test bank for the world of psychology 6th edition...

Test Bank for The World of Psychology 6th Edition by Samuel E. Wood, Ellen R. Green Wood, Denise

Boyd, Eileen Wood, Serge Desmarais Link full download: http://testbankcollection.com/download/test-bank-for-the-world-of-psychology-6th-edition-by-wood-

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or

answers the question.

1) Camron feels the sting of a mosquito as it begins to feed upon his arm.

neurons relay this sensation to his brain, whereas

neurons are responsible for sending a message to his opposite hand to

swat the mosquito.

A) Efferent; afferent B) Inhibitory; excitatory

C) Motor; sensory D) Afferent; efferent

2) These are the most numerous of the specialized neurons in the central

nervous system.

A) spinal neurons B) efferent neurons

C) afferent neurons D) interneurons

3) Metabolic function is carried out primarily within the of a

neuron.

A) synaptic vesicles B) axon

C) cell body D) nucleus

4) Some neurons lack dendrites, yet they are still able to receive signals

from other neurons via receptor sites on their:

A) axon terminals. B) cell bodies.

C) synapses. D) nucleoli.

5) In neurons of the central nervous system, signals are received primarily

by branchlike extension termed:

A) axons. B) vesicles.

C) dendrites. D) synapses.

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6) This structure of the neuron appears like leafless branches of a tree. 6)

A) axon B) soma

C) glia D) dendrites

7) Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells? 7)

A) providing nourishment B) generating new neurons

C) removing waste products D) holding neurons together

8) The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its

"resting potential," is about:

A) +50 millivolts. B) -70 millivolts.

C) -50 millivolts. D) +70 millvolts.

8)

9) An electrical charge of -70 millivolts is indicative of a neuron's: 9)

A) resting potential. B) neurotransmitters.

C) action potential. D) permeability.

10) Which of the following best describes the firing of a neuron (action

potential)?

A) a change in axonal membrane permeability facilitating an inflow of

positive ions

B) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within

10)

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the axonal membrane

C) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the

length of the axon

D) the transmission of neuronal impulses across the synaptic cleft

11) A neuron either fires or it doesn't, and once an action potential has been

initiated the impulse travels the entire length of the axon without

further need of stimulation. This describes the:

A) law of specific nerve energies.

B) law of synergistic effect.

C) All-or-None Law.

D) process of synaptic transmission.

12) This structure of the neuron plays a role similar to the "rubber coating"

on an electrical cord.

A) axon B) myelin sheath

C) soma D) dendrites

11)

12)

13) This disease involves deterioration of the myelin sheath: 13)

A) Wilson's disease

B) Huntington's Chorea

C) multiple sclerosis

D) William's Elfin Faces Syndrome

14) Neuronal messages are transmitted across the synaptic cleft by: 14)

A) the action potential. B) neurotransmitters.

C) endocrines. D) glial cells.

15) An action potential stimulates the release of neurotransmitters which

are contained within:

A) the synaptic cleft. B) the soma.

C) the synaptic vesicles. D) the cell nucleus.

16) Once released from the presynaptic cell membrane, neurotransmitters

travel across the synaptic cleft and bind with:

A) other neurotransmitter molecules of similar shape and volume.

B) receptor sites that best match their distinctive shapes.

C) any available receptor site on the postsynaptic membrane.

D) specifically configured receptor sites on the axon terminals of other

neurons.

17) is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the

axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use.

A) Synaptic transmission B) Reuptake

C) Reversal D) Reception

15)

16)

17)

18) The term "gap junction" specifically refers to: 18)

A) an action potential.

B) a neuron's resting potential.

C) chemical synaptic transmission.

D) electrical synaptic transmission.





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19) Some synapses communicate electrically as opposed to chemically, this

is referred to as:

A) gap junction. B) synapsosis.

C) electrolysis. D) transduction.

20) The neurotransmitter plays an important role in regulating

mood, sleep, aggression and appetite.

A) dopamine B) acetylcholine

C) epinephrine D) serotonin

21) This neurotransmitter plays an excitatory role in stimulating the

neurons involved in learning new information.

A) epinephrine B) serotonin

C) acetylcholine D) norepinephrine

22) This neurotransmitter plays a role in schizophrenia and Parkinson's

disease.

A) epinephrine B) serotonin

C) dopamine D) acetylcholine

23) Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid are

all:

A) monoamines. B) glutamates.

C) amino acids. D) neurotransmitters.

24) A decline in the production of the neurotransmitter GABA is likely to

result in an increase in:

A) schizophrenic episodes. B) depression.

C) anxiety. D) appetite.

19)

20)

21)

22)

23)

24)

25) This is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. 25)

A) dopamine B) serotonin

C) GABA D) glutamate

26) This is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. 26)

A) GABA B) glutamate

C) serotonin D) dopamine

27) Endorphins are most directly involved in the perception of: 27)

A) skeletal muscle contraction. B) mood and appetite.

C) homeostasis. D) physical pain.

28) Endorphins are responsible for which of the following? 28)

A) drowsiness B) anxiety

C) a "runner's high" D) an epileptic seizure

29) Alberto finished running the marathon and then was startled to see that

he had torn 3 toenails off during the race without noticing this. This is

likely the result of:

A) endorphins. B) GABA.

C) glutamate. D) dopamine.

29)





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30) The transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral

nervous system.

A) pons B) spinal cord

C) corpus callosum D) medulla

31) Sarah is distracted by her telephone from the dinner she is preparing on

the stove. As a result, she accidentally touches a hot pan with her

fingertips. Sensory neurons in her fingertips detected this painful

stimulus and related the information to interneurons in Sarah's

, which immediately activated motor neurons that control her

arm muscles, causing her to jerk her hand away from the hot pan.

A) limbic system B) reticular formation

C) cerebellum D) spinal cord

30)

31)

32) Damage to the medulla would most likely result in: 32)

A) an imbalance or interruption of sleep cycles.

B) a disruption of sensory information to the higher brain centers.

C) a loss of balance and coordination.

D) the cessation of heartbeat and respiration.

33) Bernie suffered extreme damage to the brainstem. Bernie is most

likely:

A) dead.

B) in a coma.

C) paralyzed from the neck down.

D) unable to coordinate movement.

34) An individual who has poor posture and muscle tone, but who is

otherwise healthy, may likely be experiencing abnormal functioning of

the:

A) medulla. B) thalamus.

C) cerebrum. D) cerebellum.

35) Olga is an Olympic gold medal gymnast. It is likely that this area of

Olga's brain functions better than that found in an average person:

A) the substantia nigra. B) the cerebellum.

C) the reticular formation. D) the medulla.

36) Cindy keeps dozing off during Professor Brandon's lecture. Which

area of her brain plays a role in this?

A) the medulla B) the brain stem

C) the substantia nigra D) the reticular formation

37) The is the brain structure responsible for sorting sensory

signals and transmitting them to the appropriate cortical areas.

A) pons B) reticular formation

C) hypothalamus D) thalamus

38) This midbrain structure plays a central role in the development of

Parkinson's disease.

A) the hypothalamus B) the reticular formation

C) the thalamus D) the substantia nigra

33)

34)

35)

36)

37) _

38)





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39) James has been working out in the gym and is beginning to get quite hot

fromthe exercise. His is causing him to perspire heavily, in an

effort to keep his body at an appropriate temperature.

A) thalamus B) hpothalamus

C) amygdala D) hippocampus

40) Rachel suffered damage to her brain in an automobile accident. She is

now considered to be in a 'vegetative state.' Rachel likely suffered

damage to which part of the brain?

A) the reticular formation B) the thalamus

C) the limbic system D) the hypothalamus

39)

40)

41) This fixture in the brain consists of two egg-shaped structures. 41)

A) the hypothalamus B) the limbic system

C) the reticular formation D) the thalamus

42) The physiological changes in the body that accompany strong emotion

are initiated by neurons concentrated primarily in the:

A) reticular formation. B) hippocampus.

C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus.

42)

43) Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? 43)

A) regulating sexual behavior B) regulating thirst

C) regulating memory systems D) regulating hunger

44) This structure of the brain houses the "biological clock" of the body. 44)

A) the limbic system B) the thalamus

C) the hypothalamus D) the amygdala

45) Tammy has suffered brain damage and can no longer recognize when

her boss is mad at her. What part of the brain is damaged?

A) the medulla B) the hypothalamus

C) the thalamus D) the limbic system

46) Of the following, which brain structure is likely to have the greatest

influence on sexual behavior in human adults?

A) the medulla B) the hippocampus

C) the thalamus D) the hypothalamus

47) Every time she drives by the intersection of Prospero Street and Twelfth

Avenue, Anna shudders as she remembers the red sports-utility vehicle

that ran the light and smashed into the passenger door of her mini-van.

The brain structure most responsible for Anna's memory-generated fear

response is:

A) the medulla. B) the hippocampus.

C) the amygdala. D) the hypothalamus.

48) Randy is navigating his way to his favorite restaurant. He doesn't have a

map, but he remembers the many turns he must take to get there. What

brain structure is Randy using to find his way?

A) the hypothalamus. B) the medulla.

45)

46)

47)

48)





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C) the hippocampus. D) the thalamus.

49) During a ski holiday, Hans collided with a large ponderosa pine tree.

He now suffers from amnesia, and cannot store or remember new

information since his meeting with the tall evergreen. The accident and

has likely disrupted function in:

A) Hans's hippocampus. B) Hans's hypothalamus.

C) Hans's amygdala. D) Hans's thalamus.

50) The hippocampus plays a critical role in the formation of new

memories. Recent research has revealed it is also important for:

A) navigation ability. B) language comprehension.

C) feature detection. D) abstract thinking.

51) Michelle walks home six blocks after work each day. Michelle is

relying on which part of the brain to find their way home?

A) the somatosensory cortex B) the hippocampus

C) Wernicke's area D) the temporal lobes

49)

50)

51)

52) The two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system are the: 52)

A) sympathetic and somatic.

B) somatic and autonomic.

C) sympathetic and parasympathetic.

D) autonomic and parasympathetic.

53) Dirk has just awakened to the sound of his smoke detector going off.

He notices the house is full of smoke and realizes he needs to get his

family out of the house immediately. Which nervous system will aid

him in this emergency?

A) sympathetic B) autonomic

C) somatic D) peripheral

54) After taking the wrong exit off the freeway you find yourself in an

unfamiliar part of the city and decide to call a friend on your cell phone

to ask directions, but the call won't go through. Despite the darkness

and the rain you stop at a nearby phone booth, get out to make the call,

and then notice an angry looking mob approaching. Which division of

your nervous system has just jump-started your heart?

A) central B) parasympathetic

C) somatic D) sympathetic

55) Having survived an exhilarating adventure in the city, during which

you took the wrong exit and narrowly escaped being mobbed by a

dangerous-looking group of tourists, you now begin to relax as you spot

the freeway on-ramp and the sign overhead bearing the name of your

destination. Which division of your nervous system is slowing your

pulse and respiration to a normal state of functioning?

A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic

C) somatic D) central

56) The 'fight-or-flight response' is a term coined for the physiological

arousal generated by the:

53)

54)

55)

56)





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A) central nervous system.

B) somatic nervous system.

C) sympathetic nervous system.

D) parasympathetic nervous system.

57) Which of the following is NOT a modern technique used in studying the

brain?

A) the CT scan B) the PET scan

C) EKG D) the fMRI

58) Cindy's doctors were concerned about her continuing headaches. To

study her brain in more detail, so they could determine if there was a

problem, her doctors placed electrodes at various points on Cindy's

scalp. Which technique was Cindy's doctors using?

A) the PET scan B) the CT scan

C) the EEG D) the fMRI

59) The is used to measure alpha, beta and delta brain wave

patterns associated with various mental and physical stages.

A) MRI B) PET scan

C) EEG D) CT scan

57)

58)

59)

60) brain-wave patterns are associated with deep relaxation. 60)

A) Alpha B) Omega C) Beta D) Delta

61) The activity of a single neuron in the brain can be monitored using a(n): 61)

A) EEG. B) MEG

C) fMRI. D) microelectrode.

62) Which of the following imaging techniques uses X-ray photography to

produce visual representations of the brain?

A) CT scan B) PET scan

C) fMRI D) MRI

63) The technique of magnetic resonance imaging is useful for mapping

structures in the brain, but it has a drawback in that:

A) it exposes the patient to harmful X-rays.

B) it cannot be used on other systems of the body.

C) it cannot reliably be used as a diagnostic tool.

D) it cannot provide a measure of brain activity.

64) One advantage of magnetic resonance imaging over a CT scan is that the

MRI .

A) shows what the brain or other organs are doing during the scan

B) maps patterns of blood flow and glucose consumption

C) does not expose patients to potentially dangerous X-rays

D) shows the magnetic changes that occur in the brain as neurons fire

62)

63)

64)

65) Positron-emission tomography is a brain imaging technique that: 65)

A) uses X-rays to map brain structures and activity.

B) measures magnetic changes produced by firing neurons.

C) measures glucose consumption and oxygen use in the brain.





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D) measures the electrical activity of the brain.

66) Which of the following is NOT an advantage that the fMRI has over the

PET scan?

A) fMRI can image both brian structure and brain activity

B) fMRI requires no injections

C) fMRI can detect changes that take place in less than a second,

compared with about a minute for PET

D) fMRI can measure activity within a single cell without injuring it

67) The brain imaging technique known as measures magnetic

changes produced by the electrical activity of neurons as they fire.

A) SQUID B) PET C) MRI D) fMRI

68) Communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is in large part

made possible by the:

A) cerebral cortex. B) corpus callosum.

C) association areas. D) somatosensory cortex.

69) Which of the following is NOT a primary responsibility of the cerebral

cortex?

A) thinking B) regulating heart beat

C) memory D) language

70) The areas of the brain which are responsible for thought, memory,

language and perception, are located in the:

A) cerebellum. B) corpus callosum.

C) cerebral cortex. D) cingulate gyrus.

71) These house memories and are involved in thought, perception, and

language.

A) language processing areas B) association areas

C) sensory input areas D) motor areas

66)

67)

68)

69)

70)

71)

72) The left cerebral hemisphere is primarily responsible for: 72)

A) abstract thought and expression.

B) perceptual tasks such as pattern recognition and feature detection.

C) calculation, analytical thought and language.

D) navigation, spatial orientation and landmark recognition.

73) Mary is deaf and often uses American Sign Language (ASL) to

communicate with others. ASL is processed:

A) in the right hemisphere of the brain.

B) in the parietal lobe of the brain.

C) in the left hemisphere of the brain.

D) in both hemispheres of the brain.

74) Karla flipped her mountain bike off the edge of a steep trail and

fractured the right side of her skull. She now suffers from unilateral

neglect, a condition defined by:

A) a lack of emotional recognition or response.

B) an inability to detect objects in the left visual field.

73)

74)





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C) an inability to detect objects in the right visual field.

D) an inability to detect objects in the visual periphery.

75) After suffering a head injury in a car accident, Rachelle no longer

understands the meaning of the saying "a rolling stone gathers no

moss." It is likely that Rachelle suffered damage to:

A) the occipital lobe of the brain.

B) Broca's area.

C) the left hemisphere of the brain.

D) the right hemisphere of the brain.

75)

76) Recognition of emotional expression is in large part a function of: 76)

A) the left hemisphere. B) the forebrain.

C) the right hemisphere. D) the hindbrain.

77) With regard to emotion and hemispheric dominance, research indicates

that:

A) the right prefrontal cortex is in large part responsible for negative

emotions.

B) individuals who are depressed experience decreased activity in

their right frontal cortex.

C) individuals who are depressed experience increased activity in

their left prefrontal cortex.

D) the left prefrontal cortex is in large part responsible for negative

emotions.

78) The split-brain operation in which the corpus callosum is completely

severed serves to lessen seizures associated with epilepsy by:

A) stimulating the growth of alternative pathways of communication

between hemispheres.

B) isolating each hemisphere, including all incoming sensory

information.

C) confining rampant neurological activity to one hemisphere.

D) localizing all incoming sensory information to one hemisphere.

79) Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding a surgical

procedure called the split-brain operation?

A) the operation is a common treatment for schizophrenia

B) patients with severe epilepsy could be helped by the procedure

C) each hemisphere continues to have individual and private

experiences

D) the operation causes no loss of cognitive functioning

80) In 1848, Phineas Gage, a foreman on a railroad construction crew,

suffered a serious head injury when an accidental explosion fired a

13-pound metal rod through his left cheekbone and out the top of his

cranium. The damage to Gage's left frontal lobe triggered:

A) frequent seizures and episodic memory loss.

B) profound mental and physical retardation.

C) a permanent and profound change in his personality.

D) a permanent loss of his vision and hearing.

77)

78)

79)

80)





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81) This is the largest of the brain's lobes. 81)

A) frontal lobes B) temporal lobes

C) parietal lobes D) occipital lobes

82) The motor cortex is located in the: 82)

A) temporal lobes. B) frontal lobes.

C) parietal lobes. D) occipital lobes.

83) A stroke victim who suffers from paralysis of their left arm would most

likely have damage in which area of their brain?

A) the right motor cortex B) the left motor cortex

C) the right parietal lobe D) the left parietal lobe

84) Bill is wiggling his right big toe. Which part of Bill's brain is

responsible for this movement?

A) brain cells at the top of the left motor cortex

B) brain cells at the bottom of the left motor cortex

C) brain cells at the top of the right motor cortex

D) brain cells at the bottom of the right motor cortex

85) Following her stroke, Elizabeth was completely without speech. It is

most probable that Elizabeth's brain was damaged in which area?

A) Broca's area B) the occipital lobe

C) the thalamus D) Wernicke's area

83)

84)

85)

86) Damage to Broca's area in the left motor cortex would likely result in: 86)

A) a loss of muscle coordination in the left side of the body.

B) an impairment in the ability to comprehend spoken language.

C) a loss of muscle coordination in the right side of the body.

D) an impairment in the ability to produce speech.

87) Difficulty producing the sounds required for speech due to damage in

the frontal lobe is termed:

A) Wernicke's apraxia. B) Broca's apraxia.

C) Broca's aphasia. D) Wernicke's aphasia.

88) Damage to certain areas of the brain can result in , a problem

using or understanding written or spoken language.

A) ataxia B) aphasia C) abulia D) agnosia

89) Monsieur LeBourgne has suffered a stroke to the left hemisphere and is

no longer able to produce orderly sentences. He becomes extremely

frustrated, as he seems to understand what it is he wants to

communicate, but his words just don't come out right. Which brain

structure has been affected?

A) Broca's area B) the pyriform lobe

C) Tan's gyrus D) Wernicke's area

90) The somatosensory cortex, the site where touch, pressure, and

temperature register, is located in the:

A) parietal lobes. B) frontal lobes.

C) temporal lobes. D) occipital lobes.

87)

88)

89)

90)





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91) Which of the following is NOT registered in the somatosensory cortex? 91)

A) sound B) pain

C) pressure D) temperature

92) Billy's dad just ran over Billy's foot with his car. Where in Billy's brain

is the pain likely to be registered?

A) topmost cells of the right somatosensory cortex

B) bottommost cells of the right somatosensory cortex

C) bottommost cells of the left somatosensory cortex

D) topmost cells of the left somatosensory cortex

93) Simon is holding a stapler in his hand, however, based on touch, he

thinks it is a spoon. This is indicative of damage to Simon's .

A) association areas in the occipital lobes

B) association areas in the frontal lobes

C) association areas in the temporal lobes

D) association areas in the parietal lobes

92)

93)

94) The contain the primary visual cortex. 94)

A) occipital lobes B) parietal lobes

C) frontal lobes D) temporal lobes

95) Which of the following statements pertaining to the visual cortex is

incorrect?

A) Objects that appear in the left visual field register in the right

visual cortex.

B) Association areas in the occipital lobes house visual memories,

which facilitate recognition.

C) Damage to the right visual cortex will result in blindness of the left

eye.

D) Each eye is connected to the primary visual cortex in both the right

and left occipital lobe.

96) Having had his pocket watch with him constantly for over 30 years,

Stanley found himself unable to recognize it following an accident

where he suffered brain damage. However, when he reaches for the

watch in his pocket, he can correctly tell you what it is without looking

at it. Which area of Stanley's brain was likely damaged?

A) association areas in the frontal lobes

B) association areas in the parietal lobes

C) association areas in the occipital lobes

D) association areas in the temporal lobes

97) Kit Mathers is a professional rodeo cowboy who rides bulls for a living.

On his last go round he rode a mean little bull called Whirlwind who

quickly unseated him and, while Kit was looking for the ground,

managed to pop him in the side of the head with a horn. The blow

permanently damaged Kit's right temporal lobe. This type of injury will

likely affect Kit by:

A) causing a hearing deficit in both of his ears.

B) causing a hearing deficit in his left ear.

95)

96)

97)





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C) making it difficult for him to understand language.

D) causing a hearing deficit in his right ear.

98) Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, is important for: 98)

A) speech production.

B) language comprehension.

C) the storage of auditory memories.

D) connecting the left and right temporal lobes.

99) When the waitress asked Shirley what she wanted on her hamburger,

Shirley replied "Simple nut and salted shirts and yellow." Shirley then

acted puzzled when the waitress brought her a plain hamburger, when

she thought she'd asked for ketchup, mustard and pickles. What is

Shirley's problem?

A) Wernicke's aphasia

B) damage to the association areas in the occipital lobes

C) damage to the association areas in the temporal lobes

D) Brocca's aphasia

100) This is also referred to as word deafness, and ability to hear normally

while not understanding spoken language.

A) Wernicke's aphasia B) auditory aphasia

C) lateralization D) Broca's aphasia

101) Sean instantly recognizes the sound of his favorite music group, the

Dixie Chicks. This recognition was enabled by:

A) the temporal association areas.

B) the parietal association areas.

C) the occipital association areas.

D) the frontal association areas.

102) The brain's capacity to adapt to changes such as brain damage or

amputation is referred to as:

A) neural allocation. B) plasticity.

C) plurality. D) regeneration.

103) The process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary

or redundant synapses is called a:

A) pruning. B) trimming.

C) synapsectomy. D) synaptogenesis.

104) The ability of the brain to reorganize, reshape itself and compensate for

damage is called:

A) lateralization. B) myelination.

C) plasticity. D) hemispheric specialization.

99)

100)

101)

102)

103)

104)

105) For which group is brain plasticity the greatest? 105)

A) very young children

B) men in their early twenties

C) adolescents

D) women in their early twenties





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106) George and Kathy are searching for the location of a sound. Based on

studies of adult brains, we can say that .

A) George is likely to be using more of his brain for this task than is

Kathy

B) George and Kathy are likely to be using different areas of the brain

during this task

C) Kathy is likely to be using more of her brain for this task than is

George

D) George and Kathy are likely to be using the same areas of the brain

during this task

107) Men have a higher proportion of in their brains than do

women.

A) grey matter B) emotional control

C) prefrontal cortex D) white matter

106)

107)

108) Men have a lower proportion of white matter . 108)

A) in the left brain B) in the right brain

C) in the hindbrain D) in the midbrain

109) Which of the following neurotransmitters also function as hormones in

the endocrine system?

A) acetylcholine and dopamine

B) oxytocin and serotonin

C) glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid

D) norepinephrine and vasopressin

110) The is controlled directly by the hypothalamus and, through

the release of hormones, serves to activate all of the other glands in the

endocrine system.

A) thyroid gland B) parathyroid gland

C) pituitary gland D) thymus gland

111) Which gland in the endocrine system produces the hormone that

regulates the rate at which food is metabolized?

A) the thymus gland B) the pituitary gland

C) the pancreas D) the thyroid gland

112) The development of secondary sexual characteristics is triggered by the

release of hormones:

A) from the pineal gland. B) from the gonads.

C) from the thyroid. D) from the thymus gland.

113) Jason carries the genes for a rare genetic disorder, but does not have any

symptoms of the disease. In this case, we can say that the disease is part

of Jason's .

A) phenotype B) genotype

C) dominant-recessive pattern D) multifactorial inheritance

114) The involves a set of inheritance rules in which the presence of

a single dominant gene causes a trait to be expressed, but two genes

must be present for a recessive trait to be expressed.

109)

110)

111)

112)

113)

114)





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A) sex-linked trait B) multifactorial inheritance

C) polygenic inheritance D) dominant-recessive pattern

115) An individual's refers to his or her actual characteristics. 115)

A) sex chromosomes B) genotype

C) phenotype D) polygenic inheritance

116) is a research field that investigates the relative effects of

heredity and environment on behavior.

A) Biological behaviorism B) Evolutionary psychology

C) Genetic behaviorism D) Behavioral genetics

117) Dr. Michaels is conducting a study in which he wants to compare the

frequency of alcoholism among identical twins with the frequency of

alcoholism among fraternal twins. Dr. Michaels is probably studying

.

A) neuropsychology B) behavioral genetics

C) evolutionary psychology D) the psychology of addiction

118) Sharon knows that a particular genetic disorder tends to run in families

and that several of her family members have developed this disorder.

Sharon has made an appointment to see a genetic counselor, who will

probably be able to tell Sharon .

A) neither how likely she is to pass on a genetic defect to her children

nor how likely she is to develop the disease

B) how likely she is to develop the disease, but not how likely she is

to pass on a genetic defect to her children

C) how likely she is to pass on a genetic defect to her children, but not

how likely she is to develop the disease

D) how likely she is to develop the disease and how likely she is to

pass on a genetic defect to her children

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

116)

117)

118)

119) A neuron may have more than one axon. 119)

120) Inside the axon there are normally more positive than negative ions. 120)

121) Neurons can fire up to 10,000 times per second. 121)

122) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the surfaces of axons. 122)

123) Nigel suffers from tremors, facial ticks and muscle spasms, and is 123)

extremely rigid in his movement. He quite likely has a deficiency of the

neurotransmitter dopamine.

124) The spinal cord is capable of influencing behavior without the help of

the brain.

124)

125) The cerebellum acts as a censor, blocking some sensory information

from higher brain centers while allowing other sensory information to

reach midbrain or forebrain structures.

125)





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126) The thalamus regulates internal body conditions, such as temperature. 126)

127) The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for accelerating the

heartrate under stressful environmental conditions.

127)

128) Modern researchers rely primarily on autopsies to learn more about the

human brain.

128)

129) A CT scan will indicate which areas of the brain have the greatest blood

flow and glucose consumption at a particular point in time.

129)

130) Functional MRI scans make use of X-ray technology. 130)

131) Because of it's outward appearance, the cortex is often referred to as

white matter.

131)

132) The gray matter of the cerebral cortex is composed of numerous folds

called convolutions and contains the sensory, motor and association

areas of the brain.

132)

133) The right cerebral hemisphere controls the majority of movement and

feeling on the left side of the body.

133)

134) Left-handed people have larger corpus callosums than right-handed

people.

134)

135) Left-handed people tend to have higher rates of mental disorders than

do right-handers.

135)

136) There is a precise one-to-one correspondence between specific points on

the motor cortex and the movement of particular body parts.

136)

137) Both Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia are types of language 137)

deficits that stem from damage to an area of the somatosensory cortex in

the left cerebral hemisphere.

138) People who cannot speak due to Broca's aphasia are often able to sing. 138)

139) The parietal lobes are involved in the interpretation of auditory stimuli. 139)

140) A person who sustains damage to one primary visual cortex will lose 140)

partial vision in both eyes.

141) Association areas in the temporal lobes house memories that enable you

to recognize and differentiate between types of sounds.

141)

142) The human brain continues to grow into adulthood. 142)

143) White matter, not gray matter, is lost with normal aging of the brain. 143)

144) There are no documented gender-based differences in the human brain. 144)





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145) The adrenal glands produce serotonin. 145)

146) Polygenic inheritance refers to traits that are influenced by more than

one pair of genes.

146)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers

the question.

147) Differentiate between gray matter and white matter. 147)

148) Which different areas are contained in the cerebral cortex? 148)

149) Reflect on some of the differences in brain functions between

right- and left-handed people.

149)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

150) Describe the parts of the neuron and their primary functions.

151) Discuss the propagation of the action potential. Please include the All-or-None Law.

152) Label and describe the components of a synapse and their role in neuronal

communication, as well as the inactivation of the neurotransmitters involved.

153) Compare and contrast the divisions of the autonomic nervous system in terms of

their roles in everyday existence.

154) List the four lobes of the brain and describe their major functions.

155) Discuss the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and their roles in the regulation of the

endocrine system. Include an overview of the major glands of the endocrine system

and their functions.





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Key 1) D

2) D

3) C

4) B

5) C

6) D

7) B

8) B

9) A

10) A

11) C

12) B

13) C

14) B

15) C

16) B

17) B

18) D

19) A

20) D

21) C

22) C

23) D

24) C

25) D

26) A

27) D

28) C

29) A

30) B

31) D

32) D

33) A

34) D

35) B

36) D

37) D

38) D

39) B

40) B

41) D

42) D

43) C

44) C

45) D

46) D

47) C

48) C

49) A

50) A

51) B





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52) B

53) A

54) D

55) B

56) C

57) C

58) C

59) C

60) A

61) D

62) A

63) D

64) C

65) C

66) D

67) A

68) B

69) B

70) C

71) B

72) C

73) D

74) B

75) D

76) C

77) A

78) C

79) A

80) C

81) A

82) B

83) A

84) A

85) A

86) D

87) C

88) B

89) A

90) A

91) A

92) D

93) D

94) A

95) C

96) C

97) A

98) B

99) A

100) B

101) A

102) B

103) A





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104) C

105) A

106) B

107) D

108) A

109) D

110) C

111) D

112) B

113) B

114) D

115) C

116) D

117) B

118) D

119) FALSE

120) FALSE

121) FALSE

122) FALSE

123) TRUE

124) TRUE

125) FALSE

126) FALSE

127) FALSE

128) FALSE

129) FALSE

130) FALSE

131) FALSE

132) TRUE

133) TRUE

134) TRUE

135) TRUE

136) FALSE

137) FALSE

138) TRUE

139) FALSE

140) TRUE

141) TRUE

142) TRUE

143) FALSE

144) FALSE

145) FALSE

146) TRUE

147) Guidelines: Gray matter is the result of the cell bodies of billions of neurons in the cortex, which

give it a grayish appearance. The axons, which generally have a coating of myelin, extend beneath

the gray surface and have a white appearance.

148) Guidelines: The cerebral cortex contains three types of areas: 1) sensory input areas, where vision,

hearing, touch, and temperature register; 2) motor areas, which control voluntary movement; and

3) association areas, which house memories and are involved in thought, perception, and language.

149) Guidelines: On average, the corpus callosum of left-handers is 11% larger than that of right-

handers. There is also evidence that new learning is more easily transferred from





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o

n

e

s

i

d

e

o

f

the brain to the other in left-handers. Left-handers experience less language loss following an

injury to either hemisphere of the brain. Left-handers also have higher incidence of learning

disabilities and mental disorders.

150) Guidelines: The dendrites are branch-like extensions of the cell body that serve to increase the

surface area of the neuron. These, as well as the cell body, have receptor sites to receive input from

other neurons, hormones, or external stimuli. In addition, the cell body houses the nucleus and

organelles for the maintenance of the neuron, and the production of neurotransmitters. The axon is

a single, long, cylindrical process extending away from the cell body. It is down the axon that the

action potential will travel. At the end of the axon are axon terminals, where the neurotransmitters

are kept packaged in vesicles for release into the synaptic cleft.

151) Guidelines: At rest, a neuron's interior electrical charge is -70 mV. When an action potential is

initiated, it is the result of changes in the cell membrane resulting from molecules fitting into the

receptor sites on the dendrites and/or cell body. This changes the permeability of the membrane

and positive ions enter the neuron, making the interior positive relative to the outside. When a

sufficient number of receptor sites have "opened," and the interior charge reaches +50 mV, an

action potential will occur. This electrical change in charge, or depolarization, will now propagate

down the axon until it reaches the axon terminals. There, the change in charge will allow the

release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The All-or-None Law states that once the state

of positive charge is sufficient to trigger the action potential, it will travel at the same rate and

intensity the entire length of the neuron, without need for further stimulation. The neuron either

"fires" or it does not "fire;" there is not a partial propagation of the impulse.

152) Guidelines: The axon terminal is the presynaptic membrane, which is where the neurotransmitters

are stored in vesicles. When an action potential has reached the axon terminals, the vesicles

migrate and merge with the cell membrane at the end of the terminals. The neurotransmitter is then

released into the small gap between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron, called the

synaptic cleft. Once in the cleft, the neurotransmitter molecules travel across to the postsynaptic

membrane, which may consist of either a dendrite or a cell body. The molecules will fit into these

receptor sites and, in turn, influence the membrane permeability of the receiving neuron. After their

release, neurotransmitters are inactivated in one of two ways. They may be broken down by

enzymes and the component parts pulled back up into the axon terminals for recycling, or they may

be taken back up into the axon terminal intact, ready for reuse. The latter is known as reuptake.

153) Guidelines: The divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the parasympathetic and the

sympathetic, work on many of the same structures, but in opposite ways. The sympathetic nervous

system gears the body up for emergency situations. In general, it enlarges the pupils, increases

breathing and heart rate, inhibits digestion, and releases glucose. On the other hand, the

parasympathetic regulates more vegetative responses, allowing for conservation of energy during

calm times or relaxation after a threat has activated the sympathetic nervous system. Some of the

actions of the parasympathetic nervous system are constricted pupils, slowed breathing and heart

rate, increased digestive activity, and the storage of glucose.

154) Guidelines: 1) Frontal: Thinking, voluntary motor activity, speech production (Broca's area),

motivation, organization, planning for the future, emotion; 2) Parietal: Reception and processing of

touch, pressure, temperature and pain sensory inputs and spatial awareness; 3) Occipital: primary

area for processing of visual information; 4) Temporal: Hearing, speech comprehension and

production of coherent speech and written language (Wernicke's area), storage of auditory

memories.





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155) Guidelines: The hypothalamus maintains nearly all bodily functions, except breathing, heart rate

and blood pressure. It sends neural inputs to the pituitary and therefore controls

1) thyroid which keeps the body's metabolism in balance; pancreas that regulates blood

sugar; 3) adrenal glands which release hormones that prepare the body for emergencies;

and the gonads that allow for reproduction and the development of secondary sexual

characteristics.



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