws unconstitutional○ This was added a few years later; not in the Constitution!

● Federalism○ Power is shared between the levels of government○ The national government and the states

Federalism Venn Diagram

The Ratification Debate

● Ratification - Official Approval ● Before the Constitution could be put into practice… it needs to be ratified, or

official approval by the states○ Each state set up a convention to approve or reject the Constitution○ Nine states had to accept the Constitution for it to be ratified

● Debate over Constitution - (Federalists and Anti-Federalists)○ What were their arguments???

● Schoolhouse Rock: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnVmIrAiQB8

Check for Understanding...

1. What was the location of the Constitutional Convention?2. Who presided over the convention as chairman… why was he

chosen?3. What were the main issues discussed at the convention?4. What did the Great Compromise do?5. What are the basic principles of the Constitution?

Federalists vs. Antifederalists

Who are they?

What do they differ on?

**Federalists: FOR ratification

**Anti-Federalists: AGAINST ratification

Federalists - FOR RATIFICATION

● Strong central government was good for solving national issues○ Order and national security○ Economic development○ Commerce between states

● DID NOT need a Bill of Rights because the Constitution already protected the citizens

● Separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism protected the states and citizens from a government that was too powerful

● Major Federalists: ○ George Washington

○ ALEXANDER HAMILTON. James Madison, John Jay (wrote Federalist Papers to support

ratification)

Anti-Federalists - AGAINST RATIFICATION

● Feared that a strong central government would take away rights of citizens and states, and would favor the rich and powerful

WANTED a Bill of Rights to protect individuals from power of government (refused to ratify without it… VA and NY)

● Major Anti-Federalists: Patrick Henry and George Mason● James Madison eventually agreed with them… and wrote the Bill of Rights

Primary Source Activity

Your Task

● Read through each primary source and answer the questions to follow along● We will stop to talk about each primary source● It’s ok not to understand all the words… the point is to understand the idea of

each passage● You will work in your groups

To Review

● Federalists: wanted Ratification of the Constitution● Anti-Federalists: did NOT want the Constitution to be ratified

Constitution was eventually ratified in 1789

Included:

● The Great Compromise: to resolve the issue of representation in the Government

● 3/5th’s Compromise: to resolve the issue (at the time) of counting slaves in the population (also by taxing slave owners)

● Eventually… there will be a Bill of Rights to make supporters of the Articles of Confederation and the Anti-Federalists happier.

So What?

Complete Exit Pass and Turn in to front table!!

Short Quiz on Ratification and Compromises next class!

Day 4: Bill of Rights/VA Declaration of Rights

Oct 14th/17th

Review before Quiz

- Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan vs. Great Compromise

- Biggest issues discussed during Constitutional Convention

- Anti-Federalists vs. Federalists- Well-known Federalists/Anti-Federalists

After Quiz

- Turn in to back- Pick up study guide and work on this- Pick up Notes and activity for today- (turn in WarmUp/Exit Pass from last class if you forgot…)

The Bill of Rights● After the Federalists promise to add a Bill of Rights, states begin to ratify the

Constitution● Delaware is the first state to ratify the Constitution● Bill of Rights is written by James Madison (who is a Federalists!)

○ Why is this significant?

More about the Bill of Rights

● The Bill of Rights was heavily influenced by two Virginia Documents○ The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) written by George Mason○ The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786) written by Thomas Jefferson

Document Activity

The VA Declaration of Rights and the VA Statute of Religious Freedom

- How did these two documents influence the Bill of Rights and other founding principles of the United States?

Save Your Rights!

What guarantees in the Bill of Rights are most important to you?

Part I: on your own

Part II: in your small group

Part III: reporting it to the class

Groups: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL

Speech 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 32

Religion 4 4 3 5 5 4 25

Assembly 1 1 2

Arms 3 3 3 2 3 14

Search/Seizures 1 3 4

Self-Incrimination 0

Jury Trial 1 2 5 2 1 4 2 17

Punishment 2 2 2 6

Counsel 1 1

Press 3 1 4

Now complete the questions at the bottom

Task

- Please complete the questions at the bottom of the scorecard on your own- What’s the Anti-Federalist Argument?

- Fear that the Constitution gives the National/Central/Federal Government too much power- Refuse to ratify (officially approve) without a Bill of Rights

- Now connect their argument to the activity completed in class… is a Bill of Rights necessary

(according to the Anti-Federalist Argument)?

More time...

Please choose one right from the Bill of Rights to make an informational bumper sticker

● Use color● List your ‘right’● Explain in 2 sentences why that right is important● Include a visual/picture too