8 th Grade Science - Uddo Name: ___________________________________ Period: ______Rocks and Minerals Guided Notes

Mineral QualitiesWhat is a mineral?

To be a mineral a substance must have _______________ of the following qualities occur naturally - formed by _______________, not by man

form from an _____________ process- from things that were never living

__________________- tightly packed particles

crystalline structure- the atoms line up in a __________________ _______________, flat sides called faces

meet at sharp edges and corners.

definite chemical composition- only certain ___________________ in definite __________________.

Mineral Facts Almost all minerals are _______________________

SOME elements are found in their _______________ __________________, not part of compounds

Copper (Cu), __________________(Au), Silver (Ag)

Almost all solid, __________________ __________________ are metals

Mineral IdentificationMinerals can be identified from one another using _____________________ _____________________.

The internal ______________________ structure of the mineral determines its properties

__________________- the minerals color

_________________ _______________ to identifying most minerals b/c most minerals have

many colors ex. Hematite is black, grey, silver, brown, red

Very few common minerals have ________________ color ex, sulfur (yellow)

Many minerals are the ___________________ color ex. Magnetite, hematite, mica (black)

___________________ – the color of the minerals powder when rubbed on a streak plate

__________________ ____________________

Streak for a mineral is ______________the same color (no matter the color of the mineral

_____________________ – the way the mineral shines/reflects light

_________________________- shines like a metal

Non metallic – does not look like a ____________________

• __________________ - ex. mica

• _________________ – ex. Quartz, halite

• ___________________ – ex. Hematite (red)

• __________________ – ex. talc

• _____________________– ex. Diamond

____________________ – how easily a mineral is scratched

Measured using ________ ________________ ____________

• fingernail (hardness = 2.5)

• copper penny (hardness = 3)

• Iron nail (hardness = 4)

• glass plate or steel knife

(hardness = 5.5)

• steel file (hardness = 6.5)

• Ceramic tile (hardness = 7)

_____________mineral (ten) is ____________________

Softest mineral (___________) is ___________________

Breakage

__________________ – mineral breaks along smooth, flat surfaces (due to internal structure of

atoms)

________________ – mineral breaks unevenly, irregularly, or in jagged surfaces

________________ - (specific gravity) how tightly packed the particles of a mineral are for a given

_______________compared to water

Heavy – ex. galena,

gold

Medium – ex.

quartz, feldspar

Light – ex. mica,

sulfur

Other properties

Chemical – will react with HCl ( _________________

_____________), bubbles or “fizzes”

________________

Double refraction – bends light to create

__________________ _______________

________________ – glows in UV light

Taste – Halite tastes like __________________

Smell – Sulfur smells like eggs

Use of Minerals _______________ - a naturally occurring solid material from which a ______________ or valuable mineral can

be profitably extracted

__________________ – good conductors of heat and electricity

___________________ – mixture of two or more metals and non metals (bronze, _________, steel)

____________________ – used in jewelry, hardness greater than 7, rare, valuable

How minerals formMinerals form __________________ ways

_________________ processes

ALL minerals form by _____________ processes, BUT some form from organic processes as well

Ex. ocean animals (clams and corals) produce shells and skeletons made out of

___________________

From materials dissolved in _______________________

________________ evaporates leaving _______________ behind

Hot water, heated by magma, cools and _____________ dissolved ____________________

Cooling _______________________ ________ _______________

________________- narrow channel of mineral that is different that the surrounding rock

Rocks Rocks – composed of 1 or more _____________________ Rocks classified based on ____________________ __________ ____________________

Three types of Rocks Sedimentary- formed from

_________ ________ of sediments, _________ material and chemical __________________

Igneous- formed from the cooling and crystallization of _______________(magma and lava) material

Metamorphic- formed from intense __________________ __________________

Sedimentary Rocks - Key Characteristics and Facts

Most ________________ type of rock found at Earth’s surface __________________ appearance Contains ___________________ _______________ Marks (from being formed near water)

_________________ types of sedimentary rock

1.) ___________________ Sedimentary (made of fragments of other rocks and/or sediment)• Formed by _____________, erosion, _______________, burial, compression, _________________,

cementation (lithification)

• ______________________

• Organized by particle size • _______________ particles (_______________ sized)

Examples:• __________________ (round particles)• Breccia (_________________ particles)

• ___________________ particles (visible)Example:• ________________________

• Small particles (need ______________________)Example: • _____________________

• Smallest (invisible), made from _________________ Example:• ____________________

2.) Chemical – dissolved ________________ that ___________________ out (solid is left behind) Example : • _____________________

3.) Bioclastic – made from __________________________________, organic material• ______________________

Examples• _________________ (dead plants), made of carbon• Limestone – Coquina (_______________), made of calcite

Sedimentary Rock Practice- Use the table below to answer the questions that follow

1.) Which rock would be formed by

the compaction and cementationof particles 1.5 centimeters in diameter

a. Shaleb. Conglomeratec. Siltstoned. Sandstone

2.) Some sedimentary rocks form as the direct result of the

a. Melting of mineralsb. Solidification of molten

magmac. Cementation of rock

fragmentsd. Recrystallization of

Material

3.) Which rock is most likely a sedimentary rock?a. A rock composed of distorted light-colored and dark

colored mineral bandsb. A rock consisting of intergrown crystalsc. A rock containing dinosaur bonesd. A rock with a glassy texture

4.) Limestone is a sedimentary rock which may form as a result of a. Biological processesb. Meltingc. Recrytstallizationd. Metamorphism

5.) Sediment contains particles that range in diameter from 2 to 4 centimeters. Which sedimentary rock would be formed when this sediment is compressed and cemented together?

a. Sandstoneb. Shalec. Siltstoned. Conglomerate

6.) Which rock was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles 0.07 cm in diameter?

a. Sandstoneb. Basaltc. Limestoned. Shale

7.) The sedimentary rock gypsum forms as a result ofa. Evaporation of seawaterb. Metamorphism of limestonec. Weathering of siltstond. Faulting and folding of shale

8.) Sedimentary rocks formed by compaction and cementation of land-derived sediments are classified on the basis of

a. Particle sizeb. Rate of formationc. Compositiond. Type of cement

9.) Which sedimentary rock is composed of fragmented skeletons and shells of sea organisms compacted and cemented together?

a. Shaleb. Sandstonec. Gypsumd. Limestone

10.) Which is a sedimentary rock that forms as a result of precipitation from sea water?

a. Shaleb. Gypsumc. Conglomerated. Basalt

11.) Most sedimentary rocks form by which processes?a. Subduction and meltingb. Heat and pressurec. Melting and solidificationd. Compaction and cementation

12.) Most of the sediment that is compacted and later forms shale bedrock is

a. Clayb. Sandc. Siltd. Pebbles

13.) Which mineral precipitates from oceans and forms rock salt?a. Quartzb. Halitec. Fluorited. Olivine

14.) Most rocks that form from fragmental rock particles are classified as

a. Extrusive igneous b. Intrusive igneousc. Clastic sedimentaryd. Chemical sedimentary

Igneous Rock- Created by _________________of rock Formed from ______________ __________ _______________ cooling

_________________ and ____________________- process that occur as molten material cools _________________ or parent rock of Earth’s crust

Key Characteristics – what you are looking for

Round ____________________ crystals you can see with the naked eye _____________________ __________________ like appearance

Two types of igneous rock

1.) _______________Igneous Formed _____________ in Earth ____________cooling of magma Composed of ___________ crystals =

______________ Grainedo Examples – _____________, Diorite

2.) __________________ Igneous Form on _____________ of the Earth ____________ cooling of lava Composed of ______________ crystals=

_____________ Grained Sometimes _____ crystals- looks glassy ___________ due to gas bubbles (vesicular

texture)o Examples: _____________,

Obsidian, _______________

Complete the graphic organizer using the chart to the right

Metamorphic Rocks Formed from __________________________ Minerals __________________- DO NOT ____________________ Most _________________ type of rock

Key Characteristics – what you are looking for

Stripes known as _______________ Mineral crystals that are that are similar in ___________________ – hard to differentiate between Flat layers that can be ______________________________

Two types of metamorphic rock

1.) Foliated Formed from intense ______________ Mineral _________________ _____________________ Layers

o Examples- Slate, ____________, Schist

2.) Non-Foliated Intense _______________ ________________ mineral alignment,

banding, layers ____________________

o Examples: _________, Quartzite

The Rock Cycle• Model that shows how closely _____________ each type of rock is• Rocks change relative to their ___________________