The respiratory system Apparatus respiratorius

1. Fill in the blanks in each text.

Nose

nasal cavity, sphenoid, maxillary, sputum, paranasal sinuses, ethmoid, sinus, nares, cilia, frontal,

inspire, conchae,

When we inhale, or __________, air enters the body through the

nose via the external nasal ________ (nostrils) and passes

through the _________ ________. This cavity is lined with a

mucous membrane and fine hairs called ___________ that warm

and moisten the air and filter out foreign bodies (such as dust

and pollen) toward the throat for elimination. Material that is

eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the

throat is called ____________. In the bones of the skull and face

near the nose are air-filled cavities lined with mucous

membranes that open to the nasal cavity. Each of these cavities is called a _________, and they are

named specifically for the bones in which they are located, such as the __________ (at the

forehead), __________, _________, and ____________ sinuses. Together, because they are near the

nose, these cavities are referred to as the _____________. Receptors for the sense of smell are

located within bony side projections of the nasal cavity called turbinate bones or ___________.

Pharynx

pharyngeal tonsil, oropharynx, palatine, laryngeal pharynx, lingual, pharynx, nasopharynx,

After passing through the nasal cavity, air reaches the throat or _________, which is made up of three parts. The ____________ is behind the nasal cavity and contains the __________ _________ or adenoid, which is a mass of lymphatic tissue. The middle portion, the ____________, can be found behind the mouth where the __________ tonsils on either side of the soft palate are located. The third part of the pharynx is the ____________ ______________ behind the larynx. The __________ tonsils are at the posterior of the tongue.

Larynx

glottis, vocal cords, larynx, thyroid, epiglottis,

The voice box or _________ is shaped by cartilages, the most prominent of which is the _________ cartilage at the front that forms the Adams apple. The opening between the vocal cords is the _________. The small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called the _________. When one swallows, this covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract. The larynx contains the ____________ ___________, which are important in speech production.

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Lower Respiratory Passageways

Windpipe And Bronchi

mediastinum, bronchi, capillaries, alveoli, trachea, bronchioles,

The larynx conducts air into the windpipe or_______, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent its collapse. The trachea is contained in a region known as the _________, which consists of the space between the lungs. The trachea divides into two branches called the _________. Each bronchus (the singular form of bronchi) goes to a separate lung and subdivides into smaller tubes, like the branches of a tree. The smallest of the bronchial branches are called ___________. At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs called __________. Each alveolus is made up of a layer of epithelium. This very thin wall permits exchange of gases between the alveolus and _____________ that surround and come in close contact with it.

Lungs

lobes, visceral pleura, pleura, parietal pleura, pleural space

Each lung is covered by a membrane called the__________. The outer layer nearest to the ribs is ___________ ____________. The inner layer closest to the lungs is the ___________ __________. The right lung is divided into three __________, the left lung has two lobes. There is a narrow, fluid-filled space between the two layer, the __________ ___________. The moist pleural membranes slide easily over each other allowing the lungs to expand during breathing. During breathing or technically

Breathing

inspiration, ventilation, phrenic, diaphragm, respiration, expiration, intercostal

Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the process of breathing, technically called __________ or ___________. This consists of a steady cycle of ___________ (inhalation) and (exhalation), separated by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the _________ nerve stimulates the muscle called ___________ to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity. The resulting decrease in pressure within the thorax causes air to be pulled into the lungs. The ___________ muscles between the ribs aid in both phase of respiration. Expiration occurs as the breathing muscles relax, the lungs spring back to their original

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2. Identify the structures by a number from the diagram.

bronchi principales

cavitas/cavum nasi

epiglottis

larynx

lobus inferior pulmonis dextri

lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri

lobus medius pulmonis dextri

lobus superior pulmonis dextri

lobus superior pulmonis sinistri

mediastinum

pars laryngea pharyngis

pars nasalis pharyngis

pars oralis pharyngis

pharynx

pulmo dexter

pulmo sinister

sinus paranasales

trachea

nares

16 capsula articularis cricothyroidea,

cartilagines tracheales,

cartilago cricoidea,

cartilago thyroidea,

6 conus elasticus,

cornu inferius,

cornu superius,

incisura thyroidea superior,

5 lig. cricothyroideum medianum,

lig. thyrohyoideum laterale,

lig. thyrohyoideum medianum,

linea obliqua,

m. cricothyroideus,

membrana thyrohyoidea,

n. et a. laryngealis superior,

os hyoideum,

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Suffixes of the declensions

1.Fill in the missing endings according to the concord of genders. a. pulmonal__ (is/e) dext___ (er/ra/rum)

bronchus lobar___ (is/e)

bronchus principal___ (is/e) dext___ et sinist___

(er/ra/rum)

bronchus segmental___ basal___ lateral___ (is/e)

cornu super___ (ior/ius)

facies diaphragmatic___ (us/a/um)

fissura horizontal___ (is/e)

fissura obliqu___ (us/a/um)

impressio cardiac___ (us/a/um)

lig. pulmonal___ (is/e)

lobus infer___ (is/e)

lobus medi___ (us/a/um)

lobus super___ (ior/ius)

margo anter___ (ior/ius)

margo poster___ (ior/ius)

nodus lymphatic___ tracheobronchial___ (is/e)

super___ (ior/ius)

pars larynge___ (us/a/um)

pleura parietal___ (is/e)

recessus pleural___ (is/e)

segmentum anter___ (ior/ius)

segmentum apical___ (is/e)

segmentum basal___ (is/e) poster___ (ior/ius)

segmentum lingular___ (is/e)

segmentum poster___ (ior/ius)

Declension I. II. III. IV.

Gender f m n m/f n m. n. f.

Dictionary

form -a

-us/-er -um

-is -e

-ior -ius

-ns

-us,

-us

-u,

-us

-es,

-ei

Singular

Nom.

-a -us -um -is/-ior/-

ns

-e/-ius/-

ns

-us -u -es

Singular Gen. -ae -i -i -is -is -us -us -ei

Plural Nom. -ae -i -a -es -a/-ia -us -ua -es

Plural Gen. -arum -orum -orum -um/-ium -um/-ium -uum -uum -erum

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2. Put the following terms into Plural Nominative form. bronchiolus terminalis ____________________________________

bronchus lingularis ____________________________________

cartilago trachealis ____________________________________

lig. anulare ____________________________________

m. intercostalis externus ____________________________________

nodus lymphaticus tracheobronchialis superior ____________________________________

ramus bronchialis sinister ____________________________________

recessus pleuralis ____________________________________

segmentum bronchopulmonale ____________________________________

sinus paranasalis ____________________________________

vena pulmonalis dextra ____________________________________

3. Form phrases by putting the terms in brackets into Singular Genitive. lobus superior (pulmo dexter) _____________________

cornu majus (os hyoideum) _____________________

ramus (lobus medius) _____________________

pars costalis (pleura parietalis) _____________________

pars nasalis (pharynx) _____________________

rima (glottis) _____________________

4. Give the Latin equivalent of the definition. thin wall in the nose ___________________

turbinate bone ___________________

lymphoid tissue in the throat_______________

ring-like cartilage of larynx_________________

nerve of the diaphragm ___________________

cartilage of the windpipe___________________

upper pointed part of the lungs ____________

division of the windpipe ____________

middle part of pharynx __________________

nostrils _______________

gate of the lungs _______________

muscles lifting the ribs _______________

5. Form adjectives from the following nouns diaphragma __________________

pulmo __________________

respiratio __________________

alveolus __________________

lobus __________________

pectus __________________

paries __________________

bronchus __________________

larynx __________________

trachea __________________

mucus __________________

serum __________________

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6. Diminutive suffixes

Suffix -culus, -cula, -culum

-ellus, -ella, -ellum

-illus, -illa, -illum

-olus, -ola, -olum

-ulus, -ula, -ulum

E.g. musculus

ossiculum

cerebellum mamilla arteriola cellula

Form diminutive forms of the following nouns. Pl. valva, ae f valvula

luna, ae f ___________

vesica, ae f ____________

caput, itis n ____________

vena, ae f ____________

fovea, ae f ____________

fossa, ae f ____________

circus, i m ____________

tuber, tuberis n ____________

lobus, i m ____________

vas, vasis n ____________

alveus, i m ____________

venter, ventris m _________

os, ossis n __________

corpus, corporis n ________

follis, is m _______________

fons, fontis m __________

rete, retis n ___________

clavis, is f ___________

pars, partis f ___________

malleus, i m ___________

glans, glandis f ___________

area, ae f ___________

testis, is m ____________

lingua, ae f _____________

moles, molis f _____________

navis, is f _____________

tubus, i m _____________

glomus, glomeris n (!) _________

fascis, is m ______________

canis, is f ______________

pupa, ae f ______________

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Vocabulary

Latin term English term Definition

aer, aeris m air

alveolus pulmonis alveolus air sac in the lungs

apparatus respiratorius respiratory tract

bronchiolus, -i m bronchiole, small bronchus

bronchus principalis principal / primary bronchus main stem bronchus

bronchus, bronchi m bronchus

cartilago arytenoidea arytenoid cartilage

cartilago cricoidea cricoid cartilage ring-like cartilage of larynx

cartilago thyroidea thyroid cartilage shield-like cartilage of larynx

cavitas/cavum nasi nasal cavity cavity of the nose

concha nasalis concha turbinate bones

diaphragma, -matis n diaphragm muscle between chest and abdomen

epiglottis, epiglottidis f epiglottis cartilage over the

exspiratio, -onis f exspiration breathing out

glottis, glottidis f glottis opening at the upper part of the larynx

hilus, -i m / hilum, i n hilum the part of an organwhere nerves and vessels enter

inspiratio, -onis f inspiration breathing in

larynx, laryngis f larynx voice box

lobus, -i m lobe part of an organ (e.g. lung)

meatus nasi meatus a passage or channel

mediastinum, -i n mediastinum space between the lungs

parietalis 2 parietal located toward the wall

pectus, pectoris n chest

pharynx, pharyngis f pharynx throat

pleura, -ae f pleura membrane around lungs

plica vocalis vocal cords folds of tissue responsible for production of voice

pulmo, -onis m lung

respiratio, -onis f respiration breathing

segmentum, i n segment sections of the lobes

septum nasi nasal septum thin wall dividing b/w the two parts of nasal cavity

sinus paranasales paranasal sinuses airspaces near the nose

sinus, sinus m sinus airspace

trachea, tracheae f trachea windpipe

visceralis 2 visceral related to the inner organs

vox, vocis f voice

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1.Fill in the blanks in the text. haemothorax, pneumothorax, dyspnoe, hydrothorax, orthopnoe, apnoea, empyema,

If fluids are acuumulated in the chest it is called ________________, if blood is found between the

two pleurae, its name is ________________, and if pus is detected in a body cavity, it is called

____________________. Nevertheless, when air gets into the plural space, the condition is called

___________________. Asthma involves difficulty in breathing (_____________), of which a severe

form is when the patient needs an upright position to relieve brethlessness, which is called

______________. Sleep _____________ means intermittent periods of breath cessation during

sleep.

2.Give the term visual examination of the nasal cavity _________________

visual examination of the larynx _________________

visual examination of the bronchi _________________

surgical incision into the voice box _________________

decreased respiratory rate _________________

increased respiratory rate _________________

inflammation of the airspaces near the nose _________________

narrowing of the windpipe _________________

chronic dilation of the bronchi _________________

bluish discoloration of the skin _________________

3-4. Match the pairs. Latin English Latin Grg

asphyxia a) cough sputum a) hydr-

stridor b) collection of pus pus b) haem-

epistaxis c) harsh respiratory sound punctio c) rhin-

haemoptysis d) nosebleed aqua d) phren-

tussis e) spitting blood sanguis e) py-

sputum f) suffocation aer f) -ptoe

pertussis g) substance coughed up pulmo g) pneum-

abscessus h) whooping cough diaphragma h) ortho-

rectus 3 i) phon-

nasus j) pneumon-

vox k) -centesis

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5. Explain the meaning of the following terms. atelectasis __________________

emphysema pulmonis __________________

carcinoma pulmonis __________________

lobectomy __________________

pleural effusion __________________

pleurocentesis __________________

pneumoconiosis __________________

pneumomycosis __________________

spirometry __________________

6. What are these drugs used for? expectorant ___________________ antitussive __________________

bronchodilator ___________________ mucolytic __________________

7. True or false? Musculi intercostales externi help inhalation. _____ ____________________

Surgical opening of the chest wall is called thoracocentesis. _____ ____________________

Hyperventilation results in acidosis. _____ ____________________

Pleura parietalis is the pleura toward the lungs. _____ ____________________

8. Odd one out. septum - nares - mediastinum - conchae ___________________________

sinus - cartilago thyroidea - epiglottis - plica vocalis ___________________________

segmentum - hilum - bifurcatio - alveolus ___________________________

diphtheria - pertussis - asthma - influenza ___________________________

hydrothorax - haemothorax - pneumothorax - hemithorax ___________________________

9. Analyse the terms. tracheobronchial ___________________

bronchopulmonary ___________________

cricothyroid ___________________

thyrohyoid ___________________

epipharynx ___________________

hypopharynx ___________________

intrapleural ___________________

infiltration ___________________

10.Identify the terms related to the physical examination. palpatio, auscultatio, audientia, inspectio, visio, percussio, punctio, palpitatio, concussio

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11. Explain the meaning of the highlighted terms of the text.

A 20 year old male with persistent cough (CLINICAL PRESENTATION) A 20 year old male with persistent cough was evaluated for surgical and anesthesia risk. The patient did not

report fever, weight loss or night sweats. He was a smoker but quit 5yrs ago. No history of exposures to

asbestos or industrial dusts was elicited.

The patient was never hospitalized for pneumonia as a child but was diagnosed with bronchiectasis at the

age of 15 and underwent bronchoscopy every 3-4 month since then. He also reported a history of blunt

chest injury from trauma at age 19, with chest x-ray showing patchy areas of airspace opacity involving

predominantly the upper lobes bilaterally, these findings interpreted as suggestive of upper lobe

bronchiectasis. Family history was negative for cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis. His previous sputum

cultures for mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative as was testing for alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Physical examination showed a clear chest with no rales, rhonchi, or wheezes. No organomegaly or

adenopathy were identified. A CT chest study showed upper lobe predominant bronchiectatic changes.

Pulmonary function tests displayed a mildly reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. Laboratory investigations did not

reveal any significant abnormalities except for elevated serum IgG and IgE. ACE was within normal limits.

Based on these findings the physician considered bronchiectasis of unknown etiology; peripheral blood was

sent for genetic testing for cystic fibrosis (CF).

http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case716.html

Contributed by Arivarasan Karunamurthy, MD. and Jeffrey A. Kant, MD, PhD

__________________ abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways containing fluid

__________________ abnormal chest sounds produced in in airways with accumulated fluids

__________________ a whistling or sighing sound

__________________ cause of the disease

persistent __________________

anesthesia __________________

pneumonia __________________

bronchoscopy __________________

bronchiectasis __________________

sputum __________________

bilaterally __________________

organomegaly __________________

adenopathy __________________

cystic fibrosis __________________

11 Clinical terms

Prae-/Suffixes Definition Example

acid- acidic acidosis

alcal- alcaline alcalosis

hydr- water hydrothorax

ortho- upright orthopnoe

py- pus pyothorax

-capnia level of carbon-dioxide hypercapnia

-centesis puncture, thoracocentesis

-coniosis condition caused by aspiration of dust pneumoconiosis

-dilator widening bronchodilatator

-mycosis condition caused by a fungus pneumomycosis

-metry measurement spirometry

-oxia level of oxygen hypoxia

-phonia voice dysphonia

-ptysis spitting or coughing up of a substance haemoptysis

-stomy surgical opening into an organ tracheostomy

-ventilation gas exchange hyperventilation

Term Definition

abscess localized collection of pus

acidosis abnormal acidity of body fluids

alkalosis abnormal alkalinty of body fluids

antitussive drug that prevents or relieves coughing

asphyxia suffocation, condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen

asthma bronchiale a disease characterized by dyspnea, wheezing and spasm of bronchial tubes

atelectasis incomplete dilation of lung tissue

carcinoma pulmonis malignant tumor of the lungs

cyanosis bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood

diphtheria acute infectious disease characterized by formation of a pseudomembrane

emphysema enlargement and destruction of the alveoli of the lungs

empyema accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space

epistaxis nosebleed, haemorrhage from the nose

expectorans drug used to help expel mucus from the chest

hyperventilatio increased rate and depth of breathing

pleural effusion flowing of fluid into the pleural space

pertussis whooping cough, an acute infectious disease

pleurocentesis puncture of the pleurae

pneumoconiosis disease of respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles

pneumomycosis fungal infection of the lungs

spirometry measurement of breathing volumes

sputum substance coughed up from the respiratory tract

stridor a harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway

tracheostomy surgical opening into the trachea

tussis cough

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