anatomy: respiratory systemhome.sums.ac.ir/.../03/ana5-respiratory-dr.moradian-1393.pdf · 2015. 3....

In the name of God

Anatomy:

Respiratory System

Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

[email protected]

2015

http://www.tums.ac.ir/

http://books.google.com/books?id=iTlsd7Sk8yoC&printsec=frontcover

http://www.spnu.ac.ir/home.aspx

http://www.sums.ac.ir/

Functions of the Respiratory System

Breathing process

Exchange of

Oxygen and

Carbon Dioxide

Enable speech

production

2http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

دستگاه تنفس

فرآیند تنفس

تبادل اکسیژن و دی اکسید کربن

صحبت کردن

بینی، حلق، حنجره و تراشه: ناحیه فوقانی

لبی، برونش اصلی، برونش :تحتانی ناحیه

جنب پرده هوایی، های کیسه برونشیول،

http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp 3

Structures of Respiratory System

Upper respiratory tract

nose, mouth, pharynx,

epiglottis, larynx and trachea

Lower respiratory tract

bronchial tree and lungs


The Upper Respiratory System

Figure 23–35http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Overview

Respiration = gas exchange --Occurs at the levels of the lungs and tissues (external respiration) and cell (internal or cellular respiration).

External respiration:

- Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out

of the lungs

- Gas exchange in the alveoli

- Gas transport in the blood

- Gas exchanges between blood and tissues


Structure

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Alveoli

Lungs


Nose- lined with mucous membranes.

Air is warmed, filter and moistened

Pharynx or throat- 3 sections: upper,

middle and lower. Esophagus branches off

here

Larynx- voicebox. Epiglottis closes the

opening during swallowing

Trachea- windpipe, lined with c-shaped

cartilaginous rings

Structure


Nasal

Cavity

Nose

Mouth

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveolus

Diaphragm

Throat

(pharynx)

Windpipe

(Trachea)

Left lungs

Ribs

MB9http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract


11

Nose

Provides airway

Moistens and warms air

Filters air

Resonating chamber for speech

Olfactory receptors

http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

بینی

تیغه میانی

شاخک یا کونکا

مئاتوس

سینوس

اتموئید

فرونتال

اسفنوئید

ماگزیالhttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp 12

14

Nasal Conchae

Inferior to each is a meatus*

Increases turbulence of air

3 scroll-like structures

Reclaims moisture on the way out

**

*

(its own bone)

Of ethmoid


15

Nasal Conchae


16

Paranasal sinusesFrontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

Open into nasal cavity

Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavity and

perform same functions

Also lighten the skull

Can get infected: sinusitis


Pharynx حلق

Nasopharynx

adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils

oropharynx

palatine tonsils

laryngopharynx

larynx


18

Framework of the larynx حنجره 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments

Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) anteriorly

Cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage: the onlycomplete ring of cartilage: signet shaped and wideposteriorly


19

Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid: 3

pairs of small cartilages

1. Arytenoid: anchor the vocal cords

2. Corniculat شاخی

3. Cuneiform میخی

9th cartilage: epiglottis


21

Epliglottis* (the 9th cartilage)Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa

On a stalk attached to thyroid cartilage

Attaches to back of tongue

During swallowing, larynx is pulled superiorly

Epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal

laryngeal inlet

Keeps food out of lower respiratory tract

*

*

Posterior views


22

Cough reflex: keeps all but air out ofairways

Low position of larynx is required forspeech (although makes choking easier)

Paired vocal ligaments: elastic fibers, thecore of the true vocal cords


23

Pair of mucosal vocal folds (true vocalcords) over the ligaments: white becauseavascular


Lower Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.326http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Larynx: maintains an open airway,

routes food and air appropriately,

assists in sound production

Trachea: transports air to and from

lungs

Bronchi: branch into lungs

Lungs: transport air to alveoli for

gas exchange

Lower Respiratory Tract


28

Trachea (the windpipe)

Descends: larynx through neck into mediastinum

Divides in thorax into two main (primary) bronchi

16-20 C-shaped rings

of hyaline cartilage

joined by fibroelastic

connective tissue

Flexible for bending

but stays open despite

pressure changes

during breathinghttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Bronchi برونش ها

Bronchus, singular

c-shaped cartilage rings with

smooth muscle

each bronchi divides into

bronchioles

Terminate in air sacs called alveoli


31

Bronchial

“tree” and

associated

Pulmonary

arteries


32

:ناف ريهشريان ريوي

وريد ريوي 2وريدهاي ترونش

اعصابعروق لنفاوي

Oblique fissure .1گانگلوين هاي لنفاوي

2. Vertebral part

3. Hilum of lung

4. Cardiac impression

5. Diaphragmatic surface


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illu_quiz_lung04.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_fissure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_impression_on_lung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmatic_surface_of_lung

33

Main=primary bronchi divide into برونش اصلی

secondary=lobar bronchi, each supplies one lobe برونش لبی

3 on the right

2 on the left

Lobar bronchi branch into tertiary = segmental bronchi

Continues dividing: about 23 times

Tubes smaller than 1 mm called bronchioles برونشیول

Smallest, terminal bronchioles, are less the 0.5 mm diameter

Bronchial Tree


35

Right lung: 3 lobes

Upper lobe

Middle lobe

Lower lobe

Left lung: 2 lobes

Upper lobe

Lower lobeOblique fissure

Oblique fissure

Horizontal fissure

Abbreviations in medicine:

e.g.” RLL pneumonia”

شیار عرضی

شیار مایل


Alveoli

air sacs کیسه های هوایی

alveolar wall membranes one cell thick and

surrounded by capillaries

gaseous exchange takes place here

Oxygen diffuses into the blood.

Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the

alveolus.



Alveoli

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Gas Exchange

Capillary

O2

CO2

38

39

Lungs and Pleura

Pleural cavity – slit-like potential space filled with pleural fluid

احشايي و جداري: پرده جنة فضاي جنة

Around each lung is a flattened

sac of serous membrane called

pleura

Parietal pleura – outer layer

Visceral pleura – directly on

lung


40

Chest x rays

Normal female Lateral (male)


Organs in the Respiratory System

STRUCTURE FUNCTION

nose / nasal cavitywarms, moistens, & filters air as it is

inhaled

pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea

larynxthe voice box, where vocal chords are

located

trachea (windpipe)

keeps the windpipe "open"

trachea is lined with fine hairs called

cilia which filter air before it reaches the

lungs

bronchitwo branches at the end of the trachea,

each lead to a lung

bronchioles

a network of smaller branches leading from

the bronchi into the lung tissue &

ultimately to air sacs

alveolithe functional respiratory units in the lung

where gases are exchanged 45

anatomy: respiratory systemhome.sums.ac.ir/.../03/ana5-respiratory-dr.moradian-1393.pdf · 2015. 3....

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